1,721,249 research outputs found
Neonatal mortality, cold weather, and socioeconomic status in two northern Italian rural parishes, 1820–1900
Full text linkBackground: Cold-related conditions represent one of the most common causes of neonatal death in many developing countries. The effects of cold external temperatures on neonatal mortality at the onset of demographic transition recently have attracted scholarly interest.
Objective: First, we aim to study the effects of cold temperatures on neonatal mortality at the onset of demographic transition, focusing on two Italian rural parishes between 1820 and 1900. Second, we aim to assess whether the effects vary according to socioeconomic status (SES), especially among the most vulnerable social groups.
Methods: We apply logistic regression and discrete-time event history analysis using micro-data from parish registers and daily records of external temperature.
Results: The risk of death during the first month of life varied according to external temperature’s variation and to socioeconomic status, demonstrating that neonates born to landless rural labourers generally suffered a higher neonatal mortality risk during winter and, more specifically; in case of low temperature at the childbirth during coldest months.
Conclusions: The risk of neonatal death increased as external temperatures decreased. The clear influence of temperature on the day of birth suggests that low temperatures on the day of birth exerted a fundamental scarring effect on children’s survival. We also find significant differences in neonatal mortality by SES, resulting in more pronounced effects from season and temperature in rural proletarian families. The results show that during the second half of the 19th century characterised by intense socioeconomic transformations, rural proletarians experienced a clear worsening of living conditions
I riflessi delle recenti trasformazioni demografiche sulle articolazioni territoriali della provincia di Bologna: una nota comparativa
No full textIl quadro delle recenti dinamiche demografiche nelle associazioni comunali della provincia di Bologna. Le componenti dell'accrescimento demografico e l'individuazione degli ambiti associativi che hanno registrato i maggiori incrementi di popolazione. Aspetti dinamici e strutturali della presenza straniera. L'evoluzione delle caratteristiche strutturali della popolazione e la trasformazione delle tipologie familiari nelle varie articolazioni territoriali della provincia di Bologna. Il quadro delle ripercussioni su patrimonio e disponibilità abitativa
Living Arrangements and Social Inheritance among Second-Generation Immigrants in the United States at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century
No full textChildren of immigrants experience similar socioeconomic and institutional contexts as the majority population but are also influenced by cultural norms inherited from their parents’ countries of origin. Data from 1910, 1920, and 1930 census samples indicate how the country of origin influences the living arrangements of European second-generation immigrants in the United States. The findings suggest that children of immigrants tend to stay longer with their parents compared to individuals with native-born parents, indicating potential challenges in the adaptation process. However, variations based on the country of origin are evident, partially reflecting prevalent patterns in the transition to adulthood and thus suggesting the potential influence of cultural retention on second generations
Gli incidenti stradali in provincia di Bologna: i nuovi dati aggiornati al 2005
No full textL’attività dell’Osservatorio provinciale sugli incidenti stradali e la rete ufficiale di rilevazione. Alcune osservazioni sulla serie storica degli incidenti e le principali tendenze emerse nel corso degli ultimi quindici anni. Le ore della giornata e i giorni della settimana in cui si verificano
più incidenti. L’influenza delle condizioni meteorologiche e della segnaletica stradale sul fenomeno dell’incidentalità. La tipologie dei veicoli coinvolti, la natura degli incidenti e le circostanze più frequenti. Il profilo delle vittime e gli utenti deboli. Le strade che registrano il
maggior numero di incidenti
Migration, Marriage and Social Mobility: Women in Sweden 1880-1900
Full text linkWe study the intergenerational social mobility of women by looking at how migration was associated with socioeconomic marriage mobility using complete-count census data for Sweden. The censuses 1880–1900 have been linked at the individual level, enabling us to follow almost 100,000 women from their parental home to their new marital household. Marriage market imbalances were not an important push factor for migration but we find a strong association between migration distance and marriage outcomes, both in terms of overall marriage probabilities and in terms of partner selection by SES. These results highlight the importance of migration for women's intergenerational social mobility during industrialization
The demography of isolated populations. A research note on a German-speaking community in a northern Italian valley between the 18th and 19th century
No full textQuesto contributo si concentra sulla valle alpina del Fersina nell'Italia nord-orientale. Durante il periodo studiato, la valle era isolata da barriere linguistiche e geografiche, con la coabitazione di due gruppi linguistici separati - italiani e tedeschi. Dopo aver esplorato i principali indicatori demografici relativi all'intera valle, abbiamo considerato il regime nuziale e di fecondità della comunità di lingua tedesca, applicando la tecnica di ricostruzione delle famiglie. L'analisi ha mostrato come il livello di sopravvivenza complessivo della valle risultasse superiore al livello standard italiano nella stessa epoca. Inoltre, è stata dimostrata l'esistenza di un'età relativamente elevata al matrimonio e un basso livello di fecondità, confermando l'esistenza di un regime demografico a bassa pressione. Questi risultati preliminari possono essere inseriti nel più ampio quadro relativo ai meccanismi regolatori della crescita della popolazione, che storicamente caratterizzavano le aree montane con risorse limitate.This contribution focuses on the Alpine Valley of the Fersina River in North-eastern Italy. During the period under study, the valley was isolated by linguistic and geographical barriers, while two separated linguistic groups - Italian and German - cohabited. After exploring the main demographic indicators related to the entire valley, we considered the marriage and the fertility pattern of the German-speaking community, applying the family reconstitution technique. The analysis showed that the level of overall survival of the valley was higher than the Italian standard. Furthermore, relatively high age at marriage and low fertility level were demonstrated, confirming the existence of a low pressure demographic regime. These preliminary results can be placed into the wider context of the regulatory mechanisms of population growth, which has historically characterized the mountain's areas with limited resources
Social-class differences in spacing and stopping during the historical fertility transition: Insights from cure models
Full text linkBACKGROUND
There is a long-standing debate about the role of spacing and stopping in the fertility transition, which has been fueled by lack of methods to appropriately model spacing and stopping. Traditional event-history analysis cannot distinguish the two processes in analyzing the determinants of birth risks and attempts to separately model spacing and stopping have been criticized from a methodological point of view.
OBJECTIVE
Our aim is to assess the role of spacing and stopping in the historic fertility transition more generally, and for social-class differences in fertility decline, more specifically.
METHODS
We use cure models, which are extensions of traditional survival analysis, to distinguish the impact of stopping and spacing on fertility. The models are applied to individual-level data for a region in southern Sweden between 1813 and 1967.
RESULTS
Both spacing and stopping played a role in the fertility transition, but stopping emerged earlier for all parities after the first and had a greater effect on the reduction in fertility. Higher social classes were forerunners in the fertility transition but we do not find that spacing and stopping operated in different ways by social class.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate that stopping had an earlier and more substantial impact on the fertility transition than spacing. However, the patterns of the two behaviors were highly similar between social classes.
CONTRIBUTION
Our study is one of very few that applies cure models to distinguish spacing and stopping in the fertility transition, and the first to our knowledge that use this approach to study class differences in the fertility decline
SES differences in marital fertility widened during the fertility transition—evidence from global micro‑level population data
Full text linkThe decline in human fertility during the demographic transition is one of the most profound changes to human living conditions. To gain a better understanding of this transition we investigate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and marital fertility in different fertility regimes in a global and historical perspective. We use data for a large number women in 91 different countries for the period 1703–2018 (N = 116,612,473). In the pre-transitional fertility regime the highest SES group had somewhat lower marital fertility than other groups both in terms of children ever born (CEB) and number of surviving children under 5 (CWR). Over the course of the fertility transition, as measured by the different fertility regimes, these rather small initial SES differentials in marital fertility widened, both for CEB and CWR. There was no indication of a convergence in marital fertility by SES in the later stages of the transition. Our results imply a universally negative association between SES and marital fertility and that the fertility differentials widened during the fertility transition
Immigration and child mortality: Lessons from the United States at the turn of the twentieth century
Full text linkThe societal integration of immigrants is a great concern in many of today’s Western societies, and has been so for a long time. Whether we look at Europe in 2015 or the United States at the turn of the twentieth century, large flows of immigrants pose challenges to receiving societies. While much research has focused on the socioeconomic integration of immigrants there has been less interest in their demographic integration, even though this can tell us as much about the way immigrants fare in their new home country. In this article we study the disparities in infant and child mortality across nativity groups and generations, using new, high-density census data. In addition to describing differentials and trends in child mortality among 14 immigrant groups relative to the native-born white population of native parentage, we focus special attention on the association between child mortality, immigrant assimilation, and the community-level context of where immigrants lived. Our findings indicate substantial nativity differences in child mortality, but also that factors related to the societal integration of immigrants explains a substantial part of these differentials. Our results also point to the importance of spatial patterns and contextual variables in understanding nativity differentials in child mortality
Becoming American : Intermarriage during the great migration to the United States
Full text linkAlthough intermarriage is a common indicator of immigrant integration into host societies, most research has focused on how individual characteristics determine intermarriage. This study uses the 1910 ipums census sample to analyze how contextual factors affected intermarriage among European immigrants in the United States. Newly available, complete-count census microdata permit the construction of contextual measures at a much lower level of aggregationthe countyin this analysis than in previous studies. Our results confirm most findings in previous research relating to individual-level variables but also find important associations between contextual factors and marital outcomes. The relative size and sex ratio of an origin group, ethnic diversity, the share of the native-born white population, and the proportion of life that immigrants spent in the United State are all associated with exogamy. These patterns are highly similar across genders and immigrant generations
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