173,149 research outputs found
A chart of the Banks of Newfoundland [cartographic material] : drawn from a great number of hydrographical surveys, chiefly from those of Chabert, Cook, and Fleurieu, connected and ascertained by astronomical observations.
No full textNautical chart of the Great Bank of Newfoundland adjacent to the southeastern coast of Newfoundland. Depths shown by soundings.; Prime meridian: London.; Map imprint: London : Printed for & sold by Robt. Sayer & Jno. Bennett, No. 53 in Fleet Street as the Act directs, 25th March 1775.; Plate 113 from: The American atlas / Thomas Jefferys. London : Sayer & Bennett, 1776.; Includes "Astronomical observations on which this chart is grounded."; National Maritime Museum catalogue of the Library, v. 3, p. 424.; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm434
Inflammatory markers and incident frailty in men and women:the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
No full textCross-sectional studies show that higher blood concentrations of inflammatory markers tend to be more common in frail older people, but longitudinal evidence that these inflammatory markers are risk factors for frailty is sparse and inconsistent. We investigated the prospective relation between baseline concentrations of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen and risk of incident frailty in 2,146 men and women aged 60 to over 90 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The relationship between CRP and fibrinogen and risk of incident frailty differed significantly by sex (p for interaction term
The Asiatic part of the Russian Empire from the maps published by the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg with the new discoveries of Captn. Cook &c. [cartographic material].
No full textMap, showing route of Pilot Petuszcoff, with relief shown by hachures.; Prime meridian: Ferro.; Also available in an electronic version via the Internet at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-rm1519
Early diet and growth: impact on ageing
No full textThe modification of ageing by nutritional intervention is well recognised. Post-weaning diet restriction is the only widely reproducible method to slow ageing, but the effects of prenatal and preweaning diet restriction have been less well characterised. There is some evidence that diet restriction instituted in utero or shortly after birth may have an opposite effect and be associated with increased ageing, and recent work suggests that it may shorten lifespan. Interest in this area has been rekindled by the growing body of epidemiological evidence showing that a number of age-related diseases are associated with poor growth and inadequate nutrition in early life. The relevance of this association to structural and functional ageing changes in different systems is now being considered. Work on musculo-skeletal ageing has demonstrated that loss of muscle strength and bone mass is greater in individuals who did not grow well in early life, and a range of studies suggests that maternal, developmental and nutritional factors are important. The underlying mechanisms remain speculative, and it remains to be determined whether they are system-specific or universal throughout the body. A new cohort of subjects aged between 60 and 70 years is being established to investigate how genetic factors interact with growth and nutritional influences to programme musculo-skeletal ageing in later life
Undernutrition and aging
No full textDiet restriction is a well-recognised method of slowing aging and prolonging life span in animals. However, previous studies of this have tended to start after weaning and the effects of prenatal or early postnatal diet restriction have rarely been considered. Here we summarise the existing literature, which suggests that reducing nutrition at this earlier stage of life has opposite effects, resulting in accelerated aging and a reduction in life span. These findings support emerging epidemiological evidence in man that poor nutrition in early life may programme accelerated aging and predispose to a variety of age-related diseases
Symptoms of anxiety or depression and risk of fracture in older people: the Hertfordshire Cohort Study
No full textSummaryThe aim of this study was to examine the prospective association between symptoms of anxiety and depression and risk of fracture in older people. Results showed that men, but not women, with probable anxiety at baseline had an increased risk of fracture.IntroductionThe use of psychotropic drugs has been linked with an increased risk of fracture in older people, but there are indications that the conditions for which these drugs were prescribed may themselves influence fracture risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between symptoms of anxiety and depression and risk of fracture in older people. The study design is a prospective cohort study.MethodsOne thousand eighty-seven men and 1,050 women aged 59–73 years completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Data on incident fracture during an average follow-up period of 5.6 years were collected through interview and a postal questionnaire.ResultsCompared to men with no or few symptoms of anxiety (score ?7 on the HADS anxiety subscale), men with probable anxiety (score ?11) had an increased risk of fracture: After adjustment for age and potential confounding factors, the odds ratio (OR) (95 % confidence interval) was 4.03 (1.55, 10.5). There were no associations between levels of anxiety and fracture risk in women. Few men or women had probable depression at baseline (score ?11 on the HADS depression subscale). Amongst men with possible depression (score 8–10), there was an increased risk of fracture that was of borderline significance: multivariate-adjusted OR 3.57 (0.99, 12.9). There was no association between possible depression and fracture risk in women.ConclusionsHigh levels of anxiety in older men may increase their risk of fracture. Future research needs to replicate this finding in other populations and investigate the underlying mechanisms
Below the surface of sense of community within schools: an exploration of young people’s sense of community, personality, and achievement motivation in relation to educational outcomes and well-being
No full textContemporary psychology has linked humans’ societal nature to the need to feel part of a community. McMillan and Chavis (1986) conceptualised a sense of community (SoC), upon four factors: 1) membership; 2) influence; 3) integration and fulfilment of need; and, 4) shared emotional connection. SoC has been explored in a variety of contexts identifying distinct correlated outcome-variables. For adults and young people alike, a strong SoC is positively related to outcomes in personal performance, health, and well-being.Recently, consideration has focused on schools as key ‘educational communities’ where pupils develop a SoC and learn the rules of society. Key educational legislation within the UK emphasises the importance placed upon developing community cohesion within schools. Within educational settings SoC has been shown to relate strongly with this aim, as well as correspond with positive outcomes in both pupil performance and well-being. However, research has lacked focus upon the mechanisms involved in developing a positive SoC within young people. This has meant that schools, as moral agents in facilitating young people’s formation of SoC, are yet ill informed as to how they can help in this process.This study accessed the experiences of 777 pupils in the South of England (Mage=13.34years, %Male= 52) of their schools as communities. Ratings of pupil’s SoC were explored in relation to educational outcomes (Attainment, Attendance, Academic Self-concept) and measures of well-being (Self-Esteem, Life-satisfaction, Loneliness). Additional attention was paid to the hypothesised role of achievement motivation as an underlying mechanism between SoC and outcomes. Further, individual’s levels of Narcissism were explored as a potential personality level moderator.Correlation analyses indicated strong links between increased levels of SoC within school and multiple positive outcomes. Conditional processing models showed achievement motivation, notably via Mastery-Approach goals, to mediate all relationships, with Narcissism having a limited moderating effect
A map of the British Empire, in North America.
No full textRelief shown pictorially.; Prime meridian: Ferro.; "8."; Includes list of contents of "The British Empire in North America.
The SF-36: a simple, effective measure of mobility disability for epidemiological studies
No full textBackgroundMobility disability is a major problem in older people. Numerous scales exist for the measurement of disability but often these do not permit comparisons between study groups. The physical functioning (PF) domain of the established and widely used Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire asks about limitations on ten mobility activities.ObjectivesTo describe prevalence of mobility disability in an elderly population, investigate the validity of the SF-36 PF score as a measure of mobility disability, and to establish age and sex specific norms for the PF score.MethodsWe explored relationships between the SF-36 PF score and objectively measured physical performance variables among 349 men and 280 women, 59-72 years of age, who participated in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS). Normative data were derived from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 1996.Results32% of men and 46% of women had at least some limitation in PF scale items. Poor SF-36 PF scores (lowest fifth of the gender-specific distribution) were related to: lower grip strength; longer timed-up-and-go, 3m walk, and chair rises test times in men and women; and lower quadriceps peak torque in women but not men. HSE normative data showed that median PF scores declined with increasing age in men and women.ConclusionOur results are consistent with the SF-36 PF score being a valid measure of mobility disability in epidemiological studies. This approach might be a first step towards enabling simple comparisons of prevalence of mobility disability between different studies of older people. The SF-36 PF score could usefully complement existing detailed schemes for classification of disability and it now requires validation against them
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