1,721,183 research outputs found
Why develop open source software? The role of non-pecuniary benefits, monetary rewards and open source licence type
Full text linkA review of the basic theory of optimal open-source software contributions points to three key factors affecting supply: non-pecuniary benefits, future expected monetary returns, and opensource licence type. This paper argues that existing large-scale software developer surveys are inadequate for measuring the relative importance of these three factors. Moreover, previous econometric studies that collect their own unique datasets generally measure the importance of only one supply factor in isolation. To fill the gap, I specify a dynamic programming model of joint labour supply and open-source contribution decisions that can provide empirical estimates of relative importance within a single unified framework
Job mobility and the market for lawyers
No full textThis paper studies the life cycle career choices of law school graduates using unique data from the University of Michigan Law School. The model assumes that these graduates act according to the optimal solution of a dynamic optimization problem in which they sequentially choose among five employment sectors. The employment sectors are differentiated by pecuniary and nonpecuniary returns, promotion and dismissal probabilities, and the extent of transferability of human capital. The estimation of the model reveals a self-selection mechanism, based on unobserved heterogeneity in abilities and expected future returns, which plays a critical role in reproducing the sector-specific nonmonotonic separation hazards observed in the data. The underlying self-selection mechanism also has implications for policy interventions in the market for lawyers, such as loan forgiveness programs
Classification error in dynamic discrete choice models: implications for female labour supply behaviour
No full textIs it possible to have cheaper drugs and preserve the incentive to innovate? The benefits of privatizing the drug approval process
No full textA computationally practical simulation estimation algorithm for dynamic panel data models with unobserved endogenous state variables
No full textThis paper develops a new simulation estimation algorithm that is particularly useful for estimating dynamic panel data models with unobserved endogenous state variables. The new approach can deal with the commonly encountered and widely discussed "initial conditions problem," as well as the more general problem of missing state variables at any point during the sample period. Repeated sampling experiments on a dynamic panel data probit model with serially correlated errors indicate that the estimator has good small sample properties and is computationally practical for use with panels of the size that are likely to be encountered in practice
Lyfe cycle employment and fertility across institutional environments
Full text linkRecent empirical evidence show considerable variation in the degree of labor market participation of women during childbearing across different countries. In order to investigate this issue, we analyze intertemporal employment patterns and its interaction with fertility, comparing countries which share labor market institutional characteristics as well cultural characteristics but differ in several child care policies. We using panel data from the European Panel 1994-2001 and analyze a discrete choice model which allows for permanent unobserved heterogeneity, AR(1) serially correlated errors and state dependence. The dynamic model is estimated by simulated maximum likelihood, using an algorithm that deals with the initial conditions problem and corrects for biases that arise from classification errors in reported discrete outcomes. We analyze the robustness of the results from the different estimation methods in measuring the degree of state dependence of labor market participation in Italy, Spain and France. We find that persistence is stronger where participation is lower, confirming that in countries where the costs of adjusting employment levels from a period to the next, the proportion of women who are excluded from the labor market is larger. We attribute these differences to the lack of child care policies and the more rigid labor market regulations in Italy and Spain which affect the patterns of labor market attachment during child bearing
Educational financing and lifetime earnings
Full text linkThis paper formulates and estimates a dynamic programming model of optimal educational financing decisions. The main purpose of the paper is to measure the effect of short-term parental cash transfers, received during school, on educational borrowing and in-school work decisions, and on post-graduation lifetime earnings. The estimated parameters of the model imply that parental cash transfers do not significantly influence post-graduation lifetime earnings. Long-term factors such as family background and prior human capital investments are more important. Parental cash transfers do, however, significantly determine the decision to borrow or work during school and the level of lifetime consumption
The labor market costs of conflict: closures, foreign workers and Palestinian employment and earnings
Full text linkIn this paper, we measure the implications of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict for Palestinian employment and earnings. We quantify the conflict by the frequency of temporary closures of the West Bank and Gaza Strip and the number of overseas foreign workers in the Israeli labor market. Data on Palestinian employment and earnings are taken from the Palestinian Labor Force Survey (PLFS) of the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. The PLFS micro level panel data are combined with quarterly time series data on the number of foreign workers in Israel, the number of foreign worker permits issued by the Israeli government, and the frequency of temporary closures of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, between the years 1999 and 2004. Fixed-effects estimates which exploit the number of foreign worker permits issued by the Israeli government as an instrument for the number of foreign workers, yield large and statistically significant negative effects of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on Palestinian employment rates in Israel and mean monthly earnings, regardless of work location (Israel or West Bank and Gaza Strip). Closures also significantly reduce Palestinian employment rates in Israel and mean monthly earnings. The impact of foreign workers is relatively stronger than the impact of closures because foreign workers are long-run substitutes for Palestinians in the Israeli labor market while closures represent only a transitory, short-run restriction on Palestinian labor supply. However, the impact of foreign workers also reflects a permanent effect of closures
Doctors without borders? Re-licensing requirements and negative selection in the market for physicians
Full text linkRelicensing requirements for professionals who move across borders are widespread. In this article, we measure the effects of occupational licensing by exploiting an immigrant physician retraining assignment rule. Instrumental variables and quantile treatment effects estimates indicate large returns to acquiring an occupational license and negative selection into licensing status. We also develop a model of optimal license acquisition that, together with the empirical results, suggests that stricter relicensing requirements may lead not only to practitioner rents but also to lower average quality of service in the market for physicians
Origin and Functional Evolution of the Cdc48/p97/VCP AAA+ Protein Unfolding and Remodeling Machine
Full text linkThe AAA + Cdc48 ATPase (alias p97 or VCP) is a key player in multiple ubiquitin-dependent cell signaling, degradation, and quality control pathways. Central to these broad biological functions is the ability of Cdc48 to interact with a large number of adaptor proteins and to remodel macromolecular proteins and their complexes. Different models have been proposed to explain how Cdc48 might couple ATP hydrolysis to forcible unfolding, dissociation, or remodeling of cellular clients. In this review, we provide an overview of possible mechanisms for substrate unfolding/remodeling by this conserved and essential AAA + protein machine and their adaption and possible biological function throughout evolution. Keywords: AAA + machine; protein remodeling; human diseaseNational Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant AI-16892
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