4,040 research outputs found
Number of interrupting events influences response time in multitasking, but not trust in automation
No full textoai:https://soar.wichita.edu:10057/29610Objective
The present study examined how the number of interrupting events (interruption load) influences the effect of task load on human-automation trust and resource allocation in a low-fidelity flight simulation environment.
Background
Trust is one critical factor that influences successful human-automation interaction. In the previous research, operators reported lower trust scores and made fewer fixation toward an automated system, which assisted a task, when competing task in the same workspace demanded more attention from the operator. However, it is unclear whether human-automation trust is influenced by frequent shift of attention away from a task assisted by an automated signaling system.
Methods
Participants concurrently performed a tracking task, a system monitoring task, and a communication task. An automated signaling system was employed to assist the system monitoring task with 70% reliability. Task load was manipulated by the difficulty of the tracking task while interruption load was manipulated by the varying the frequency of auditory messages in the communication task.
Results
Results demonstrated an effect of task load on human-automation trust and resource allocation, replicating previous findings. Further, participants responded faster to an auditory message that occurred less frequently when performing a tracking task at the low difficulty level but automation trust did not vary.
Conclusion
While operators reported higher trust levels to imperfect automation under lower task load, number of interrupting events does not influence their trust
Codensity Liftings of Monads
No full textWe introduce a method to lift monads on the base category of a fibration to its total category using codensity monads. This method, called codensity lifting, is applicable to various fibrations which were not supported by the categorical >>-lifting. After introducing the codensity lifting, we illustrate some examples of codensity liftings of monads along the fibrations from the category of preorders, topological spaces and extended psuedometric spaces to the category of sets, and also the fibration from the category of binary relations between measurable spaces. We next study the liftings of algebraic operations to the codensity-lifted monads. We also give a characterisation of the class of liftings (along posetal fibrations with fibred small limits) as a limit of a certain large diagram
Improved Open Boundary Model for Plasma Particle Simulations
No full textAn open system one-dimensional electrostatic particle code that adopts the new constant current generator model has been developed. Using this new model, we have been able to study various phenomena at large electron drift velocities, where the original model is not applicable. In this new model, the contribution of the ion flux, which is not considered in the original model, is added into the electric current. By examining the code, we find that the result in a case where the electron drift velocity is smaller than the electron thermal velocity is similar
to that of a previous study, which showed double layer creation as a result of ion-acoustic instability. We also present the results of simulations of an electron drift velocity comparable to or larger than the electron thermal velocity.journal articl
Gaze transition entropy as a measure of attention allocation in a dynamic workspace involving automation
No full textAbstract Real-world work environments require operators to perform multiple tasks with continual support from an automated system. Eye movement is often used as a surrogate measure of operator attention, yet conventional summary measures such as percent dwell time do not capture dynamic transitions of attention in complex visual workspace. This study analyzed eye movement data collected in a controlled a MATB-II task environment using gaze transition entropy analysis. In the study, human subjects performed a compensatory tracking task, a system monitoring task, and a communication task concurrently. The results indicate that both gaze transition entropy and stationary gaze entropy, measures of randomness in eye movements, decrease when the compensatory tracking task required more continuous monitoring. The findings imply that gaze transition entropy reflects attention allocation of operators performing dynamic operational tasks consistently
Sato Hitomi, Yamabe Noriko, Tonai Tetsuya (ed.), Itaria toshi shakaishi nyumon : 12 seki kara 16 seki made
No full textA theoretical approach to management of limited attentional resources to support m:N operation in advanced air mobility ecosystem
No full textAvailable online 17 January 2025, Version of Record 17 January 2025.Available in paperback and ebook.This chapter, along with the full text, can also be found online at ScienceDirect: https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780443292460/interdependent-human-machine-teamsAdvanced air mobility (AAM) technologies incorporate increasingly autonomous systems that allow fully remote, independent, and intelligent operation of air vehicles to support the transportation of goods and passengers within and across urban and rural areas. In the AAM ecosystem, the human operator's role will likely be a passive supervisory monitor of the air vehicles, involving increasingly fewer humans (m) that manage many more autonomous systems (N), or m:N operations. In the general human information-processing model, a human operator exercises a limited pool of attentional resources to engage various information-processing stages. Yamani and Horrey (2018) expanded the human information-processing model to characterize a tradeoff between information-processing demand and resource relief that automation brings in the context of automated driving. In their model, a driver interacting with an automated driving system is assumed to reallocate resources “freed” by automation to support other information-processing stages required for successful task performance. A future AAM ecosystem enabled by an orchestration of advanced automated systems, however, requires a single operator to interact with more than one air vehicle with varying levels and degrees of automation. We provide a review of the literature on situation assessment and trust, two constructs identified as critical for a fuller understanding of intimate and intricate interactions between a human operator and multiple air vehicles equipped with increasingly autonomous systems. Then, we propose an expansion of Yamani and Horrey's (2018) model to motivate systematic research on the human operator's role, identify factors that influence resource allocation, and guide human-centered design of an interface supporting the m:N operation in the AAM environment
Multilevel confirmatory factor analysis reveals two distinct human–automation trust constructs
No full textObjective
This work examined the relationship of the constructs measured by the trust scales developed by Chancey et al. (2017) and Jian et al. (2000) using a multilevel confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
Background
Modern theories of automation trust have been proposed based on data collected using trust scales. Chancey et al. (2017) adapted Madsen and Gregor’s (2000) trust scale to align with Lee and See’s (2004) human–automation trust framework. In contrast, Jian et al. (2000) developed a scale empirically with trust and distrust as factors. However, it remains unclear whether these two scales measure the same construct.
Method
We analyzed data collected from previous experiments to investigate the relationship between the two trust scales using a multilevel CFA.
Results
Data provided evidence that Jian et al. (2000) and Chancey et al. (2017) automation trust scales are only weakly related. Trust and distrust are found to be distinct factors in Jian et al.’s (2000) scale, whereas performance, process, and purpose are distinct factors in Chancey et al.’s (2017) trust scale.
Conclusion
The analysis suggested that the two scales purporting to measure human–automation trust are only weakly related.
Application
Trust researchers and automation designers may consider using Chancey et al. (2017) and Jian et al. (2000) scales to capture different characteristics of human–automation trust
Semantic Foundations of Higher-Order Probabilistic Programs in Isabelle/HOL
No full textHigher-order probabilistic programs are used to describe statistical models and machine-learning mechanisms. The programming languages for them are equipped with three features: higher-order functions, sampling, and conditioning. In this paper, we propose an Isabelle/HOL library for probabilistic programs supporting all of those three features. We extend our previous quasi-Borel theory library in Isabelle/HOL. As a basis of the theory, we formalize s-finite kernels, which is considered as a theoretical foundation of first-order probabilistic programs and a key to support conditioning of probabilistic programs. We also formalize the Borel isomorphism theorem which plays an important role in the quasi-Borel theory. Using them, we develop the s-finite measure monad on quasi-Borel spaces. Our extension enables us to describe higher-order probabilistic programs with conditioning directly as an Isabelle/HOL term whose type is that of morphisms between quasi-Borel spaces. We also implement the qbs prover for checking well-typedness of an Isabelle/HOL term as a morphism between quasi-Borel spaces. We demonstrate several verification examples of higher-order probabilistic programs with conditioning
Thin crystal development and applications for hard x-ray free-electron lasers
No full textTaito Osaka, Makina Yabashi, Yasuhisa Sano, Kensuke Tono, Yuichi Inubushi, Takahiro Sato, Kanade Ogawa, Satoshi Matsuyama, Tetsuya Ishikawa, and Kazuto Yamauchi "Thin crystal development and applications for hard x-ray free-electron lasers", Proc. SPIE 8848, Advances in X-Ray/EUV Optics and Components VIII, 884804 (27 September 2013); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2023465
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