1,720,969 research outputs found
Were Women’s Needs Adequately Addressed?
No full textThis dissertation examines the Norwegian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and the way it addresses women, gender equality, and gender-based violence (GBV) within the Sami, Kven/Norwegian Finns, and Forest Finns communities. The dissertation examines the current state of GBV and gender inequality in the world, in Norway and within the indigenous and ethnic minority groups in focus. It seeks to understand and establish the links between GBV and gender inequality as consequences of the
colonisation processes that entail a patriarchal society in assimilation processes, such as the Norwegianization established in Norway. Therefore, it argues that gender inequality and GBV are rooted in patriarchal structures prevalent in colonizing and assimilationist societies like Norway and having consequently additional repercussions to the women of these groups. By analysing Transitional Justice (TJ), and more particularly Truth Commissions (TCs) as a mechanism established in transitional and non-transitional societies to redress and achieve reconciliation by employing a gender-sensitive approach. Following the findings that the women of the groups at focus experience higher levels of
violence than the men of the same groups, and the non-indigenous and ethnic minority women in the country, the study argues that the Norwegian TRC could have established an intersectional and gender-sensitive approach in order to dig deeper on these issues and potentially uncover the aggravated experiences of Sami, Norwegian Finnish and Forest Finnish women and potentially address GBV and gender inequality within these communities, contributing therefore for a stronger sense of reconciliation.Esta dissertação examina a Comissão de Verdade e Reconciliação (TVR) da Noruega e a forma como aborda as mulheres, a igualdade de género e a violência baseada no género (VBG) nas comunidades Sami, Kven/Finlandeses Noruegueses e Finlandeses da Floresta. A dissertação examina o estado atual da VBG e da desigualdade de género no mundo, na Noruega e no seio dos grupos indígenas e das minorias étnicas em foco. Procura compreender e estabelecer as ligações entre a VBG e a desigualdade de género como consequências dos processos de colonização que implicam uma sociedade patriarcal em processos de assimilação, como o processo de Noruegização estabelecido na Noruega. Por conseguinte, defende que a desigualdade de género e a VBG estão enraizadas em
estruturas patriarcais predominantes nas sociedades colonizadoras e assimilacionistas como a Noruega e, consequentemente, têm repercussões adicionais para as mulheres destes grupos. Analisando a Justiça Transicional (JT) e, mais particularmente, as Comissões da Verdade (CV) como um mecanismo estabelecido nas sociedades transicionais e não transicionais para reparar e alcançar a reconciliação, empregando uma abordagem sensível ao género. Após as descobertas de que as mulheres dos grupos em foco sofrem níveis mais elevados de violência do que os homens dos mesmos grupos e as
mulheres não indígenas e de minorias étnicas no país, o estudo defende que a CVR Norueguesa poderia ter estabelecido uma abordagem interseccional e sensível ao género para aprofundar estas questões e potencialmente descobrir as experiências agravadas das mulheres Sami, Norueguesas Finlandesas e Finlandesas da Floresta e potencialmente abordar a VBG e a desigualdade de género dentro destas comunidades, contribuindo, desta forma, para um sentido mais forte de reconciliação
Was the brazilian Truth and Reconciliation Commission an effective tool in dealing with the past?
No full textNas ultimas três décadas, comissões da verdade vem atraindo um
grande interesse a volta dos académicos, já que muitos deles tem focado
em produzir pesquisas, analisar, criticar e publicar estudos sobre as
comissões da verdade pelo mundo. Mas, a comissão da verdade Brasileira
é ainda um território com poucos estudos e publicações sobre o seu
trabalho. Por vez que a comissão da verdade Brasileira foi formada em
2011 e seu relatório final foi publicado em 2014. Este estudo tem o objetivo
de investigar os procedimentos da comissão da verdade Brasileira, seus
componentes, métodos de pesquisa e investigação, seus objetivos e
quanta reconciliação foi alcançada, junto de suas consequências,
resultados e como eles foram aceitos pelo sistema judiciário Brasileiro.
Utilizando os métodos qualitativos e pesquisas bibliográficas, analisando
os relatórios e toda a bibliografia que foi lançada com base nos seus
processos. Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como principal objetivo, dar
uma visão internacional na analise da comissão da verdade Brasileira,
assim como o impacto do seu trabalho na Justiça de Transição.For the past three decades, truth commissions have attracted wide
interest among scholars, as many of them have focused on researching,
analysing, criticising and publishing studies about truth commissions
around the world. But, the Brazilian truth and reconciliation commission,
however, is yet an unknown ground with very few publications on its work.
And as Brazilian’s truth commission was stablished in 2011 and Its final
reports released in 2014. This research has the objective to investigate the
proceedings of the Brazilian truth and reconciliation commission, its
components, research methods, its purpose and how much reconciliation
was achieved, together with the consequences of its results, and how they
were handled by Brazil’s legal System. Using qualitative data and
bibliography research, analysing the reports and all the bibliography that
was released using them as a basis. This thesis has as its main goal, to
give an international approach on analysing Brazil’s Truth Commission and
the impact of its work on Transitional Justice
Is blockchain an emerging tool able to provide assistance to transitional justice processes?
Get PDFDissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Direito, na especialidade de Direito Internacional
e EuropeuBlockchain technology has the capacity to change how people live,
communicate with each other, acquire products, store information, and exchange
data. Such technology – that is able to perform in different segments is being called
a general-purpose technology, like the internet, - can be useful in transitional
justice processes. The present paper intends to analyse the use of blockchain
technology as a new component in transitional justice processes, understand how
blockchain would behave in each transitional justice pillar, considering a state of
the art situation. Subsequently, blockchain projects were mentioned, that could be
used in transitional justice scenarios, such as the economic development of local
communities, and the implementation of refugees’ digital identification. Lastly,
the technology’s limitations were taken into consideration, leading to the
conclusion that in considering implementing blockchain technology in transitional
justice processes, it is crucial to ponder the local transitional justice scenario with
the blockchain characteristics, in order to pursuit better results.A tecnologia blockchain tem a capacidade de mudar a forma como as
pessoas vivem, se comunicam, adquirem produtos, guardam e trocam informações.
O uso de tal tecnologia, capaz de atuar em múltiplos segmentos, sendo considerada
uma tecnologia de propósito geral, como a internet, pode ser bem desfrutada em
processos de justiça de transição. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo
analisar se a tecnologia blockchain pode ser um novo componente em processos
de justiça de transição, entendendo como a tecnologia atuaria, em cada pilar da
justiça de transição, considerando um cenário de estado da arte. Posteriormente,
foram citados alguns projetos nos quais se usa o blockchain e que poderiam ser
usados em processos de justiça de transição, como desenvolvimento econômico de
comunidades locais e implementação de identidades digitais para refugiados. Por
fim, levou-se em consideração as limitações da tecnologia frente as suas
circunstâncias atuais. Assim, antes de implementar a tecnologia blockchain em um
cenário de justiça de transição, é importante ponderar todos os aspectos concretos
da situação, juntamente com todas as características da tecnologia, para ter o
melhor resultado
Enhancing the Role of Victim Movements in Transitional Justice Processes: An Examination Using the Lens of Enforced Disappearances
No full textVictim movements, composed of those who with their families were victimised and injured by violence, can represent victims and challenge TJ process led by external or elite actors, who often claim to work on behalf of victims but fail to take into account victims' voices and interests. Victim movements concern not only official narratives of past abuses regarding victims and perpetrators: the ongoing struggles for justice of victims constitute a narrative of how they have made their own histories and stories that are often misrepresented in TJ processes. Victims and survivors see a notion of justice emerge from their everyday lives which translate their problems into positive practices and demands of the state and others.
The globalized TJ discourse marginalizes grassroots victims in favour of national and state actors and an international global discourse that drives a top-down approach to TJ. Transitional justice has been dominated by international actors, including the United Nations, often leaving victims with little voice and victim movements with a minimal role and limited space for action in TJ processes. While contemporary
transitional justice has become a globalized and prescriptive framework, this study makes the case for a transitional justice driven by local agendas, contextualised to the needs and situation of those most affected by violations, and enhancing the role of victims. It is suggested that this is best achieved through approaches rooted in the political subjectivities of victims and the movements that represent them and through a
TJ that is rooted in victim movements.
This study evaluates what victim movements have achieved, what we can learn from them, and how they can be seen as a tool for enhancing the impacts of transitional justice. It also explores the question of victims’ political agency in the context of transition in post-conflict contexts. The thesis synthesizes different case studies of grassroots victim movements, specifically how they operate as claims-making agents, representing a wider victim base to achieve effective participation in the TJ processes. By taking examples of three historic movements: the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina, the Khulumani Support Group in South Africa, and the Network of Families of the Disappeared in Nepal, this thesis identifies victim movements as both a primary source of transitional justice and a driver of potential trajectories in its ongoing evolution. The central argument of thesis is that victim movements are key to an effective TJ process as they enhance political agency and better ensure victim rights.Os movimentos de vítimas, formados tanto por aqueles que foram vitimizados e lesados por actos de violência como pelas respectivas famílias, exercem a representação das mesmas, desafiando os processos de justiça de transição (JT) conduzidos por actores externos ou pelas elites, que, embora afirmem, frequentemente, trabalhar em nome das vítimas, acabam por desconsiderar as suas vozes e os seus interesses. Os movimentos de vítimas, no entanto, não incidem somente sobre as narrativas oficiais de abusos passados que envolveram vítimas e agressores: os contínuos esforços pela justiça das
vítimas constituem uma narrativa de como elas construíram a sua História e as suas histórias, de uma forma que é deficientemente representada nos processos de JT. Com efeito, vítimas e sobreviventes vislumbram uma ideia de justiça que emerge do seu quotidiano e que traduz os seus problemas em práticas positivas e em exigências que dirigem, entre outros, ao Estado.
O discurso globalizado de JT marginaliza o nível popular, a base, dos grupos de vítimas em favor de agentes estaduais ou nacionais, mas também de um discurso internacional e global que promove uma abordagem vertical à JT. A justiça de transição tem sido dominada por actores internacionais, incluindo a Organização das Nações Unidas, que reservam um espaço reduzido para as vozes das vítimas e concedem um
papel ínfimo aos movimentos que as representam, aos quais é conferido um limitado âmbito de actuação nos processos de JT. Enquanto a justiça de transição contemporânea se materializou num quadro institucional globalizado e normativizado, este estudo defende uma justiça de transição guiada pelas agendas locais,
contextualizada de acordo com as necessidades e situações daqueles mais afectados pelas violações, promovendo um reforço do papel desempenhado pelas vítimas. A citada finalidade é mais eficazmente alcançada mediante abordagens fundadas nas subjectividades políticas das vítimas e dos movimentos que as representam e através de um JT que radique nos movimentos de vítimas.
Este estudo avalia as conquistas dos movimentos de vítimas, aquilo que deles se pode aprender e o modo como podem ser vistos como uma ferramenta para reforçar o impacto da justiça de transição. Explora, igualmente, a questão da agência política das vítimas no contexto de transição no quadro de pós-conflito. A tese sintetiza diferentes estudos de caso de movimentos populares de vítimas, especificamente no
desempenho do papel de agentes de petição e reivindicação. Apreciando exemplos de três movimentos históricos, as Mães da Plaza de Mayo na Argentina, o Grupo de Apoio Khulumani na África do Sul e a Rede de Famílias de Desaparecidos no Nepal, esta tese identifica os movimentos de vítimas simultaneamente como uma fonte primária da justiça de transição e como dinamizadores de potenciais trajectórias na sua contínua evolução. O argumento central da tese é o de que os movimentos de vítimas são fulcrais para um processo de JT eficaz na medida em que aumentam a agência política e as garantias dos direitos das vítimas
Reuniting Families and Ukraine’s Lost Children: Going Beyond Criminal Prosecutions and Ensuring Non-Repetition Through Transitional Justice
Get PDFNot long after the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, reports of Ukrainian children being taken to Russian territory begun to surface. This phenomenon was reported by the media, governments, international organizations, NGOs and academics alike, mostly under the concepts of unlawful deportation or transfer of civilians and abduction. The present work adds to these formulations, by arguing that this conduct can be considered, too, enforced disappearance, a grave violation of International and Human Rights Law. This work further points out that the enforced disappearance of children is a widespread practice across time and space, that needs to be dealt with at an international level, to prevent future cases. As an answer to these two questions – the need to deal with and prevent cases of enforced disappearance of children not only in Ukraine, but also internationally - this thesis presents the field of Transitional Justice (TJ), and in particular, Guarantees of Non-Repetition (GNRs). As such, it will be argued that using TJ and GNRs in this case can have positive effects regarding justice, truth, reconciliation, peace and prevention, as well as in repatriating children and helping the Ukrainian community effectively deal with the violations.Pouco depois da invasão em grande escala da Ucrânia pela Federação Russa começaram a surgir relatos de crianças ucranianas levadas para território russo. Este fenómeno foi noticiado por meios de comunicação social, governos, organizações internacionais, ONGs e académicos, na sua maioria sob os conceitos de deportação ou transferência ilegal de civis e rapto. O presente trabalho vem adicionar a estas formulações, defendendo que esta conduta pode ser considerada, também, desaparecimento forçado, uma grave violação do Direito Internacional e dos Direitos Humanos. Este trabalho salienta ainda que o desaparecimento forçado de crianças é uma prática generalizada no tempo e no espaço, que precisa de ser tratada a nível internacional, para evitar casos futuros. Como resposta a estas duas questões - a necessidade de tratar e prevenir casos de desaparecimento forçado de crianças não só na Ucrânia, mas também a nível internacional - esta tese apresenta a Justiça de Transição (TJ) e, em particular, Garantias de Não Repetição (GNRs). Como tal, este trabalho argumentará que a utilização da TJ e das GNRs neste caso pode ter efeitos positivos no que diz respeito à justiça, verdade,
reconciliação, paz e prevenção, bem como na repatriação de crianças e na ajuda à comunidade
ucraniana para lidar efetivamente com as violações
The efficacy of the Nigerian human rights violation investigation commission (Oputa Commission) in the process of transitional justice (1966–1999)
Get PDFThe purpose of the efficacy of the Human Rights Violation Investigation
Commission (Oputa Commission) in the Process of Transitional Justice (1966-
1999) is to explore the range of political and human rights problems that
confronted Nigeria from colonial times, exacerbated by military incursion into
governance in 1966. As the colonial period laid the foundation for ethnic and
religious politics, the period of military rule brought moral, physical and
institutional decay to Nigeria.
The motivations of these military rulers were not driven by service to the
country but personal gratification and accumulation of wealth. Corruption
assumed pandemic proportions. Military leaders not only looted the coffers of the
state but, like other dictators, their actions were above the law. They hounded,
terrorised and jailed journalists, academics, human rights activists and all those
who disagreed with them or their policies.
Attempts to deal with these various problems of governance, which
resulted in cases of gross violation of human rights, led to the Human Rights
Violation Investigation Commission (the Oputa Commission) being established
with a broad mandate to investigate past abuse and reconcile the peoples of
Nigeria, so that harmony could be restored.
The Oputa Commission, through its work, traversed the country and
brought to light gory tales of past abuse in such a way that no one could deny they
ever happened. The submissions received by the Commission revealed that all
ethnic clusters or regional groups in Nigeria felt marginalised and cheated in
federation. This general feeling of anger made the Commission’s work towards the
restoration of harmony in the country even more urgent and important.
The thesis will review Nigeria’s role to assess whether the country during
the period under review complied with its international human rights obligations.
The thesis finally discusses the lessons from the Oputa Commission as a
transitional justice mechanism for Nigerians, and perhaps other nations emerging
from war and/or human rights violations. This is important, considering the
challenges of unity and national development of the Nigerian State. A comparative analysis of other countries with a history of authoritarianism and human rights
violations will be made to evaluate whether the Oputa Commission achieved its
mandate.Public, Constitutional, and International La
The effect of a constitution and bill of rights on abortion in South Africa: A comparative study
No full textDoctor Legum - LLDThis dissertation explores the effect that, the new democratic order could have on the abortion laws of South Africa. In particular, it investigates how the Transitional Constitution with its Bill of Rights may impact, on these laws, and some speculation on the import of the final Constitution is hazarded. The two major issues that are examined are therefore abortion and constitutionalism and it, is appropriate to begin with working definitions of these concepts. Abortion, sometimes known as termination of pregnancy, has both medical and IegaIly definitions. The selection of at definition has a lot to do with the definer, attitude towards abortion. An abortion can occur spontaneously or because it is induced. Medically it is usually used to describe the process whereby the contents of the uterus are expelled. This is usually deemed an abortion if it, occurs before viability, or the point after which a foetus can survive outside the womb independently. Medically, an induced abortion after viability is known as premature labour. Legally speaking an abortion can take place at any point during gestation. !!bile_ in the past it. was largely considered criminal, no matter at what, point, it occurred, whether it. is so characterised currently depends on the law in a particular country. Thus, the illegality of an abortion and when such illegality arises varies from country to country.
The point at which pregnancy commences is also the subject of debate. Some fix it after fertilisation or the moment. when the
ovum and sperm join. Others, however, see implantation, when the developing egg or blastocyst, is implanted in the waII of the
uterus, as the point which marks the beginning of pregnancy
The Evolution of Technology and its Implications for Regional and International Security
Get PDFArtificial Intelligence is now deeply connected to weapons systems. It therefore plays a critical role in matters concerning international peace and security. AI has also seen military competition take on a new dynamic. However, few studies have addressed the distinct dynamics of AI and its effects on Middle Eastern arms races. Given that these issues have the potential to fuel regional conflicts and jeopardise international security, it is contended that it is crucial to investigate their impact in both the medium and long-term. This article argues that the Middle East has had several arms races in past, which need to be understood to learn the lessons about what might happen in the future. It is also important to understand how a variety of international actors have negatively affected peace and stability in the region with their arms sales. The research argues that at present, there is a lack of understanding about the implications of AI and its economic, legal, security, and political consequences. The article makes a variety of recommendations on the implications of AI, including that states in the region should be coordinating, planning, and developing policy with respect to AI and arms matters.publishersversionpublishe
A continuum of gender-based violence echoing across the Sinai Desert and into Israel"
No full textGender-based violence (GBV) is widespread globally and is based on social roles. These social roles represent society’s expectations of men and women carrying out stereotyped functions and behaviours. These gendered social expectations vary across culture, space and time. Drawing from an empirical study in Israel and building on the previous literature on these issues, this qualitative and interdisciplinary article identifies various forms of GBV along Eritrean women’s journey from their home country into Israel. The empirical work helps to examine the findings of previous theoretical studies. This article establishes that there is a continuum of violence for women, especially refugees and asylum seekers, rooted in the standard system of oppression – patriarchy. This has triggered the flight and trafficking of refugees from Eritrea through the Sinai Desert and into Israel. The article argues that structural and cultural violence emanating from both the hosted community and the host community play significant roles in allowing the circumstances for GBV to thrive throughout the entire refugee cycle. What can be seen is the creation of multiple layers of vulnerabilities, particularly the specific social–legal–economic marginalization of segments of the population, including Eritrean asylum-seeking women. Reacting to this continuum of violence, many participants in the study argued that it was necessary to adopt strategies to create a continuum of resilience and resistance grounded on women’s sorority, support and agency.authorsversionpublishe
From Black Pride to Political Consciousness to Social Change
Get PDFAfrican Americans have been marginalised, discriminated against, and excluded from American society for centuries. First as slaves, but later when they gained emancipation, they remained relegated, differentiated, and discounted, in a range of areas, including in the political and economic spheres. Music has been a means to promote their greater inclusion in American society, drawing together and uniting all Americans through its power. While there have been links drawn between music and the African American struggle for equality, there has not been sufficient focus on the pivotal role that specifically jazz music has played in this regard. Jazz particularly has been a vehicle for promoting Black pride, political consciousness, and social change. This article argues that jazz has had a major effect on African American culture, society, and experience. Analysing the works of legendary jazz musicians James Brown, John Coltrane, Billie Holiday, and The Temptations, this article shows that jazz is not only as a catalyst for, but a driving force in, the fight for political freedom, as well as for economic empowerment, which is arguably still ongoing today.publishersversionpublishe
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