1,361,529 research outputs found
Impatiens keralensis Saravanan & Kaliamoorthy 2022, sp. nov.
No full textImpatiens keralensis Saravanan & Kaliamoorthy, sp. nov. (Figure 1) Impatiens keralensis is closely allied to I. modesta Wight (1837: 13) and I. mohana Ratheesh, Sujana & Anil Kumar (2012: 282) in having common characters of a scapigerous tuberous habit, radical leaves, ovate-cordate lamina, unequally trilobed wing petals, and a blunt spur. But differs from I. modesta by having multicellular trichomes on adaxial leaf surfaces (vs unicellular hairs on adaxial leaf surfaces in I. modesta), short petioles (vs long petioles in I. modesta), short scapes (vs long scapes in I. modesta) and 3–6-flowered inflorescence (vs many flowered inflorescence in I. modesta), white flowers (vs pinkish/whitish in I. modesta), pedicels longer than flowers, lateral united petals white with yellowish purple papillose at the base of mid-lobe (vs yellowish with a tuft of purple hairs in I. modesta), and basal lobes emarginate at apex (vs obtuse in I. modesta); Impatiens keralensis also differ from I. mohana by having multicellular trichomes on adaxial on leaf surface (vs multicellular trichomes on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces in I. mohana), spinose at margins (vs absence of spinose in I. mohana), glabrous petiole (vs trichomatous in I. mohana), and white flowers (vs deep pinkish in I. mohana) (Table 1). Type:— INDIA. Kerala: Wayanad District, Kurichiarmala Reserve Forest, 11º36’1”N, 75º57’59”E, 1100–1320 m, 11 December 2019, Saravanan & Kaliamoorthy 136020 (holotype MH!). Scapigerous, tuberous acaulescent, epiphytic herbs, 5–10 cm tall. Tubers sub-globose, 0.8 × 0.7 cm, brownish white. Stem-less. Leaves radical, 2-3 per tuber, 1.5–4.2 × 1.0– 3.5 cm, broadly ovate to cordate in outline, deeply cordate to auriculate-cordate at base, crenate-serrate and spinose at margins, obtuse at apex, adaxially covered with multicellular white trichomes, greenish; abaxially glabrous, pale purplish green, with 3-4 pairs of lateral nerves; petioles 1.9–3.3 cm long, pale reddish with purple streaks, glabrous. Inflorescence racemose; peduncle longer than the leaves, ca 6.5 cm long, 3–6-flowered, glabrous, terete, pale reddish with purple streaks; Flowers 0.6–0.8 cm across, white; bracts 0.3 × 0.1 cm, slightly falcate, obtuse at apex, glabrous, green with purple streaks, thick and fleshy; pedicel longer than the flowers, ca 1.3 cm long, filiform, pale reddish with purple streaks, glabrous; lateral sepals 0.2 × 0.1 cm, obliquely oblong, obtuse at apex, glabrous; dorsal petal ca 0.2 × 0.2 cm, concave, orbicular to reniform, obtuse at apex, forming a hood above the androecium, dorsally humped at base, glabrous; wing petals free, unequally 3-lobed, 1.4–1.5 × 0.6–0.8 cm, white with a tuft of deep yellowish purple papillose at the base of mid-lobe; basal lobe ca 0.7 × 0.2 cm, oblong, broadest at the middle, slightly up-curved, emarginate at apex; mid-lobe ca 0.5 × 0.2 cm, oblong, obtuse to truncate at apex; distal lobe ca 0.7 × 0.2 cm, oblong, obtuse to truncate at apex; dorsal auricle absent; lower sepal ca 0.3 × 0.2 cm, ovate, obtuse at apex, concave, white, 0.1 cm deep, glabrous; spur ca 0.3 × 0.1 cm, straight, white, glabrous; stamens ca 0.2 cm long, curved; filaments ca 5, 1.3 mm long, narrow and free at base, fused and broad at apex, light pink to white; anthers 5, ca 1.0 × 0.4 mm, white, cohering above the pistil; pistil ca 1.2 × 0.3 mm; ovary broadly obclavate to ellipsoid, glabrous. Capsules 0.5–0.8 cm long, broadly ellipsoid, greenish, glabrous; seeds minute, comose with tuft of hairs at both ends. Phenology:—Flowering & fruiting: August–November. Ecology:—Growing on moss covered wet tree trunks in evergreen forests, along with Impatiens veerapazhasii Ratheesh, Sujanapal & Meera (2011: 154), Oberonia bicornis Lindl. (1830: 16) and Oberonia swaminathanii Ratheesh, Manudev & Sujanapal (2010: 713), at an elevation of 1310 m. Conservation Status:— Impatiens keralensis is only known from the type locality with about 10–12 mature individuals. The population is well conserved within the boundaries of protected forest areas. However, considering the lesser number of individuals in a single population size distributed in an area of hardly 0.3 km, the species described here is assessed as Critically Endangered (CE) by applying the criterion d (IUCN 2019). Etymology:—The species is named after the Kerala state, India, where the type locality is present. Notes:— Impatiens keralensis is also allied to I. dendricola C. E. C. Fisch. (1935:157), in having a tuberous scapigerous epiphytic habit, radical leaves, flowers in racemose scapes, white flowers and presence of spur, but differs in the size and shape of the bract (slightly falcate in Impatiens keralensis vs ovate in I. dendricola), lateral sepals (obliquely oblong in Impatiens keralensis vs asymmetrically ovate in I. dendricola), dorsal petal (obtuse at apex in Impatiens keralensis vs retuse at apex in I. dendricola), wing petals (papillose at the base of mid-lobe in Impatiens keralensis vs hairs at the base in I. dendricola), spur (straight in Impatiens keralensis vs clavate in I. dendricola), and dorsal auricle (absent in Impatiens keralensis vs present in I. dendricola).Published as part of Saravanan, Thokuluva Santharam & Kaliamoorthy, Seventhilingam, 2022, Two new epiphytic species of Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) from the southern Western Ghats, India, pp. 107-114 in Phytotaxa 552 (1) on pages 107-110, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/667313
Osbeckia yercaudensis Saravanan & Kaliamoorthy 2023, sp. nov.
No full textOsbeckia yercaudensis Saravanan & Kaliamoorthy, sp. nov. (Figure 1) Osbeckia yercaudensis is morphologically close to Osbeckia mehrana Giri & Nayar and Osbeckia wightiana Bentham ex Wight & Arnott in being perennial woody shrubs with ovate lamina and bracts, pentamerous flowers, campanulate hypanthium and capsule, obovate, pink to purple petals. However, Osbeckia yercaudensis differs from O. mehrana in its height (up to 60 cm tall vs 3 m tall), size of the leaves (0.9–2.4 × 0.6–1.6 cm vs 1.5–4.6 × 0.8–3.0 cm), inflorescence (2–3-flowered terminal cymes vs 5–7-flowered terminal or axillary panicles), sepals (oblong to slightly falcate, irregularly emarginate apex vs triangular, acute apex), style (2.1 cm long vs 1.2–1.7 cm long) and seeds (cochleate or U shaped, minutely toothed vs curved, muricate). It also shows similarities with O. wightiana, but differs by its height (up to 60 cm tall vs up to 3 m tall), size of the leaves (0.9–2.4 × 0.6–1.6 cm vs 3.1–7.1 × 2.1–3.5 cm), inflorescence (2–3-flowered terminal cymes vs 3–7-flowered terminal cymes), sepals (oblong to slightly falcate, apex with long white hairs vs subulate, apex with stellate emergences), style (2.1 cm long vs 1.1–1.5 cm long), and seeds (cochleate or U shaped vs curved) (Table 1). Type:— INDIA. Tamil Nadu: Salem District, Yercaud, Shevaroy Hills, MALCO mines, 11º49’17”N, 78º13’29”E, 1350–1540 m, 20 December 2021, Saravanan & Kaliamoorthy 136010 (holotype MH!; isotypes MH!). Erect, perennial shrubs, up to 60 cm tall. Stems woody, branched, sub-quadrangular, densely covered with patent, long, ascending brown hairs in younger branches, greenish; mature branches glabrous due to hairs falling off, brownish. Leaves simple, opposite, petiolate, greenish when young, brownish at maturity; lamina ovate, acute at apex, obtuse at base, 0.9–2.4 × 0.6–1.6 cm, margins ciliate, 5-nerved (prominent beneath), both surfaces densely covered with ascending to patent, thin, long hairs (0.3 cm long); petioles 0.6 cm long, densely covered with long ascending hairs. Inflorescence 2–3-flowered terminal cymes, subtended by a pair of leaves. Flowers pentamerous, pedicellate; bracts broadly ovate, acute at apex, obtuse at base, 0.8 × 0.9 cm, margins ciliate, dorsally covered with long ascending hairs; pedicels 0.7 cm long, densely covered with ascending to patent, thin, long hairs. Hypanthium 1.2 cm length × 1.5 cm diameter, campanulate, densely covered with stellate, stalked emergences; intersepalar emergences 0.3 cm long, stalked, stalk terete with many patent long hairs, head disc-like with stellate long patent hairs, persistent in fruits. Sepals oblong to slightly falcate, apex irregularly emarginate with a tuft of long hairs, base truncate, 0.7 × 0.3 cm, margins ciliate, prominently 1-nerved with many patent hairs confined to nerves on dorsal surface. Petals obovate, 2.8 × 2.5 cm, pink to purple, margins ciliate, caducous. Stamens 10, equal; filaments 1.1 cm long, pale yellow, glabrous; anthers 0.9 cm long, narrowly ovate to oblong, twisted, pore oblique on ventral side at the apex, yellow; connective prolonged into a small, indistinctly lobed collar. Ovary 5-locular, adnate to hypanthium for about half of the length, 0.9 cm long, densely covered with long white hairs; style 2.1 cm long, glabrous, slightly curved; stigma green, capitate, papillose. Capsules 1.1 × 1.0 cm, campanulate; seeds 0.1 cm long, numerous, cochleate or U shaped, margins minutely toothed, pale straw-coloured when young, blackish at maturity. Phenology:—Flowering & fruiting: September–February. Ecology:—Occurs at borders of semi evergreen forests and in rock crevices, in association with Alstonia venenata Brown (1810: 64), Bauhinia purpurea Linnaeus (1753: 375), Crotalaria longipes Wight &Arnott (1834a: 183), Psydrax dicoccos Gaertner (1788: 125), Solanum myriacanthum Dunal (1813: 218) etc., between 1350–1540 m elevation. Conservation Status:— Osbeckia yercaudensis is only known from the type locality with about 15–20 individuals in an area of about 1 km 2. However, the present habitat is prone to forest fires and faces threats from grazing, mining and other anthropogenic factors. Due to its rarity and threats to the habitat, the species falls under the category Critically Endangered (CR B1 ab (i, ii, v); 2ab (i, ii, iv); D) in accordance with the IUCN guidelines (IUCN 2019). Etymology:—The species is named after the type locality, Yercaud, Salem District in Tamil Nadu, India.Published as part of Saravanan, Thokuluva Santharam & Kaliamoorthy, Seventhilingam, 2023, Osbeckia yercaudensis (Melastomataceae) a new species from the Eastern Ghats, India, pp. 292-296 in Phytotaxa 583 (3) on pages 292-295, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.583.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/762155
Impatiens kurichiarmalayana Saravanan & Kaliamoorthy 2022, sp. nov.
No full textImpatiens kurichiarmalayana Saravanan & Kaliamoorthy, sp. nov. (Figure 2) Impatiens kurichiarmalayana is similar to I. mankulamensis K. M. P. Kumar, R. Jagad. & Nagaraj (2017: 281) and I. panduranganii K. M. P. Kumar, R. Jagad. & G. Prasad (2017: 285) in having common characters viz., rosulate leaves, umbellate cyme inflorescence, unequally bilobed wing petals and shorter basal lobes. But differs from I. mankulamensis by having ovate-lanceolate leaves (vs elliptic, lanceolate-oblanceolate in I. mankulamensis), lateral sepals white with dark purple tinges at the apex (vs white with brown tinges at tip in I. mankulamensis), dorsal petal white (vs pale purple in I. mankulamensis), presence of dorsal auricle (vs absence in I. mankulamensis) and absence of spur (vs present in I. mankulamensis); Impatiens kurichiarmalayana also differs from I. panduranganii by having white flowers with dark purple spot at the base of the wing petals (vs white with light purple dots in I. panduranganii), dorsal petal keeled at apex (vs not keeled in I. panduranganii), distal lobe spreading and broadly obovate (vs not spreading and shoe shaped in I. panduranganii), lower sepal white with yellow mark at middle and dark brown streaks horizontally (vs white with yellow tinges in I. panduranganii) (Table 2). Type:— INDIA. Kerala: Wayanad District, Kurichiarmala Reserve Forest, 11º36’2”N, 75º57’57”E, 1200–1320 m, 11 December 2019, Saravanan & Kaliamoorthy 136030 (holotype & isotype MH!). Epiphytic tuberous herbs. Stem simple, erect, to 19.5 cm tall, succulent, yellowish green in lower portion, distally reddish purple, leaves bearing portion greenish, glabrous. Tubers ca 0.9 × 0.5 cm, oblong, pale brownish white. Leaves crowned at top; lamina 0.9–2.6 × 0.4–1.2 cm, elliptic-ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or apiculate to retuse at apex, attenuate at base, apiculate-crenate at margins, light green and hairy only on nerves adaxially, purplish green and glabrous abaxially; lateral nerves 3–4 pairs; petioles 1.1–2.5 cm long, purplish, glabrous. Inflorescence a subumbellate racemes; peduncle 7.5–9.7 cm long, 3–4-flowered, dark purplish red, glabrous. Flowers 1.7–1.9 cm across, white with dark purple spots at base of distal and basal lobes, glabrous; pedicels ca 0.9 cm long, purplish green, glabrous; bracts ca 0.4 × 0.1 cm, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and mucronate at apex, concave, pale greenish with purple lines, glabrous; lateral sepals ca 0.5 × 0.2 cm, elliptic-oblong, acuminate and mucronate at apex, slightly concave, mid nerve pale purplish with dark purple apex; dorsal petal ca 0.6 × 0.3 cm, broadly ovate-orbicular, obtuse, concave, margins wavy, dorsally keeled; keel mucronate at apex; mucro ca 0.1 cm long; wing petals unequally 2-lobed, 1.5–1.7 × 0.5–0.7 cm; claw 0.3–0.4 cm long, glabrous; basal lobe much smaller than distal lobe, ca 0.5 × 0.2 cm, triangular-ovate in outline, acute-acuminate at apex; distal lobe ca 1.2 × 0.5 cm, broadly obovate, obtuse to truncate at apex, notched towards inner side much below the apex; dorsal auricle ca 0.1 cm long, triangular, obtuse at apex, yellowish; lower sepal saccate, ca 0.6 × 0.4 cm, ca 0.2–0.3 cm deep, ovate, obtuse and mucronate at apex, white with yellowish mark at middle, and dark purple streaks horizontally; spur absent; stamens ca 0.4 × 0.2 cm, slightly curved; filaments 5, ca 0.3 × 0.1 cm, creamy white; anthers ca 0.1 × 0.1 cm; ovary ca 0.2 × 0.1 cm, glabrous. Capsules 0.7–1.0 × 0.2–0.3 cm, ellipsoid-clavate, greenish, glabrous; seeds minute, 0.1 cm long, sub-globose, pale yellow, with short white hairs scattered all over the surface. Phenology:—Flowering & fruiting: June–September. Ecology:—Growing on moss covered wet tree trunks in evergreen forests, in association with Bulbophyllum fischeri Seidenf. (1974: 202), Eria albiflora Rolfe (1893: 170) and Oberonia brunoniana Wight (1851: 1622), at an elevation of 1319 m. Conservation Status:— Impatiens kurichiarmalayana is only known from the type locality with about 10–15 mature individuals. The population is well conserved within the boundaries of protected forest areas. However, considering the lesser number of individuals in a single population size distributed in an area of hardly 0.3 km, the species described here is assessed as Critically Endangered (CE) by applying the criterion d (IUCN 2019). Etymology:—The specific epithet is named after the type locality, Kurichiarmala evergreen forests, Wayanad district, Kerala, India. Notes:— Impatiens kurichiarmalayana shows also similarities with I. travancorica Bedd. (1874: 29), in having a rosulate leaves, sub-umbellate raceme inflorescence, white flowers with dark purple patches near the base of the wing petals, sub-globose seeds with short hairs all over, but differs by its habit (Epiphytic tuberous herbs in I. kurichiarmalayana vs annual herbs in I. travancorica), size and shape of the lateral sepals (elliptic-oblong in I. kurichiarmalayana vs obliquely ovate in I. travancorica), dorsal petal (broadly ovate-orbicular in I. kurichiarmalayana vs cucullate in I. travancorica), dorsal auricle (present in I. kurichiarmalayana vs absent in I. travancorica) and spur (absent in I. kurichiarmalayana vs present in I. travancorica).Published as part of Saravanan, Thokuluva Santharam & Kaliamoorthy, Seventhilingam, 2022, Two new epiphytic species of Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) from the southern Western Ghats, India, pp. 107-114 in Phytotaxa 552 (1) on pages 110-111, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/667313
Policies are never implemented, but negotiated : analyzing integration of policies in managing water resources in the Indian Himalayas using a Bayesian network
No full textAuthor name used in this publication: Saravanan. V.SubramanianAuthor name used in this publication: David, Ip2009-2010 > Academic research: refereed > Publication in refereed journalAccepted ManuscriptPublishedGreen (AAM
A web-based screening tool for near-port air quality assessments
No full textAuthor(s): Isakov, Vlad; Barzyk, Timothy M; Smith, Elizabeth R; Arunachalam, Saravanan; Naess, Brian; Venkatram, Akul
An ethnomethodological approach to examine exploitation in the context of capacity, trust and experience of commercial surrogacy in India
No full textThe socio-ethical concerns regarding exploitation in commercial surrogacy are premised on asymmetric vulnerability and the commercialization of women’s reproductive capacity to suit individualistic motives. In examining the exploitation argument, this article reviews the social contract theory that describes an individual as an ‘economic man’ with moral and/or political motivations to satisfy individual desires. This study considers the critique by feminists, who argue that patriarchal and medical control prevails in the surrogacy contracts. It also explores the exploitative dynamics amongst actors in the light of Baier’s conceptualization of trust and human relationship, within which both justice and exploitation thrive, and Foucault’s concept of bio-power. Drawing on these concepts, this paper aims to investigate the manifestations of exploitation in commercial surrogacy in the context of trust, power and experiences of actors, using a case study of one clinic in India. The actors’ experiences are evaluated at different stages of the surrogacy process: recruitment, medical procedures, living in the surrogate home, bonding with the child and amongst actors, financial dealings, relinquishment and post-relinquishment.This study applies ethnomethodology to identify phenomena as perceived by the actors in a situation, giving importance to their interpretations of the rules that make collective activity possible. The methods include semi-structured interviews, discussions, participant observation and explanation of the phenomena from the actors’ perspectives. Between August 2009 and April 2010, 13 surrogate mothers (SMs), 4 intended parents (IPs) and 2 medical practitioners (MPs) from one clinic in Western India were interviewed.This study reveals that asymmetries of capacity amongst the MPs, SMs, IPs and surrogate agents (SAs) lead to a network of trust and designation of powers through rules, bringing out the relevance of Baier’s conceptualization of asymmetric vulnerability, trust and potential exploitation in human relationships. The IPs are exploited, especially in monetary terms. The SMs are relatively the most exploited, given their vulnerability. Their remuneration through surrogacy is significant for them, and their acquired knowledge as ex-surrogates is used for their own benefit and for exploiting others. Foucault’s conceptualization of power is hence relevant, since the ex-SMs re-invest the power of their exploitative experience in exploiting others
Vibration control of a flexible structure using electromagnetic dampers
No full textThis thesis presents both theoretical and experimental studies aimed at reducing vibrations in flexible structures using an electromagnetic damper. In recent years, semiactive vibration control systems have gained importance due to their ability to balance between effective vibration control and energy consumption compared to active control systems. Consequently, this research begins by exploring semiactive control strategies for the vibration control of the flexible structures. A comprehensive investigation is conducted on vibration control of a SDOF structure using passive, active and semiactive control strategies. The effectiveness of each method is evaluated and compared. The passive and active control methods are introduced and compared with semiactive time-varying on-off control strategies. Numerical simulation demonstrates that the semi-active control provides better damping compared to the passive damping, although less effective than active control. In addition, the reviews of various active dampers such as magneto-rheological (MR) piezoelectric and electromagnetic dampers based on their ability to alter mechanical properties in response to external stimuli. The electromagnetic (EM) damper is the primary focus of this work, and its dynamic characterisation experimentally determined, confirming its potential for both active and semiactive control application.The thesis further investigates the passive vibration control capabilities of an electromagnetic damper shunted damper with various RLC network. An analytical approach is used to evaluate the damping effects of purely resistive, RL and RLC shunt configuration. The optimal resistance values are evaluated using root locus method. The study extended by integrating the electromagnetic damper into primary structure- a cantilever beam modelled as SDOF system, where the EM damper functions as passive tuned mass damper under open circuit condition. While the passive TMDs are effective at suppressing vibration at specific resonant frequency that are limited to narrow bandwidth. To overcome this limitation, an electromagnetic damper tuned to the structural frequency is designed and evaluated. The performance of the tuned EM-TMD is compared with that of the conventional TMD, demonstrating enhanced vibration attenuation and improved adaptability. The final part of the thesis focuses on active vibration control using electromagnetic dampers. The commonly used direct velocity feedback (DVF) control is implemented and evaluated. While DVF is effective at the fundamental resonant frequency, it offer limited suppression at other frequencies. To over this limitation, proportional resonant (PR) control is proposed and investigated. The PR control effectively reduces the vibration at resonance and can be tuned to specific resonant frequencies. For numerical investigation, the beam is modelled as an SDOF structure. The vibration reduction performance of the PR controller is assessed for the various values of proportional gain, resonant gain, and damping ratio. Both time domain and frequency domain analysis are carried out, and the result shoes that the PR controller outperforms the conventional DVF control at the target resonance frequency. In addition to numerical analysis, experimental validation is carried out using a cantilever beam equipped with an EM damper. The continuous-time PR controller is implemented on the dSPACE controller using its discrete-time equivalent. The experimental confirms the trend observed in the numerical analysis. The DVF control is also implemented experimentally to benchmark the performance of both strategies. Finally, the multimodal vibration control is achieved by placing multiple PR controllers in parallel, each tuned to distinct resonant mode. The experimental result shows that the proposed PR control strategy provides superior vibration suppression compared to the traditional direct velocity feedback control, especially for multi-mode vibration scenarios.<br/
FIGURE 1. Impatiens keralensis A in Two new epiphytic species of Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) from the southern Western Ghats, India
No full textFIGURE 1. Impatiens keralensis A) Habit. B) Abaxial view of leaf. C) Flower. D) Lateral view of flower. E) Papillose close-up view on wing petals. F) Bract. G) Dorsal petal. H) Lateral sepal. I) Wing petals. J) Lower sepal and spur. K) Androecium. L) Fruit. (Photographs by T. S. Saravanan)Published as part of Saravanan, Thokuluva Santharam & Kaliamoorthy, Seventhilingam, 2022, Two new epiphytic species of Impatiens L. (Balsaminaceae) from the southern Western Ghats, India, pp. 107-114 in Phytotaxa 552 (1) on page 109, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/667313
Vibration control data set
No full textThis dataset supports the thesis entitled: Vibration Control of a Flexible Structure Using Electromagnetic Dampers.
The dataset used in this study contains frequency domain data collected from an experimental setup designed for vibration control of a cantilever beam using an electromagnetic damper. The data is collected using dSPACE real-time data acquisition and control system and the data are stored in MAT file for analysis. The stored data are processed MATLAB software. All data files are organised into a folder according to the experiment type.</span
Global justice, capabilities approach and commercial surrogacy in India
No full textInequalities, ineffective governance, unclear surrogacy regulations and unethical practices make India an ideal environment for global injustice in the process of commercial surrogacy. This article aims to apply the 'capabilities approach' to find possibilities of global justice through human fellowship in the context of commercial surrogacy. I draw primarily on my research findings supplemented by other relevant empirical research and documentary films on surrogacy. The paper reveals inequalities and inadequate basic entitlements among surrogate mothers as a consequence of which they are engaged in unjust contracts. Their limited entitlements also limit their opportunities to engage in enriching goals. It is the role of the state to provide all its citizens with basic entitlements and protect their basic human rights. Individuals in India evading their basic duty also contribute to the existing inequalities. Individual responsibilities of the medical practitioners and the intended parents are in question here as they are more inclined towards self-interest rather than commitment towards human fellowship. At the global level, the injustice in transnational commercial surrogacy practices in developing countries calls for an international declaration of women and child rights in third party reproduction with a normative vision of mutual fellowship and human dignity
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