514 research outputs found
Sensitivity and specificity in affective and social learning in adolescence
No full text: Adolescence is a period of heightened affective and social sensitivity. In this review we address how this increased sensitivity influences associative learning. Based on recent evidence from human and rodent studies, as well as advances in computational biology, we suggest that, compared to other age groups, adolescents show features of heightened Pavlovian learning but tend to perform worse than adults at instrumental learning. Because Pavlovian learning does not involve decision-making, whereas instrumental learning does, we propose that these developmental differences might be due to heightened sensitivity to rewards and threats in adolescence, coupled with a lower specificity of responding. We discuss the implications of these findings for adolescent mental health and education
Inventing ourselves: the secret life of the teenage brain
No full textSebuah tur melalui ilmu pengetahuan inovatif di balik perkembangan otak remaja yang penuh teka-teki namun penting dan bagaimana hal tersebut diterjemahkan ke dalam perilaku remajaOtak menciptakan setiap perasaan, emosi, dan keinginan yang kita alami, dan menyimpan setiap ingatan kita. Namun, hingga saat ini, para ilmuwan percaya bahwa otak kita telah berkembang sepenuhnya sejak masa kanak-kanak. Kini, berkat teknologi pencitraan yang memungkinkan kita melihat ke dalam otak manusia yang hidup di segala usia, kita tahu bahwa hal tersebut tidaklah benar. Profesor Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, salah satu peneliti neurologi remaja terkemuka di dunia, menjelaskan dengan tepat apa yang terjadi pada otak remaja yang kompleks dan menarik -- yaitu otak terus berkembang dan berubah sepanjang masa remaja -- dengan implikasi yang mendalam terhadap perkembangan otak remaja. akan menjadi dewasanya anak-anak muda ini.Berdasarkan penelitian mutakhir, termasuk penelitiannya sendiri, Blakemore menunjukkan:Perbedaan otak remaja dengan otak anak-anak dan orang dewasaMengapa anak yang bebas masalah bisa berubah menjadi remaja yang menantangApa yang mendorong pengambilan risiko berlebihan dan hubungan yang memakan banyak waktu yang umum terjadi di kalangan remajaDan mengapa banyak penyakit mental -- depresi, kecanduan, skizofrenia -- muncul selama tahun-tahun pembentukan iniPenemuan Blakemore telah mengubah pemahaman kita tentang pikiran remaja, yang berdampak pada hukum, kebijakan dan praktik pendidikan, dan, yang terpenting, orang tua
Inventing Ourselves: The Secret Life of the Teenage Brain <b>Inventing Ourselves: The Secret Life of the Teenage Brain</b> <i>Sarah-Jayne Blakemore</i> PublicAffairs, 2018, 256 pp.
No full text
This week on the
Science
podcast, Sarah-Jayne Blakemore delves into the teenage brain, revealing the extraordinary features that define this transitional state in human development.
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Prosocial Influence and Opportunistic Conformity in Adolescents and Young Adults
No full textAdolescence is associated with heightened social influence, especially from peers. This can lead to detrimental decision-making in domains such as risky behavior but may also raise opportunities for prosocial behavior. We used an incentivized charitable-donations task to investigate how people revise decisions after learning about the donations of others and how this is affected by age (N = 220; age range = 11-35 years). Our results showed that the probability of social influence decreased with age within this age range. In addition, whereas previous research has suggested that adults are more likely to conform to the behavior of selfish others than to the behavior of prosocial others, here we observed no evidence of such an asymmetry in midadolescents. We discuss possible interpretations of these findings in relation to the social context of the task, the perceived value of money, and social decision-making across development
Confirmatory reinforcement learning changes with age during adolescence
No full textUnderstanding how learning changes during human development has been one of the long-standing objectives of developmental science. Recently, advances in computational biology have demonstrated that humans display a bias when learning to navigate novel environments through rewards and punishments: they learn more from outcomes that confirm their expectations than from outcomes that disconfirm them. Here, we ask whether confirmatory learning is stable across development, or whether it might be attenuated in developmental stages in which exploration is beneficial, such as in adolescence. In a reinforcement learning task, 77 participants aged 11-32 years (4 men, mean age = 16.26) attempted to maximize monetary rewards by repeatedly sampling different pairs of novel options, which varied in their reward/punishment probabilities. Mixed-effect models showed an age-related increase in accuracy as long as learning contingencies remained stable across trials, but less so when they reversed halfway through the trials. Age was also associated with a greater tendency to stay with an option that had just delivered a reward, more than to switch away from an option that had just delivered a punishment. At the computational level, a confirmation model provided increasingly better fit with age. This model showed that age differences are captured by decreases in noise or exploration, rather than in the magnitude of the confirmation bias. These findings provide new insights into how learning changes during development and could help better tailor learning environments to people of different ages. Reinforcement learning shows age-related improvement during adolescence, but more in stable learning environments compared with volatile learning environments. People tend to stay with winning options more than they shift away from losing ones, and this asymmetry increases with age during adolescence. Computationally, these changes are captured by a developing confirmatory learning style, in which people learn more from outcomes that confirm rather than disconfirm their choices. Age-related differences in confirmatory learning are explained by decreases in stochasticity, rather than changes in the magnitude of the confirmation bias
The matrix reasoning item bank (MaRs-IB): novel, open-access abstract reasoning items for adolescents and adults
No full textExisting non-verbal ability tests are typically protected by copyright, preventing them from being freely adapted or computerized. Working towards an open science framework, we provide 80 novel, open-access abstract reasoning items, an online implementation and item-level data from 659 participants aged between 11 and 33 years: the matrix reasoning item bank (MaRs-IB). Each MaRs-IB item consists of an incomplete matrix containing abstract shapes. Participants complete the matrices by identifying relationships between the shapes. Our data demonstrate age differences in non-verbal reasoning accuracy, which increased during adolescence and stabilized in early adulthood. There was a slight linear increase in response times with age, resulting in a peak in efficiency (i.e. a measure combining speed and accuracy) in late adolescence. Overall, the data suggest that the MaRs-IB is sensitive to developmental differences in reasoning accuracy. Further psychometric validation is recommended
Amynthas tokioensis subsp. oculo Blakemore
No full text9. <i>Amynthas tokioensis oculo</i> Blakemore sub-sp. nov. <p>(Fig. 4B).</p> <p> <b>Material.</b> IV 0000261311 (DNA sample HY8) mature from Jeombongsan Mt. (38̊01′16.39′′N 128̊25′6.36′′ E), boundaries of Inje and Yangyang in eastern South Korea, collected by Dr H.-Y. Seo, 25 th July, 2013. Found with four other specimens, two other <i>Amynthas</i> sp. described below and a <i>Drawida jeombongsan</i> Blakemore, 2014, plus IV 0000261310 an <i>M. hilgendorfi</i> specimen. IV 0000261308 (P) is a superficially similar mature with same details collected 11 th July, 2013 along with <i>Drawida</i> sp. (IV0000261309).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> Latin <i>oculo</i> (m noun) for “black eye” referring to the look of the spermathecal pores.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> Widespread in Japan and Korea, <i>A. tokioensis</i> is an introduction to USA (also as synonym <i>M. levis</i>) but, in view of many misidentifications “ <i>Amynthas tokioensis</i> species-group from central Thailand ” is considered doubtful.</p> <p> <b>Description</b> (current specimens). Length 60 (P) to 85 mm with 90 segments (H). Reddish-brown dorsum. Peri-1 mm chaetine with 40-50 setae. Clitellum 14-16. Spermathecae eye-like in 6/7/ 8 in lateral dark patches also enclosing a single GM papilla below each pore. Female pore single, central on clitellum. Male pores absent. Spermathecal ampullae deflated with clavate diverticulum on muscular duct. GM glands correspond internally to the spermathecal papillae. Seminal vesicles in 11 and 12. Last hearts in 13. Caeca manicate in 27.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> These clearly parthenogenetic specimens resemble part of the <i>Amynthas tokioensis</i> (Beddard, 1892) species-complex as described by Blakemore (2003; 2010; 2012f). In the latest revision by Blakemore (2014) <i>Amynthas tokioensis</i> (Beddard, 1892) has the following synonyms:? <i>schizopora</i>,? <i>irregularis</i>, levis,? <i>parvicystis</i>;? <i>verticosa</i> all by Goto & Hatai, 1898 / 1899;? <i>gucheonensis</i> Song & Paik, 1970; <i>jiriensis</i> Song & Paik, 1971; <i>surcata</i> and <i>verticosa</i> Ishizuka, 1999;? <i>paiki</i> Hong in Hong, Lee & Kim, 2001;? <i>yongshilensis</i>,? <i>eastoni</i> and? <i>boletiformis</i> by Hong & James, 2001; <i>A. sonjaesiki</i> Hong & James, 2009 (these last nine synonyms as per Blakemore, 2003 b: 43; 2006; 2008; 2010; 2012f; 2012g); plus <i>Amynthas conferticurtus</i> Hong & James, 2009: 1241 <i>species inquirendum</i> and possible syn. nov.?</p> <p> <i>Amynthas conferticurtus</i> types (IV0000120468 H & 479 P) are not traceable in NIBR (pers. obs.) but it appears to be misdescribed in several key characters: e.g., the spermathecal pores are said to be on 7 and 8 (thus allegedly qualifying for an <i>A. pomellus</i> species group) however, they are shown in their fig. 7 to be in 6/7/8! Moreover the supposed genital markings on 7 and 8 are not shown in their fig. 7 (?). Its description appears indistinguishable from their subsequent <i>A. sonjaesiki</i> Hong & James, 2009 that was placed in synonymy of <i>A. tokioensis</i> by Blakemore (2010). Seemingly the <i>A. conferticurtus</i> name also belongs there. According to the description, it also appears to be similar to <i>A. paiki</i> Hong, 2001 or to <i>A. fasciiformis</i> Hong & James, 2001 and both are probably in an <i>A. tokioensis</i> species-group, if not also synonyms. The types of the other synonym, <i>A. sonjaesiki</i> Hong & James, 2009: 1243 (types IV0000120469 H & 480 P) are also not traceable in NIBR (pers. obs.) but its markings resemble those claimed for <i>A. conferticurtus</i>. These authors need to fix these issues before they erect any further “new” names.</p> <p> Regarding the current specimens, it is surprising that the nearest BLAST similarity is only 88% for <i>Metaphire vesiculata</i> (AB542689 from Tokyo, Okutama) or 88% for the <i>M. soulensis</i> matches noted above. Fig. 1 shows separation from taxa under consideration here. It may seem precipitous to put a new name to these specimens despite the lack of a genetic match, however it will hopefully provide an unambiguous starting point for conscientious resolution of all the earliest taxa noted above progressively by any concerned workers.</p> <p> Repeated searches by the senior author of the Tokyo environs for new topotypic material of <i>Amynthas tokioensis</i> have thus far been unsuccessful, although a record from nearby Hachioji is claimed in Genbank (accession AB542558 by Minamiya <i>et al</i>., 2010, unpublished). If their identification is correct, this may provide the closest match to a topotype’s DNA. However, the current specimen HY8 vs. AB542558 of Hachioji=523/614 (85%) which is far removed and questions the close identity of either or both with “ <i>Amynthas tokioensis</i> ” proper (see Fig. 1).</p>Published as part of <i>Blakemore, Robert J., Lee, Seunghan & Seo, Hong-Yul, 2015, Account of montane and insular speciation in some Korean megadriles (Annelida: Oligochaeta), pp. 1-22 in Journal of Species Research 4 (1)</i> on pages 7-9, DOI: 10.12651/JSR.2015.4.1.001, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8135064">http://zenodo.org/record/8135064</a>
The Development of Adolescent Social Cognition
No full textAdolescence has long been considered a turbulent time; beginning with large changes in hormonal levels and consequent bodily changes, as well as changes in behavior. Recently, neuroscience studies have contributed to this picture of turbulence. We now know that the brain undergoes profound transformation during the teenage years. This paper focuses on how the social brain-the network of brain regions involved in understanding other people and self-awareness-develops during adolescence
Recensioni
No full textMassimo Piattelli Palmarini, Le scienze cognitive classiche: un panorama di Daniela Mario
Arthur L. Costa, Bena Kallick, Habits of Mind: A developmental series, Association Supervision for Curriculum Development di Daniele Morselli
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Uta Frith, The Learning Brain: Lessons for Education di Giuseppe Longo
Xenia Chryssochoou, Cultural diversity. Its social psychology
di Francesca Lazzari
Carl Bereiter, Education and mind in the knowledge age di Francesco Caviglia
Isabel Beck, Margareth McKeown, Improving Comprehension with Questioning the Author: A Fresh and Expanded View of a Powerful Approach di Irith Davidzo
First workshop on murine models of psychiatric disorders
No full textColloque organisé par Gene S. Fisch et Jonathan Flint du 14 au 19 avril 2003 Participants Mark Barad, Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, Michèle Carlier, Peter Driscoll, Michael Fanselow, Gene Fisch, Jonathan Flint, Joseph Gogos, Seth Grant, Jeffrey Gray, Linda Hayes, Andrew Holmes, Maria Karayiorgou, Jacques Mallet, Françoise Muscatelli, Nicholas Rawlins, Ian Reid, Pierre Robertoux, Lawrence Wilkinson, David Wolfer Compte-rendu Introduction et un peu d’Histoire Gene S. Fisch, Ph.D. James Royce wrote “Wh..
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