21 research outputs found
Phylogeny, phylogeography and movement of Kirramyces spp. associated with leaf blight diseases of plantation eucalypts
No full textWhen this study commenced in early 2004, only five Phaeophleospora species. had been reported from eucalypts of which only two; P. destructans (STE-U 1336) and P. epicoccoides (STE-U 1346) had been sequenced. In a former study, Phaeophleospora species emerged in two separate clades suggesting that Phaeophelospora is polyphyletic. The appearance and severity of lesions on eucalypt leaves are generally used to recognise the species of Phaeophleospora responsible for disease. However, depending on host and climate, the symptoms associated with infection by P. epicoccoides, P. eucalypti and P. destructans can be almost identical and incorrect diagnosis is a common problem. Thus, Phaeophleospora species were compared based on DNA sequences and multi gene genealogies were constructed. In addition species- specific primers were designed and tested on leaf material.
Many isolates of Phaeophleospora spp. were collected and sequenced, and all Phaeophleospora spp. from eucalypts were shown to cluster together and are closely related to the most important leaf pathogens associated with eucalypts namely Colletogloeopsis zuluensis, Mycosphaerella cryptica and M. nubilosa. In contrast, these fungi are distantly related to the type specimen of the genus Phaeophleospora, P. eugeniae. Furthermore, all DNA sequences of isolates of P. destructans examined in this thesis, including the ex-type culture, were identical but different to one previously lodged in GenBank.
This phylogenetic separation led to a morphological study of the species assigned to Phaeophleospora and compared the species from eucalypts with P. eugeniae the type specimen of Phaeophleospora. The phylogenetic and morphological studies show that P. eugeniae is well separated from Phaeophleospora spp. occurring on eucalypts and led to the resurrection of the previous generic name, Kirramyces for Phaeophleospora spp. occurring on eucalypts. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis and morphological observation of Kirramyces spp. and Colletogloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts showed considerable overlap between these two genera. Therefore, Colletogloeopsis was reduced to synonymy with Kirramyces. Consequently, the genus Kirramyces was expanded from five to 14 species, and included the description of two new species, K. angophorae and K. corymbiae. In order to assist with their identification a key based on morphology of conidia for Kirramyces species was developed.
Kirramyces destructans is a devastating pathogen originally described from Indonesia in 1996 and has since been found throughout Asia where all common tropical and subtropical plantation eucalypt species and hybrids are susceptible. K. destructans is considered a major biosecurity threat in Australia, both to native eucalypt forests and the tropical plantation industry. Prior to the current study, there had been no investigation into the origin and movement of this important pathogen. Thus, five gene regions and six microsatellite loci were sequenced for 43 representative isolates of K. destructans from a range of geographical locations and hosts. Two microsatellite markers detected very low nucleotide polymorphism (three haplotypes for each loci); five other gene regions, including four microsatellite region were uniform. This low level of genetic diversity provides strong evidence that K. destructans was introduced into Indonesia as a founder population and that it has subsequently been spread throughout Asia via human-mediated movement of germplasm. Timor and Northern Australia were considered to be a possible source of origin of this fungus, but the high susceptibility of native E. urophylla to K. destructans in Timor indicates that the pathogen is unlikely to be endemic to Timor.
The current distribution of Kirramyces eucalypti is New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand (North Island). The main host of this pathogen is E. nitens which is native to Victoria and New South Wales. Kirramyces eucalypti has not been found in South Africa, yet it causes a severe disease on eucalypt hybrids originating from South Africa growing in New South Wales indicating movement to these hybrids from either native eucalypts or nearby plantations. As such, K. eucalypti poses a threat for the plantation industry in sub-tropical and tropical Australia. The phylogeography of K. eucalypti in Australia and New Zealand was studied by sequencing three gene regions and one microsatellite locus of fifty-seven representative isolates of K. eucalypti from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand. The highest genetic variation was found among isolates from NSW suggesting that K. eucalypti originates from NSW. Isolates in New Zealand appear to have been introduced from NSW. Isolates from Queensland were consistently different to those from other regions and may in fact represent a cryptic species or a hybrid.
During monitoring of eucalypt taxa trials in far North Queensland, infected leaves resembling symptoms typical of K. destructans were collected and examined. Phylogenetic data based on three gene regions and some morphological characteristics revealed a new taxon described in this study as K. viscidus. Kirramyces viscidus was also shown to be closely related to the devastating pathogen K. destructans. Kirramyces viscidus had been found to cause extensive damage to eucalypt hybrids originating from South America, and less damage to E. grandis from Australia, indicating that this pathogen is probably endemic to Australia. Kirramyces viscidus has the potential to seriously damage tropical eucalypt plantations, especially if clonal and planted off-site.
In conclusion, this study resurrected genus Kirramyces for the Phaeophleospora and Coletoglloeopsis spp. occurring on eucalypts. It also studied the phylogeography and gene flow of the two most important Kirramyces species, K. destructans and K. eucalypti and describes three new Kirramcyes spp. found on eucalypts in Australia. Very recently, K. destructans has been discovered in Northern Australia. This raises a whole series of new issues as there are now several pathogens, K. eucalypti, K. viscidus and K. destructans present in Australia that known to cause serious damage on plantation eucalypts. Recent investigations have also revealed several undescribed Kirramyces spp. in Northern Australia. Their impact, distribution, movement and potential for hybridization now need to be examined
A global measurement approach versus a country-specific measurement approach – Do they draw the same picture of child poverty? The case of Vietnam
No full textChild poverty can be measured using approaches that aim to make cross-country comparisons on a regional or global scale or to capture a country’s specific poverty context. The first can be referred to as a global approach and the second as a country-specific approach. These underlying rationales for the design and use of a child poverty approach have great implications for their theoretical and conceptual frameworks. This paper investigates whether the conceptual differences between the global and country-specific approaches also draw a different empirical picture of child poverty when applied to a specific country. Vietnam is used as a case study for the application of both approaches and analysis of results. The methodology used identifies children at two different levels of poverty, namely severe deprivation and absolute poverty. Findings suggest that the country-specific approach is more inclusive than the global approach, identifying a larger percentage of children as poor and capturing the large majority of those children identified under the global approach. Poverty figures of both approaches further convey a varying picture of child poverty when considering the different dimensions of vulnerability. The demographic composition of the poverty groups by either one or both of the approaches does not display significant differences.child poverty, multidimensional poverty, Vietnam
Why do people migrate? A review of the theoretical literature
No full textMassey et al. (1994) is a ground-breaking paper in the migration literature that discusses and unifies different migration theories. However, their review and synthesis is incomplete and fairly brief for researchers interested in a deeper understanding of the migration theory literature. This paper therefore aims to review the complete spectrum of economic migration theory from the 1950s until today and to show the differences and complementarities between the different approaches.migration; migration theory
Oomycete composition in Proteaceae orchards and natural stands on three continents
No full textDATA AVAILABILITY : The ITS gene dataset generated and analyzed during
the current study is available in the GenBank repository, https:// www.
ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ genba nk/. The metabarcoding dataset generated and
analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding
author on reasonable request.The Proteaceae, a diverse family of woody flowering plants in the Southern Hemisphere, contains many species known to be
susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi, both in the natural environment and in cut-flower orchards. Very little is known about
the prevalence of P. cinnamomi and other oomycetes across these landscapes. To address this knowledge gap, we used a double
ITS1 and RPS10 gene metabarcoding approach and traditional isolation protocols to investigate oomycetes in orchards and natural
stands of Proteaceae across South Africa, South Africa (eastern and western), Australia, and Europe. The RPS10 primers
amplified more samples, including various Pythium species, while the ITS primers detected more Phytophthora phylotypes. Both
datasets showed that geographic regions influenced oomycete species richness and community composition, while they did not
show any variation between orchards and natural vegetation. RPS10 metabarcoding detected the largest number of species and
provided greater statistical confidence than ITS1 when considering oomycete species composition. Metabarcoding also showed
that orchards had a higher abundance of P. cinnamomi compared to native stands, although this was not found when isolating
through baiting of roots and rhizosphere soil. Direct isolation and metabarcoding are complementary, with metabarcoding serving
as an early detection tool. However, it cannot distinguish living viable propagules from residual DNA of dead propagules, limiting
its use for diagnostic purposes related to Phytophthora management and control. These results, along with those of other recent
studies, show that metabarcoding offers an effective tool to describe the dynamics of soil oomycetes in different ecosystems.The European Cooperation in Science and Technology. Open Access funding by CAUL and its Member Institutions.http://link.springer.com/journal/11557am2024Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)SDG-15:Life on lan
Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae
No full textBotryosphaeria is a species-rich genus with a cosmopolitan distribution, commonly associated with dieback and cankers of woody plants. As many as 18 anamorph genera have been associated with Botryosphaeria, most of which have been reduced to synonymy under Diplodia (conidia mostly ovoid, pigmented, thick-walled), or Fusicoccum (conidia mostly fusoid, hyaline, thin-walled). However, there are numerous conidial anamorphs having morphological characteristics intermediate between Diplodia and Fusicoccum, and there are several records of species outside the Botryosphaeriaceae that have anamorphs apparently typical of Botryosphaeria s.str. Recent studies have also linked Botryosphaeria to species with pigmented, septate ascospores, and Dothiorella anamorphs, or Fusicoccum anamorphs with Dichomera synanamorphs. The aim of this study was to employ DNA sequence data of the 28S rDNA to resolve apparent lineages within the Botryosphaeriaceae. From these data, 12 clades are recognised. Two of these lineages clustered outside the Botryosphaeriaceae, namely Diplodia-like anamorphs occurring on maize, which are best accommodated in Stenocarpella (Diaporthales), as well as an unresolved clade including species of Camarosporium/Microdiplodia. We recognise 10 lineages within the Botryosphaeriaceae, including an unresolved clade (Diplodia/Lasiodiplodia/ Tiarosporella), Botryosphaeria s.str. (Fusicoccum anamorphs), Macrophomina, Neoscytalidium gen. nov., Dothidotthia (Dothiorella anamorphs), Neofusicoccum gen. nov. (Botryosphaeria-like teleomorphs, Diapjomera-like synanamorphs), Pseudofusicoccum gen. nov., Saccharata (Fusicoccum- and Diplodia-like synanamorphs), "Botryosphaeria" quercuum (Diplodia-like anamorph), and Guignardia (Phyllosticta anamorphs). Separate teleomorph and anamorph names are not provided for newly introduced genera, even where both morphs are known. The taxonomy of some clades and isolates (e.g. B. mamane) remains unresolved due to the absence of ex-type cultures
Two new Phytophthora species from South African Eucalyptus plantations
No full textA recent study to determine the cause of collar and root rot disease outbreaks of cold tolerant Eucalyptus species in South Africa resulted in the isolation of two putative new Phytophthora species. Based on phylogenetic comparisons using the ITS and β-tubulin gene regions, these species were shown to be distinct from known species. These differences were also supported by robust morphological characteristics. The names, Phytophthora frigida sp. nov. and Phytophthora alticola sp. nov. are thus provided for these taxa, which are phylogenetically closely related to species within the ITS clade 2 (P. citricola, P. tropicali and P.multivesiculata) and 4 (P. arecae and P. megakarya), respectively. Phytophthora frigida is heterothallic, and produces stellate to rosaceous growth patterns on growth medium, corraloid hyphae, sporangia with a variety of distorted shapes and has the ability to grow at low temperatures. Phytophthora alticola is homothallic and has a slower growth rate in culture. Both P. frigida and P. alticola are pathogenic to Eucalyptus dunnii. In pathogenicity tests, they were, however, less pathogenic than P. cinnamomi, which is a well-known pathogen of Eucalyptus in South Africa
Watching What We Eat
No full text“"Collins, a college librarian with a lifelong love of cooking shows, gives a decade-by-decade breakdown of the evolution of TV cooking as a dead-accurate social barometer. From providing helpful hints for homemakers in the 1950’s, catering to the lavish lifestyles and culinary excess of the 80’s and satisfying the celeb-hungry, reality-crazed audience of the new millennium, Collins examines how far cooking programs have gone to adapt their content, style and character to both suit and define various moments in the 20th century. Her thorough research is spiced with anecdotes and personal testimonials from chefs, historians and foodies about the world of TV cooking and the eccentric personalities that populate it." - TIME Magazine” –
“"Collin’s failure to synthesize the in formation she has collected makes her book ultimately unsatisfying" New York Times Sunday,31 May 2009” – Dawn Drzal, “Reviewed in Globe & Mail Weekend, 11 July 2009” –
“"An entertaining look at the history and evolution of television cooking shows. It examines how the shows shifted over time, involving more men and children and mirroring societal changes."-The Philadelphia Inquirer” –
“"In her lively and informative narrative of television food shows, Kathleen Collins captures the phenomenal growth of food as entertainment, what has evolved into a new form of spectator sport in America. The rise of TV celebrity chefs within the context of the nation’s growing sophistication about food are stories that needed to be told, and Collins has told them well." -- Barbara Haber, food historian, author of From Hardtack to Home Fries: An Uncommon History of American Cooks and Meals (Penguin)” –
“"Dione Lucas started them in the 1940s, Julia Child popularized them in the 1960s, and the Food Network hit them out of the park in the 1990s. Since the dawn of TV, cooking shows have captivated Americans, and in Watching What We Eat Kathleen Collins explains why. With an easy wit and a "me, too" voice that pulls readers right in, Collins charts the rise of TV cooks as educators, mentors, entertainers and co-conspirators; indeed, as beloved, central and enduring characters in our national pop culture." -- Adam Ried, Equipment Guru, PBS' "America’s Test Kitchen"” –
“"Treena and I are just plain delighted with Kathleen Collins detailed treatment of not only our own not-so-hidden struggle between entertainment and teaching . . . but also her very readable and inclusive review of food on TV. We are delighted to be included in such wonderful company."-Graham Kerr, host of "The Galloping Gourmet" and author of Day-by-Day Gourmet Cookbook: Recipes and Reflections for Better Living” –
“Watching What We Eat is a well-research work filled with delightful anecdotes and fascinating insights into America’s most popular food shows. It is a "must read" for everyone interested in food TV-- and anyone interested in a delicious read. Andrew F. Smith, Editor-in-Chief, Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America” –
“I have been waiting for someone to take on this project. Some believe television changed the sense of food in the American psyche. Kathleen Collins digs into that idea with admirable tenacity. This is definitely worth the read. --Lynne Rossetto Kasper, host of American Public Media’s The Splendid Table® radio show” –
“Announced - Publishers Weekly, January 26, 2009” –
“"Cooking is so huge on television today that it has made chefs as famous as movie stars. From the earliest days of flickering black-and-white sets, food shows have infused the tube with class and character that makes this one of the richest genres of programming. It is about time this fact was recognized and explored in depth, with insight and good humor, as it is in Kathleen Collins' Watching What We Eat. This is a book not only for foodies, but for anyone with an interest in this vital vein of American popular culture." -- Jane and Michael Stern, authors of Jane and Michael Stern’s Encyclopedia of Pop Culture (HarperCollins) and American Gourmet (HarperCollins)” –
“"Collins, reared on food television and educated in library science, brings to the table a wealth of personal experience and research. She mined television and print archives to uncover fascinating gems about television cooking-show pioneers. On the set, Beard invented modern elements of food styling still common in food photography, using ink to emphasize the veins in Roquefort cheese and substituting mashed potatoes for ice cream."-Wilson Quarterly” –
“"An entertaining look at the history and evolution of television cooking shows. It examines how the shows shifted over time, involving more men and children and mirroring societal changes." Reviewed online at www.star-telegram.com” –
“"[Watching What We Eat] is bound to become the go-to reference for anyone who wants to learn about this important, compelling aspect of food’s mass-mediation in the modern age."-Gastronomica” –
“"What makes [Watching What We Eat] both more interesting and important, however, is not so much a review of all the people and programs, but rather its insignt into such programming as a social barometer of changing American life... Based on extensive interviews as well as archival work, this is a delightfully written record of a type of program all too often overlooked in the past."-Communication Booknotes Quarterly” –
“"In this robust roundup, researcher and librarian Collins scours the archives to show how cooking programs throughout the decades reflect America’s changing cultural mores. From James Beard to Rachael Ray, TV cooking hosts have brought this intimate brand of entertainment into the home, moving from educating the general public on the finer points of home economics to coaching us on developing our inner creativity. Collins skillfully marshals her research...Readers might be surprised at the role public television played in nurturing the genre, presently evolved into the Food Network’s elevation of chefs as celebrities and food akin to porn. Collins’s engaging...study finds cooking shows the great leveler in gender, class and lifestyles and with a strong future." -Publishers Weekly” – Publishers Weekly, Publishers Weekly
“"Collins provides a detailed and often entertaining chronicle of the rise of TV programs, excelling at insightful thumbnail sketches" -The Wall Street Journal” – Wall Street Journal</JATS1:p
The Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature
No full textThe Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature was agreed at an international symposium convened in Amsterdam on 19-20 April 2011 under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). The purpose of the symposium was to address the issue of whether or how the current system of naming pleomorphic fungi should be maintained or changed now that molecular data are routinely available. The issue is urgent as mycologists currently follow different practices, and no consensus was achieved by a Special Committee appointed in 2005 by the International Botanical Congress to advise on the problem. The Declaration recognizes the need for an orderly transitition to a single-name nomenclatural system for all fungi, and to provide mechanisms to protect names that otherwise then become endangered. That is, meaning that priority should be given to the first described name, except where that is a younger name in general use when the first author to select a name of a pleomorphic monophyletic genus is to be followed, and suggests controversial cases are referred to a body, such as the ICTF, which will report to the Committee for Fungi. If appropriate, the ICTF could be mandated to promote the implementation of the Declaration. In addition, but not forming part of the Declaration, are reports of discussions held during the symposium on the governance of the nomenclature of fungi, and the naming of fungi known only from an environmental nucleic acid sequence in particular. Possible amendments to the Draft BioCode (2011) to allow for the needs of mycologists are suggested for further consideration, and a possible example of how a fungus only known from the environment might be described is presented
The Amsterdam Declaration on fungal nomenclature
No full textABSTRACT: The Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature was agreed at
an international symposium convened in Amsterdam on 19–20 April 2011 under the
auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). The purpose
of the symposium was to address the issue of whether or how the current system of
naming pleomorphic fungi should be maintained or changed now that molecular data
are routinely available. The issue is urgent as mycologists currently follow different
practices, and no consensus was achieved by a Special Committee appointed in 2005
by the International Botanical Congress to advise on the problem. The Declaration
recognizes the need for an orderly transitition to a single-name nomenclatural system
for all fungi, and to provide mechanisms to protect names that otherwise then become
endangered. That is, meaning that priority should be given to the first described name,
except where that is a younger name in general use when the first author to select a
name of a pleomorphic monophyletic genus is to be followed, and suggests controversial
cases are referred to a body, such as the ICTF, which will report to the Committee
for Fungi. If appropriate, the ICTF could be mandated to promote the implementation
of the Declaration. In addition, but not forming part of the Declaration, are reports of
discussions held during the symposium on the governance of the nomenclature of fungi,
and the naming of fungi known only from an environmental nucleic acid sequence in
particular. Possible amendments to the Draft BioCode (2011) to allow for the needs of
mycologists are suggested for further consideration, and a possible example of how a
fungus only known from the environment might be described is presented.COL001176
The Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature
No full textThe Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature was agreed at an international symposium convened in Amsterdam on 19–20 April 2011 under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). The purpose of the symposium was to address the issue of whether or how the current system of naming pleomorphic fungi should be maintained or changed now that molecular data are routinely available. The issue is urgent as mycologists currently follow different practices, and no consensus was achieved by a Special Committee appointed in 2005 by the International Botanical Congress to advise on the problem. The Declaration recognizes the need for an orderly transitition to a single-name nomenclatural system for all fungi, and to provide mechanisms to protect names that otherwise then become endangered. That is, meaning that priority should be given to the first described name, except where that is a younger name in general use when the first author to select a name of a pleomorphic monophyletic genus is to be followed, and suggests controversial cases are referred to a body, such as the ICTF, which will report to the Committee for Fungi. If appropriate, the ICTF could be mandated to promote the implementation of the Declaration. In addition, but not forming part of the Declaration, are reports of discussions held during the symposium on the governance of the nomenclature of fungi, and the naming of fungi known only from an environmental nucleic acid sequence in particular. Possible amendments to the Draft BioCode (2011) to allow for the needs of mycologists are suggested for further consideration, and a possible example of how a fungus only known from the environment might be described is presented
