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Data Repository for 'Sankaran, Lueng, Carlile (2014)'
No full text<p>Data repository to supplement paper -</p>
<p>Sankaran N, Lueng J, Carlile S (2014). Effects of virtual speaker density and room reverberation on spatiotemporal thresholds of audio-visual motion coherence.</p>
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<p>Abstract:</p>
<p>The present study examined the effects of spatial sound-source density and reverberation on the spatiotemporal window for audio-visual motion coherence. Three different acoustic stimuli were generated in Virtual Auditory Space: two acoustically “dry” stimuli via the measurement of anechoic head-related impulse responses recorded at either 1° or 5° spatial intervals (experiment 1), and a reverberant stimulus rendered from binaural room impulse responses recorded at 5° intervals in situ in order to capture reverberant acoustics in addition to head-related cues (experiment 2). A moving visual stimulus with invariant localization cues was generated by sequentially activating LED’s along the same radial path as the virtual auditory motion. Stimuli were presented at 25°/s, 50°/s and 100°/s with a random spatiotemporal offset between audition and vision. In a 2AFC task, subjects made a judgment of the leading modality (auditory or visual). No significant differences were observed in the spatiotemporal threshold (PSE) or the slope of psychometric functions (β) between all three acoustic conditions. Additionally, β was spatially invariant across velocity, suggesting a fixed spatial audio-visual integration window. Findings also suggest a key role for auditory de-reverberation in processing moving auditory stimuli and establish a perceptual measure for assessing the veracity of motion generated from finite and discreet locations.</p
Mixed methods research design well beyond the notion of triangulation /
No full textThe aim of this chapter will be to make a detailed exploration of mixed methods research (MMR) designs as an indicator of a movement towards more complex and innovative research designs in which both qualitative and quantitative approaches are combined, integrated, fused and blended. The MMR movement has now developed to a stage where there are over 40 MMR designs and even typologies of typologies. The two-dimensional linear concept of triangulation, so often used in pure quantitative mono-methods research or in qualitative research as a measure for validity, has become a thing of the past for those utilising MMR. There is also a significant amount of cross-fertilisation between the disciplines within the MMR community with the following disciplines all contributing to methodological advances in MMR design: health, nursing, medicine, business/management, education, engineering and psychology/counselling. The usefulness of conducting MMR in trans-disciplinary teams will become apparent to organisational project management researchers through the discussion of complex and novel MMR designs. MMR is useful when a phenomenon being studied is complex and needs multiple methods to investigate it. MMR has been found useful in a variety of fields and applications including management and organisational research but does not seem to be prominent in project management (PM) research despite the need for investigating better approaches to deal with complexity in projects. The authors of this chapter feel that a discussion about MMR will make a useful contribution to a book promoting translational approaches in PM research by assisting PM researchers to study complex phenomena
Urozelotes pawani Sankaran & Caleb 2021, comb. nov.
No full textUrozelotes pawani (Gajbe, 1993) comb. nov. Figs 52–58 Sosticus pawani Gajbe, 1993: 181, figs 1–5 (♀). Type material. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: Himachal Pradesh: Solan: Ragul Kalpa, K.K. Mahajan leg., 15.IV.1970, NZC-ZSI, Kolkata (no register number specified), examined. Justification of the transfer. The study of the holotype female of this species revealed that it is misplaced in Sosticus and has all the diagnostic features of Urozelotes as illustrated for Urozelotes mysticus Platnick & Murphy, 1984, Urozelotes patulusus Sankaran & Sebastian, 2018 and Urozelotes rusticus (L. Koch, 1872): epigyne with a median scape and anterior epigynal ducts bearing bulbous, antero-lateral extensions (secondary spermathecae) lying anterior to spermathecae (compare Figs 54–55, 57–58 with Platnick & Murphy 1984: figs 57–58, 61–62 and Sankaran & Sebastian 2018: fig. 4d–e). Even though the epigyne of this species has a scape, it is not a member of Gnaphosinae Pocock, 1898 as it does not have a serrated keel or rounded lamina on the retromargin of chelicerae; instead, the retromargin bears two minute teeth (Gajbe 1993). The preening comb was not traced on the metatarsi III and IV, which might be lost due to long-term preservation. However, U. patulusus which shows close resemblance with U. pawani comb. nov. has preening comb and teeth on cheliceral retromargin. Based on these observations, we propose to transfer S. pawani to Urozelotes. Diagnosis. Females of U. pawani comb. nov. are similar to those of U. patulusus in the general shape of the epigyne, but can be distinguished from the latter by irregular PMEs (vs. obliquely oriented, oval PMEs in U. patulusus), short scape (vs. long in U. patulusus), short copulatory ducts with straight posterior part (vs. long with wavy posterior part in U. patulusus) and oval spermathecae (vs. globular spermathecae in U. patulusus) (compare Figs 53–55, 57–58 with Sankaran & Sebastian 2018: figs 1d, 4d–e). Supplementary description. Female (holotype, Figs 52–53): Opisthosoma dorsally provided with chevron pattern (Fig. 52). Body length 4.13. Carapace 1.62 long, 1.20 wide. Opisthosoma 2.51 long, 1.55 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.07, AME 0.05, PLE 0.07, PME 0.06; AME–AME 0.03, AME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.05, PME–PME 0.04. Length of chelicerae 0.56. Genitalia (Figs 54–55, 57–58): scape short, less than half the length of epigynal plate (Figs 54, 57; Sc). Copulatory openings indistinct. Copulatory ducts short with straight posterior part, anteriorly with sharp twist (Fig. 58; CD). Anterior epigynal ducts short, arising medially from copulatory ducts, with oval terminal parts (Fig. 58; AED). Spermathecae large, oval, medially contiguous (Fig. 58; S). Fertilization ducts long, narrow, postero-laterally directed (Fig. 58; FD). Male. Unknown. Remarks. The ZSI collection has one glass tube for this species labeled as ‘holotype’ (no register number) containing a female specimen in poor condition, with broken legs and detached opisthosoma. The same tube has a micro-vial containing the dissected epigyne.Published as part of Sankaran, Pradeep M. & Caleb, John T. D., 2021, On the taxonomic validity of Indian ground spiders: V. Genera Megamyrmaekion Reuss, 1834, Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 and Gaviphosa gen. nov. (Araneae: Gnaphosidae), pp. 539-564 in Zootaxa 5040 (4) on pages 551-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5040.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/553175
Urozelotes pawani Sankaran & Caleb 2021, comb. nov.
No full textUrozelotes pawani (Gajbe, 1993) comb. nov. Figs 52–58 Sosticus pawani Gajbe, 1993: 181, figs 1–5 (♀). Type material. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: Himachal Pradesh: Solan: Ragul Kalpa, K.K. Mahajan leg., 15.IV.1970, NZC-ZSI, Kolkata (no register number specified), examined. Justification of the transfer. The study of the holotype female of this species revealed that it is misplaced in Sosticus and has all the diagnostic features of Urozelotes as illustrated for Urozelotes mysticus Platnick & Murphy, 1984, Urozelotes patulusus Sankaran & Sebastian, 2018 and Urozelotes rusticus (L. Koch, 1872): epigyne with a median scape and anterior epigynal ducts bearing bulbous, antero-lateral extensions (secondary spermathecae) lying anterior to spermathecae (compare Figs 54–55, 57–58 with Platnick & Murphy 1984: figs 57–58, 61–62 and Sankaran & Sebastian 2018: fig. 4d–e). Even though the epigyne of this species has a scape, it is not a member of Gnaphosinae Pocock, 1898 as it does not have a serrated keel or rounded lamina on the retromargin of chelicerae; instead, the retromargin bears two minute teeth (Gajbe 1993). The preening comb was not traced on the metatarsi III and IV, which might be lost due to long-term preservation. However, U. patulusus which shows close resemblance with U. pawani comb. nov. has preening comb and teeth on cheliceral retromargin. Based on these observations, we propose to transfer S. pawani to Urozelotes. Diagnosis. Females of U. pawani comb. nov. are similar to those of U. patulusus in the general shape of the epigyne, but can be distinguished from the latter by irregular PMEs (vs. obliquely oriented, oval PMEs in U. patulusus), short scape (vs. long in U. patulusus), short copulatory ducts with straight posterior part (vs. long with wavy posterior part in U. patulusus) and oval spermathecae (vs. globular spermathecae in U. patulusus) (compare Figs 53–55, 57–58 with Sankaran & Sebastian 2018: figs 1d, 4d–e). Supplementary description. Female (holotype, Figs 52–53): Opisthosoma dorsally provided with chevron pattern (Fig. 52). Body length 4.13. Carapace 1.62 long, 1.20 wide. Opisthosoma 2.51 long, 1.55 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.07, AME 0.05, PLE 0.07, PME 0.06; AME–AME 0.03, AME–PME 0.06, PME–PLE 0.05, PME–PME 0.04. Length of chelicerae 0.56. Genitalia (Figs 54–55, 57–58): scape short, less than half the length of epigynal plate (Figs 54, 57; Sc). Copulatory openings indistinct. Copulatory ducts short with straight posterior part, anteriorly with sharp twist (Fig. 58; CD). Anterior epigynal ducts short, arising medially from copulatory ducts, with oval terminal parts (Fig. 58; AED). Spermathecae large, oval, medially contiguous (Fig. 58; S). Fertilization ducts long, narrow, postero-laterally directed (Fig. 58; FD). Male. Unknown. Remarks. The ZSI collection has one glass tube for this species labeled as ‘holotype’ (no register number) containing a female specimen in poor condition, with broken legs and detached opisthosoma. The same tube has a micro-vial containing the dissected epigyne.Published as part of Sankaran, Pradeep M. & Caleb, John T. D., 2021, On the taxonomic validity of Indian ground spiders: V. Genera Megamyrmaekion Reuss, 1834, Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 and Gaviphosa gen. nov. (Araneae: Gnaphosidae), pp. 539-564 in Zootaxa 5040 (4) on pages 551-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5040.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/553175
Cambalida kambakamensis Sankaran & Caleb & Sebastian 2020, comb. nov.
No full textCambalida kambakamensis (Gravely, 1931) comb. nov. Figs 12–13 Sphingius kambakamensis Gravely, 1931: 271, fig. 19D; Majumder & Tikader, 1991: 154, figs 326–329. Type material. Syntype Ƌ from INDIA: Andhra Pradesh: about 50 miles north-west of Chennai: Kambakam Hills (13°34’03.5’’N, 79°50’29.1’’E), 609–702 m (2000–2500 ft) a.s.l., leg. F.H. Gravely, 28–31 August 1922, deposited in NZC-ZSI (no register number), examined (Fig. 12F). Justification of the transfer. Detailed examination of the syntype of S. kambakamensis Gravely, 1931 revealed that the pedipalp of this species is similar to that of the corinnid genus Cambalida Simon, 1909, as illustrated for C. deorsa Murthappa, Prajapati, Sankaran & Sebastian, 2016 and C. tuma Murthappa, Prajapati, Sankaran & Sebastian, 2016 (compare Figs 12 C–E, 13A–C with Murthappa et al. 2016: figs 2A–C, 3A–C). Based on these observations, we propose to transfer S. kambakamensis to Cambalida. Diagnosis. This species seems very close to C. deorsa, but can be separated from the latter by its embolic tip, which is slightly curved, while in C. deorsa it is straight (compare Fig. 13 B–C with Murthappa et al. 2016: figs 2C, 3C). Remarks. The ZSI collection has one glass bottle for this species labelled as “ Type ” (5753/H2) containing a male specimen in fairly good condition, with broken legs. Both of its pedipalps are remained detached, but only the left one is found inside the bottle.Published as part of Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D. & Sebastian, Pothalil A., 2020, A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae), pp. 505-522 in Zootaxa 4896 (4) on page 519, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/438767
Laminion jatashankar Sankaran 2023, comb. nov.
No full text<i>Laminion jatashankar</i> (Talwar, Majagi, Bodkhe & Kamble, 2018) comb. nov. <p>Figs 15, 19</p> <p> <i>Euryeidon jatashankarae</i> Talwar <i>et al.</i>, 2018: 72, figs 5.1–7, 6.1–8 (♀) (remarks: in figures, partly named <i>jatashankara</i> (<i>lapsus</i>)).</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype ♀ from <b>INDIA:</b> <i>Madhya Pradesh</i>: Hoshangabad, Pachmarhi (not Panchmarhi) Wildlife Sanctuary, 22°31’30.00’’N 78°25’40.90’’E, September 2015; leg. S. Kamble; repository SRL JDPSM (no registration number), not examined. Three paratypes (male(s) or female(s) unspecified): one with same data as holotype; two from <i>Maharashtra</i>: Amravati, J. D. Patil Sangludkar Mahavidyalya College campus, 20°55’19.70’’N 77°18’45.70’’E, August 2015; collector unknown; repository SRL JDPSM (no registration number), not examined. (Talwar <i>et al.</i> (2018: figs 5.6, 6.3, 5, 7) presented the colour images of the habitus and genitalia, which are diagnostic and were used for comparative purposes).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Females of <i>L. jatashankar</i> <b>comb. nov.</b> are similar to the females of <i>Laminion birenifer</i> (Gravely, 1921), the type species of the genus in the general appearance of the epigyne, but can be separated from the latter species by smoothly constricted lateral margins of median, sclerotized plate of epigyne (vs. strongly constricted in <i>L. birenifer</i>), and slightly concave anterior margin of median, sclerotized plate (vs. anterior margin with a conical protrusion in <i>L. birenifer</i>) (compare Fig. 15A with Sankaran <i>et al.</i> 2020: fig. 3D).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> For description of the female, see Talwar <i>et al.</i> (2018).</p> <p> <i>Male</i>. Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Justification of the transfer.</b> Talwar <i>et al.</i> (2018) described <i>E. jatashankarae</i> based on four specimens collected from Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. They erroneously placed this species under <i>Euryeidon</i> as it lacks the transverse band connecting the spermathecae, which is the main diagnostic feature of the female <i>Euryeidon</i> species (Dankittipakul & Jocqué 2004: figs 16, 27, 29, 34, 40, 42). Instead, it fits with <i>Laminion</i> based on the following features: domed prosoma in lateral view, high clypeus and epigyne with median and lateral plates (compare Talwar <i>et al.</i> 2018: figs 5.4, 6.3, 5, herein Fig. 15A with Sankaran <i>et al.</i> 2020: figs 1E–F, 3D, 6B). Moreover, the internal genitalia of this species have similarities with that of <i>L. debasrae</i> (Biswas & Biswas, 1992) (compare Talwar <i>et al.</i> 2018: fig. 6.7, herein Fig. 15B with Sankaran <i>et al.</i> 2020: fig. 6C). Based on these observations, the transfer of <i>E. jatashankarae</i> is fully justified.</p> <p> <b>Nomenclatural note.</b> Since the specific epithet is based on the name of a natural cave and a holistic place of Lord Shiva (jatashankar) located in the type locality (as it was considered a noun in apposition), it should therefore be amended as <i>jatashankar</i> instead and rather not as <i>jatashankarae</i> or <i>jatashankara</i> (<i>lapsus</i>) as mentioned in the original description (Talwar <i>et al.</i> 2018).</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra) (Talwar <i>et al.</i> 2018) (Fig. 19).</p>Published as part of <i>Sankaran, Pradeep M., 2023, Taxonomic notes on the ant-eating spider genera Asceua Thorell, 1887 and Cydrela Thorell, 1873 from India, with comment on Indian species of Euryeidon Dankittipakul & Jocqué, 2004 (Araneae: Zodariidae), pp. 381-405 in Zootaxa 5296 (3)</i> on pages 400-401, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7984039">http://zenodo.org/record/7984039</a>
Laminion katepagai Sankaran 2023, comb. nov.
No full text<i>Laminion katepagai</i> (Talwar, Majagi, Bodkhe & Kamble, 2018) comb. nov. <p>Figs 16, 19</p> <p> <i>Euryeidon katepagai</i> Talwar <i>et al.</i>, 2018: 69, figs 1.1–10, 2.1–6, 3.1–7, 4.8–11 (♁ ♀) (remarks: in figures, partly named <i>katepagae</i> (<i>lapsus</i>)).</p> <p> <b>Type material.</b> Holotype (male or female unspecified) from <b>INDIA:</b> <i>Karnataka</i>: Kalaburagi (= Kalburgi), Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary (formerly Konchavaram Forest), 17°18’37’’N 77°52’23’’E, collector unknown, possibly Supriya Talwar; August 2016; repository SRL JDPSM (no registration number), not examined. Two paratypes (male(s) or female(s) unspecified), with same data as holotype except July 2017, not examined. (Talwar <i>et al.</i> (2018: figs 1.4, 6, 2.3, 5, 4.8–9, 11) presented the colour images of the habitus and genitalia, which are diagnostic and were used for comparative purposes).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> Male of <i>L. katepagai</i> <b>comb. nov.</b> is similar to the males of <i>Laminion gujaratense</i> (Tikader & Patel, 1975) in the general appearance of palp, but can be distinguished from the latter species by RTA with retrolaterally oriented tip (vs. prolaterally oriented in <i>L. gujaratense</i>), wide embolic base (vs. narrow in <i>L. gujaratense</i>), first cymbial process with narrow apex (vs. broad in <i>L. gujaratense</i>), and beak-like retrolateral branch of median apophysis (vs. widely triangular in <i>L. gujaratense</i>) (compare Figs 16A–B with Sankaran <i>et al.</i> 2020: figs 8D–F). Female is most similar to <i>L. jatashankar</i> <b>comb. nov.</b> in the general appearance of the epigyne, but can be separated from the latter species by the convex anterior margin of median, sclerotized plate (vs. slightly concave in <i>L. jatashankar</i> <b>comb. nov.</b>) (compare Fig. 15A with Fig. 16C).</p> <p> <b>Description.</b> For description of the male and female, see Talwar <i>et al.</i> (2018).</p> <p> <b>Justification of the transfer.</b> Talwar <i>et al.</i> (2018) described <i>E. katepagai</i> based on four specimens collected from Karnataka. This species is also misplaced in <i>Euryeidon</i> as it lacks the prolateral extension of cymbium and the transverse band that connects the spermathecae. It seems that the authors misinterpreted the shadow of the anterior epigynal margin as the transverse band connecting the spermathecae (Talwar <i>et al.</i> 2018: fig. 2.6, herein Figs 16C–D). This species is a member of <i>Laminion</i> based on the following features: domed prosoma in lateral view, high clypeus, patella with a dorsal apophysis, cymbium with large retrolateral flange and processes, long, filiform embolus, and epigyne with median and lateral plates (compare Talwar <i>et al.</i> 2018: figs 2.3, 4.8, 9, 11, herein Figs 16A–C with Sankaran <i>et al.</i> 2020: figs 1E–F, 3D, 6B). Based on these observations, the transfer <i>E. katepagai</i> is fully justified.</p> <p> <b>Distribution.</b> India (Karnataka) (Talwar <i>et al.</i> 2018) (Fig. 19).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Previously, <i>Laminion</i> is known to occur in the Indian States of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha and West Bengal (Sankaran <i>et al.</i> 2020). The transfer of the two Indian <i>Euryeidon</i> species extended its distribution to Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, indicating a wide distribution range of this genus in India (Fig. 19).</p>Published as part of <i>Sankaran, Pradeep M., 2023, Taxonomic notes on the ant-eating spider genera Asceua Thorell, 1887 and Cydrela Thorell, 1873 from India, with comment on Indian species of Euryeidon Dankittipakul & Jocqué, 2004 (Araneae: Zodariidae), pp. 381-405 in Zootaxa 5296 (3)</i> on pages 401-404, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5296.3.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7984039">http://zenodo.org/record/7984039</a>
Sphingius nainitalensis Sankaran & Caleb 2021, comb. nov.
No full textSphingius nainitalensis (Gajbe, 1979) comb. nov. Figs 84–89 Sosticus nainitalensis Gajbe, 1979: 70, fig. 2A–E (♀). Tikader, 1982: 432, figs 325–329 (♀). Type material. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: Uttarakhand: Nainital (formerly in Uttar Pradesh): Kaladhungi forest (not Koladurgi) (28°56’11’’N, 79°14’38’’E), 263 m alt., Asket Singh leg., 22.XII.1970, NZC-ZSI, Kolkata (4318/18), examined. Justification of the transfer. The original genitalic illustrations of this species (Gajbe 1979: fig. 2C–D) clearly suggest that it is misplaced in Sosticus. Furthermore, the conical anterior lateral spinnerets of this species (Fig. 86) clearly indicated that it is misplaced in Gnaphosidae. Examination of the type of this species revealed that it has diagnostic features of Sphingius as mentioned in the case of S. poonaensis (compare Figs 87–88 with Zhang & Fu 2010: figs 9–10 and Dankittipakul et al. 2011: figs 25–26, 39). Based on these observations, we propose to transfer S. nainitalensis to Sphingius. Remarks. The ZSI collection has one glass tube for this species labeled as ‘holotype’ (4318/18) containing a female specimen in fairly good condition, with broken legs. The same tube has a micro-vial containing the dissected epigyne.Published as part of Sankaran, Pradeep M. & Caleb, John T. D., 2021, On the taxonomic validity of Indian ground spiders: V. Genera Megamyrmaekion Reuss, 1834, Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 and Gaviphosa gen. nov. (Araneae: Gnaphosidae), pp. 539-564 in Zootaxa 5040 (4) on page 557, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5040.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/553175
Sphingius solanensis Sankaran & Caleb 2021, comb. nov.
No full textSphingius solanensis (Gajbe, 1979) comb. nov. Figs 90–95 Sosticus solanensis Gajbe, 1979: 73, fig. 2F–J (♀). Tikader 1982: 436, figs 320–324 (♀). Type material. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: Himachal Pradesh: Solan: Simla Hills, O.B. Chhotani leg., 24.VI.1968, NZC-ZSI, Kolkata (4323/18), examined. Justification of the transfer. The original genitalic illustrations of this species (Gajbe 1979: fig. 2H–I) clearly indicated that it is misplaced in Sosticus. The conical anterior lateral spinnerets of this species (Fig. 92) clearly indicated that it is misplaced in Gnaphosidae. Examination of the type of this species revealed that it has diagnostic features of Sphingius as noted in the case of S. dherikanalensis (compare Figs 93–94 with Deeleman-Reinhold 2001: fig. 842, Zhang et al. 2009: figs 27–28, Zhang & Fu 2010: figs 9–10 and Dankittipakul et al. 2011: figs 3–4, 25–26). Based on these observations, we propose to transfer S. solanensis to Sphingius. Remarks. The ZSI collection has one glass tube for this species labeled as ‘holotype’ (4323/18) containing a female specimen in fairly good condition, with broken legs. The same tube has a micro-vial containing the dissected epigyne.Published as part of Sankaran, Pradeep M. & Caleb, John T. D., 2021, On the taxonomic validity of Indian ground spiders: V. Genera Megamyrmaekion Reuss, 1834, Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 and Gaviphosa gen. nov. (Araneae: Gnaphosidae), pp. 539-564 in Zootaxa 5040 (4) on page 562, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5040.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/553175
Taking Action Using Systems Research
No full textThe aim of this chapter is to guide you to conduct your systems research project. It will start suggesting some ways to establish a research project based on traditional project management principles and compare it with ways in which a systems researcher might set a research project. It will then explain the importance of constructing a methodology for your research project and point out why systems researchers often adopt multimethodologies to carry out research. The chapter will then focus on how systems interventions can be developed to contribute to your research methodology with examples of multimethodology and systemic action research interventions that have been successfully used by prominent systems researchers in different contexts. The chapter will then take you through some steps normally used in conducting a research project, with an emphasis on systems research, covering an overview of research methods, negotiating relationships to get access to research sites, data collection and analysis methods, and ways to demonstrate rigor. Since this chapter covers a wide area, bridging systems interventions to ways in which conventional research is carried out, it will focus more on how systems interventions can be set up and implemented and provide a variety of references to help the reader find adequate information to carry out research expected of doctoral studies or research reports. It will also make reference to other chapters in the book to guide the readers to take effective action to complete a research project successfully
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