13,292 research outputs found
A Survey on Machine-Learning Based Security Design for Cyber-Physical Systems
No full textA cyber-physical system (CPS) is the integration of a physical system into the real world and control applications in a computing system, interacting through a communications network. Network technology connecting physical systems and computing systems enables the simultaneous control of many physical systems and provides intelligent applications for them. However, enhancing connectivity leads to extended attack vectors in which attackers can trespass on the network and launch cyber-physical attacks, remotely disrupting the CPS. Therefore, extensive studies into cyber-physical security are being conducted in various domains, such as physical, network, and computing systems. Moreover, large-scale and complex CPSs make it difficult to analyze and detect cyber-physical attacks, and thus, machine learning (ML) techniques have recently been adopted for cyber-physical security. In this survey, we provide an extensive review of the threats and ML-based security designs for CPSs. First, we present a CPS structure that classifies the functions of the CPS into three layers: the physical system, the network, and software applications. Then, we discuss the taxonomy of cyber-physical attacks on each layer, and in particular, we analyze attacks based on the dynamics of the physical system. We review existing studies on detecting cyber-physical attacks with various ML techniques from the perspectives of the physical system, the network, and the computing system. Furthermore, we discuss future research directions for ML-based cyber-physical security research in the context of real-time constraints, resiliency, and dataset generation to learn about the possible attacks
Zero-bias anomaly and role of electronic correlations in a disordered metal film
No full textLocalization and electron correlation play significant roles in understanding the electronic states of low-dimensional systems. We carried out the tunneling spectroscopy measurements on a crystalline nano-sized island and a disordered two-dimensional metal film. The low temperature zero-bias anomaly was studied using theory and statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of the local density of states in both the systems. The effective capacitance and resistance of the tunnel junction extracted from theory gives the energy and temperature dependency of the measured ZBA. Statistical analysis reveals the electron correlation effect and the electron correlation length. By combining theory and the statistical analysis, we found that the microscopic origin of ZBA formation in the disordered two-dimensional film is strongly related to the electron localization and the correlations. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd on behalf of the Institute of Physics and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.1
Efficiency enhancement of spin based thermoelectric devices via separation of phponon and magnon currents
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