222 research outputs found
FIGURE 8B in Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach
No full textFIGURE 8B. Maximum Likelihood tree based on the 16S mitochondrial DNA dataset (nodes having>50% bootstrap values are shown) of genera B. Sphaerotheca (Red colour indicates sequences generated in this study).Published as part of Prasad, Vishal Kumar, Gautam, Kumudani Bala, Gupta, Sandeep Kumar, Murthy, R. Sreenivasa, Ramesh, K., Shinde, Ajinkya Duttatray & Das, Abhijit, 2020, Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach, pp. 450-476 in Zootaxa 4851 (3) on page 466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/448723
Long working distance high resolution reflective sample imaging via structured embedded speckle illumination
No full textImaging beyond the diffraction limit at longer working distances using enhanced microscopic configurations has always been a challenge for biological and engineering samples. Even though multiple techniques have been widely used for sub-diffraction limit resolution imaging, the achievable resolution was relying on the use of objective lenses with a high numerical aperture (NA). In the case of engineering samples, in addition to sustaining higher resolutions at large working distances, improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is also critical. In this context, we propose and demonstrate a concept for high-resolution imaging at large working distances, termed as structured illumination embedded speckle microscopy. An imaging resolution of ~ 310 ± 5 nm was achieved with a microscope objective (0.55 NA; 50X) having 11 mm long working distance using a Siemen's star as the test sample. The demonstrated microscopy is therefore envisaged for engineering applications that demands high-resolution, high SNR imaging at long working distances
Uperodon variegatus
No full textUperodon variegatus (Stoliczkia) (Fig 4N) Specimen examined: one female (WIIAD 291). Morphological features: A female SVL 31.3 mm; body slender; head small and slightly wider than long; snout rounded to nearly truncated in dorsal view; tympanum hidden, supratympanic fold present; dorsum skin smooth; tips of fingers truncated, fingers relative length I <II <IV <III; tips of toes slightly truncated, relative length of toes 1<2<5<3<4, webbing absent in toes, inner metatarsal tubercle distinct. Coloration in life: Dorsal surface of dorsum and limbs dark brown with irregular golden dots and marks; dorsal surface between of nose and eyelids predominantly spotted with golden color; ventral side of body dull white. Remark: A female was recorded at night from agricultural fields near Amanganj (Panna district) in July 2019. Chandra & Gajbe (2005) had mentioned its presence in Madhya Pradesh without any precise locality. This study provides first confirmed record of U. variegatus from Madhya Pradesh. PTR represents its northernmost range.Published as part of Prasad, Vishal Kumar, Gautam, Kumudani Bala, Gupta, Sandeep Kumar, Murthy, R. Sreenivasa, Ramesh, K., Shinde, Ajinkya Duttatray & Das, Abhijit, 2020, Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach, pp. 450-476 in Zootaxa 4851 (3) on page 462, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/448723
Hoplobatrachus crassus
No full textHoplobatrachus crassus (Jerdon) (Fig 4H) Specimens examined: one male (WIIAD 252) and one individual (sex undetermined, WIIAD 068). Morphological features: A male with 70.2 mm SVL and one individual (unknown sex) SVL 92.9 mm; robust body; head longer than wide; snout obtusely pointed in dorsal view; tympanum distinct and nearly ¾ of the diameter of eye, supratympanic fold present; dorsal skin glandular with 5–6 broken longitudinal ridges; finger tips without discs, relative length of fingers IV <II <I <III; toes tips slightly rounded, relative toes length 1<2<3<5<4, Webbing fully developed in feet (I0–¼ II0–1/3 III0–1/3IV1/3–0V), distinct shovel shaped inner metatarsal tubercle. Coloration in life: Dorsum uniform grey with plump black spots; hind limbs cross-barred with dark grey bands; upper and lower jaws with dark bands; vocal sac blackish (calling males; unlike H. tigerinus), throat and gular region spotted with grey; ventral sides of body pale white. Remark: Uncommon, recorded from two ranges in PTR. Sighted in waterlogged open grasslands after heavy rains in July.Published as part of Prasad, Vishal Kumar, Gautam, Kumudani Bala, Gupta, Sandeep Kumar, Murthy, R. Sreenivasa, Ramesh, K., Shinde, Ajinkya Duttatray & Das, Abhijit, 2020, Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach, pp. 450-476 in Zootaxa 4851 (3) on pages 459-460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/448723
Breaking diffraction limit of far-field imaging via structured illumination Bessel beam microscope (SIBM)
No full textBreaking the diffraction limit in imaging microscopes with far-field imaging options has always been the thrust challenge for optical engineers and biologists over the years. Although structured illumination microscopy and Bessel beam assisted imaging has shown the capability of imaging with sub-diffraction resolutions, they rely on the use of objective lenses with large numerical apertures (NA). Hence, they fail to sustain resolutions at larger working distances. In this context, we demonstrate a method for nanoscale resolution imaging at longer working distances, named as Structured Illumination Bessel Microscopy (SIBM). The proposed method is envisaged for both biological and engineering applications that necessitate high imaging resolutions at large working distances.</p
Ischaemum dioecum Landge & R. D. Shinde 2022, sp. nov.
No full textIschaemum dioecum Landge & R. D. Shinde, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2 & 3) Type:— INDIA. Maharashtra state: Raigad district, near Patanus village, 8 August 2021, 18°26’51.7”N 73°22’17.1”E, Shahid Nawaz PR-01 A (BLAT) [ holotype ]; isotype: Shahid Nawaz PR-01 B (BLAT) [pistillate plant specimens]. Diagnosis:—Ephemeral habit, up to 20 cm high, with numerous stilt-roots from nodes; dioecious breeding system; leaves long, hispid, acute at the base and petioled; lower glume of the sessile and pedicelled spikelet (if present) 2–4- nerved; lower floret in the sessile spikelet absent or if present then barren, elodiculate and epaleate; upper floret of the staminate plant is lodiculate (lodicules giant, ca. 3.5 mm long) bearing four stamens with anthers 6.0– 10 mm long on an extremely filiform and extraordinarily elongated filaments ca. 15 mm long; upper floret of the pistillate plant is elodiculate with unusually long style ca. 14 mm long with two plumose stigma, purplish, 6.0–10 (–14) m long; peduncle in staminate plant glandular beset with tubercle-based trichomes; palea apex bi-dentate most often with a central arista; pedicelled spikelet (if present) half as long as the sessile spikelet, barren, reduced to a single glume; pedicel 1/2–4/5 of the sessile spikelet, slender, linear glabrous or ciliate on the margin. Description:—Male plant: Ephemeral, ca. 20 cm, geniculately ascending, non-caespitose, extremely delicate, weak and slender with numerous maroonish-red stilt-roots (roots very delicate and may easily break) from the nodes bearing micro papillae near the base. Leaf blade linear, acuminate, very thin membranous, hispid, 2.0–5.0 × 0.3– 0.5 cm, acute at the base with a long pseudopetiole (ca. 1.5 cm long), puberulous. Ligule ca. 3.0–4.0 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, membranous, lacerated at the apex into few segments, hairy on the margin or not. Sheath very slender, terete, striated, glabrous, margin sub-hyaline-membranous strongly overlapping, 1.0– 3.5 cm long, not keeled. Inflorescence a solitary spiciform-raceme fully exserted from the spathaceous sheath. Peduncle broad, somewhat swollen bearing tubercle-based bristles, elongated, with glandular depressions oozing a dense brownish viscous fluid. Spiciform-raceme ca. 28–42 mm long, solitary, comprising three well developed sessile spikelets with bare pedicels (on maturity deciduous together with the adjacent rhachis internode and pedicel) pedicelled spikelets are sometimes present but by a single, reduced glume. Sessile spikelet: linear-oblong, awnless, 9.0–12 (–13) mm long (including a callus); callus, ca. 1.2–2.2 mm long, densely bearded with white hairs (i.e. 6.0–9.0 mm long), reaching up to the middle of the sessile spikelet; lower glume: linear-oblong, 8.0–10 (–13) × 2.0–3.0 (3.5) mm, slightly longer than the upper glume, convex base wards and flattened upwards, initially herbaceous-membranous and later becoming somewhat coriaceous, scabrous, puberulous or glabrous, apex acute, 2–4-nerved (only 2 clearly visible other two obscure), nerves not anastomosing, margin evenly inflexed throughout the length, sharply keeled upwards, glabrous, no trace of nodulations and rugosity; upper glume: linear-lanceolate, 7.0–9.0 (–12) × 2.2–3.3 (–3.8) mm, 1–3-nerved, glabrous, acute, naviculate, keeled, slightly winged near the apex, ciliate, margins inflexed. Floret: lower floret is absent only upper floret is present, staminate: lemma linear-lanceolate, almost equal to upper glume in length but narrower, 3-nerved, glabrous, hyaline-membranous, acute, un-awned; palea linear long obspatulate, sub-equal to its lemma, broadest at the base, hyaline-membranous, 3-nerved, apex bi-dentate (often with a distinct arista from the sinus (excurrent mid-nerve), arista ca. 3.0– 4.5 mm long), glabrous. Pedicelled spikelet: Absent most of the times, if present then by a single 2-nerved reduced glume ca. 5.0 mm long. Pedicel linear, slender, 7.0– 10 mm long, ciliate on both the angles or completely glabrous. Rhachis internode sub-equal to the pedicel and almost identical in shape, ciliate on both the angles or completely glabrous, fragile and articulate. Stamens four, filaments slender, drooping, considerably elongated during anthesis reaching ca. 15 mm long; anthers 6.0– 10 mm long, orangish-yellow, exhibiting both lateral and apical dehiscence. Lodicules fleshy, sub-hyaline, clavate, sharply oblique at the apex, ca. 3.5 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets short almost reduced to a glume, barren or absent altogether. Female plant: An extremely slender, delicate, geniculately ascending, stilt-rooted, non-caespitose ephemeral grass, 10–14 cm high. Culm solitary, weak, un-branched, striated, up to 12-noded, hardly exceeding 0.6 mm diameter; the root system is extremely shallow; internodes as long as the sheath or slightly longer, terete; nodes swollen, glabrous, some lower and few upper ones with stilt roots up to about half the length of the plant. Sheaths 0.8–2.5 cm long, terete, glabrous or setaceous near the margin with bulbousbased trichomes (ca. 3.0 mm long), tightly en-clasping and disintegrating in the lower portion of the culm during anthesis, sheath near the inflorescence is quite broad, somewhat ribbed, slipping-off and slightly laterally compressed. Ligule membranous, ca. 1.0 mm long, slightly brownish, obtuse to somewhat truncate at the apex with appressed white hairs on the adaxial side. Blade: lower linear-lanceolate longer than the upper ones, 0.8–2.0 × 0.2–0.3 cm, the ones about the inflorescence are ovate-elliptic to slightly oblongish in outline, beset with bulbous-based trichomes (1.0– 1.5 mm long) on both the surfaces, margins uniseriately-pectinate. Inflorescence a highly reduced, solitary (with a triad of one sessile spikelet and two bare pedicels, sometimes with a single glume) or binate (each spiciform-raceme is reduced to only single sessile spikelet accompanied by a barren pedicel) spiciform-raceme, 5.0– 5.6 mm long, almost completely subtended by a spathaceous sheath; fragile on maturity and sessile spikelets deciduous together with the adjacent rhachis internode and pedicel. Peduncle very short, slender, clavate, glabrous, rarely more than 10 mm long, apex dilated and broad. Spikelets either sessile or in a combination of one sessile and other pedicelled (often reduced to a single, barren glume) in a raceme. Sessile spikelet: ovate-lanceolate, 5.0– 5.6 mm long (including a callus), strictly pistillate; callus 0.8–1.0 mm long, slightly oblique, broad, bearded with white hairs almost reaching the middle of the sessile spikelet; lower glume: ovate-lanceolate, 5.0–5.6 × 1.5–1.8 mm (un-opened, broadest near the base), slightly shorter than the upper glume, initially herbaceous-membranous and later becoming somewhat coriaceous, convex towards the base with two bosses and flattened upwards (sometimes with two shallow bosses in the middle and below), glabrous or hairy on the back, apex acute to somewhat bi-dentate with a short hyaline portion, 2–4-nerved (only two clearly visible others obscure), nerves not anastomosing, margins glabrous, broadly and evenly inflexed throughout the length, keels acute, no trace of nodulations and rugosity; upper glume: ovate-lanceolate, 5.1–5.7 × 1.5–1.8 mm (broadest at the base), navicular, keel herbaceous, 3-nerved, glabrous, sub-hylaine, apex acute, devoid of a hump in the middle, margin hyaline, glabrous and inflexed; lower floret: entirely absent (if present then barren and is only represented by an epaleate lemma which is ovate-lanceolate, 3.2 mm long (broadest near the base), barren, without lodicules, glabrous, hyaline-membranous, 1–3-nerved, apex obtuse or slightly oblique); upper floret: strictly female/ pistillate, elodiculate: upper lemma linear-lanceolate, 4.0–5.4 × 0.8–1.0 mm, sub-equal to lower glume, paleate, bi-fid (lobes acuminate, 1.8–2.5 mm long), glabrous, awn geniculate issuing from the sinus, 12.5 mm long (column brown 5.0 mm long and bristle pale, scabrid, 7.5 mm long), slightly humped in the middle on the dorsal side; upper palea: very linear, almost obspatulate with a broad base (enclosing an ovary) and linear upper portion, 3.0–4.0 × 0.3–0.4 mm (broadest at the base), very delicate, hyaline-membranous, margin inflexed, broader at the base, glabrous, apex bidentate (often shortly mucronate from the sinus (excurrent mid-nerve), mucro ca. 1.0–2.0 mm long), finely 3-nerved; pistil: ovary ovoid, 1.0 mm long, style ca. 14 mm long (when young, highly coiled inside the spikelet), two stigma plumose, purplish, 6.0–10 (–14) mm long; lodicules absent; caryopsis not seen. Pedicelled spikelet: represented only by a bare pedicel, which is extremely narrow, not swollen, linear, 3.2–4.0 × 0.2–0.3 mm, unusually long, flattened, excavated throughout on the inner angle, confluent into the callus, hairy along the margins or completely glabrous, apex densely bearded or with a calloid outgrowth, mostly devoid of pedicelled spikelet sometimes with a single lower glume (un-identical to the lower glume of sessile spikelet, linear-elliptic 3.2 mm long, 2–4-nerved (only two are clearly visible), sub-hyaline, herbaceous, convex on the back and apex bi-dentate). Distribution:—Hitherto, based on our surveys, the species has been observed only in a couple of localities i.e. near Patanus village and Rawalje village, Raigad District, Maharashtra (Western Ghats), India. Ischaemum dioecum is apparently an extremely rare and narrow endemic species in the genus. Flowering and fruiting:—August to mid September (life cycle of individuals hardly exceeding 20 days). Additional specimen examined:— INDIA. Maharashtra state: Raigad district, near Rawalje village, 24 August 2021, 18°26’36.9”N 73°21’29.0”E, Shahid Nawaz RR-05 (BLAT) [staminate plant specimen, spikelets were removed for the study]. Habitats and ecology:—In complex network of dense roots mingled with seasonally wet thin film of soil at the base of other taller grass species such as: Ischaemum diplopogon Hooker (1896: 129), Heteropogon ritchiei & Dimeria blatteri Bor (1949: 70), on the flank of the river associated with rocky outcrops and on the slope of basalt rocks. The microhabitats are protected from the direct sunlight, wind and precipitation; thus are special with their own specific environmental conditions that include moisture, temperature and light. These factors are regulated by the presence of benefactor species (three mentioned above) from directly influencing I. dioecum therefore contributing positively in survival of this species. In the late October, when monsoon subsides, the resultant heat generated by the basalt rocks, on prolonged exposure to sunlight is immense; eradicating all the annual and transient vegetation cover. In such challenging habitats, plants that are acclimatized rapidly complete their life cycle by bearing seeds. In which I. dioecum has the shortest life cycle, hardly exceeding 20 days! Associated species:— Arundinella pumila Steudel (1854: 114), Heteropogon ritchiei, Ischaemum diplopogon, Dimeria blatteri, Ischaemum barbatum Retzius (1791: 35), I. semisagittatum Roxburgh (1832: 320), Ischaemum sp., Geissaspis sp. Etymology:—The epithet alludes to a dioecious breeding system of the species, where male and female plants are sexually separate individuals. Population and threat:—In the first locality the habitats are encroached and disturbed by tourists visiting Devkund waterfall during monsoon when the individuals are in flowering. The first author has also observed that the shallow shores of the river attract many villagers especially women for washing clothes. However, the second locality is far from the reach, at least for villagers and their livestock. The basalt slopes make the domestic quadrupeds unable to climb and disturb the thin population of Ischaemum dioecum. These basalt habitats, during monsoon, are extremely slippery and difficult to climb upon. At least because of this, there the population of this extremely rare grass is, perhaps, on a small magnitude, protected. However, in this habitats Celosia sp. is very troublesome and exhibits a great possession. It may threat the existence of this species in future. IUCN status:—Based on our field observations, it can be asserted that the population is severely fragmented and confined over the two localities (Figs. 3 & 4) few kilometers apart from each other. The type locality exhibits tourist encroachment and disturbance. The total number of individuals in both the subpopulations is less than 25 in which female plants are relatively higher in numbers as compared to the male counterparts. The observed data suggests 7 male individuals over 18 female individuals. Hitherto, based on the limited surveys, data is not available to discuss declination thus those categories and criteria cannot be assessed. We have not seen Ischaemum dioecum in any other locality except the two given though surveyed the region more or less for almost a month during monsoon. Based on this it is perhaps not too quick to assess the plant as Critically Endangered (CR) under B1 (Extent of occurrence <100 km 2), D (mature individuals <50) of IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (2019). Notes:—Since, the species is extremely delicate, slender, weak and non-tufted, it demands an additional support from the stilt-roots, that are present up to almost half of the plant height assisting it to stand upright without falling. In some specimens stilt-roots are present till the last node i.e. below the inflorescence, and may measure up to 12 cm high. The staminate and pistillate plants differed quite sufficiently in appearance of the inflorescence that one might easily mistake them for members of different species! The most striking contrast between the two is that the formers are essentially awnless, whilst those of the pistillate plants bear conspicuous awns (Figs. 1 & 2). The features that are common in both plants are such as: solitary habit with stilt-roots; leaves thin-membranous, hispid, long, petioled and acute at the base; ligule membranous; few spikelets up to three or less than three in the spiciform-raceme; 2–4-nerved lower glumes of the sessile spikelets; lower floret absent; upper palea bi-dentate at the apex with an arista from the sinus and pedicelled spikelets absent or reduced to a single glume i.e. half the length of the sessile spikelets. Females in comparison to males are, at least somewhat, easier to search in the field and tend to exist in a relatively higher numbers. Whilst, the male plants are very few and extremely rare in occurrence and challenging to trace; so far, we, during our surveys, found only few male plants in which only two were collected for further study. As compared to the female plants, males are slightly taller, more delicate, bearing thinner leaves and higher number of stilt-roots.Published as part of Landge, Shahid Nawaz & Shinde, Rajendra D., 2022, Ischaemum dioecum (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): the most strangest new species from Northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India, pp. 237-255 in Phytotaxa 533 (5) on pages 239-242, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.1, http://zenodo.org/record/614492
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus
No full textHoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin) (Fig 4I) Specimens examined: one adult male (WIIAD 228). Morphological features: An adult male, SVL 153.9 mm; body large and stout; head marginally longer than wide; snout obtusely pointed in dorsal view and projecting beyond mouth; tympanum distinct, nearly equal to the diameter of eye, prominent supratympanic fold; arms short and strong; dorsal skin glandular with broken longitudinal ridges; finger tips without discs, relative length of fingers II <IV <I <III; toes nearly full webbed, webbing formula I0–0II0–½ III½–½ IV ½–½V), relative toes length 1<2<3<5<4, inner metatarsal tubercle present. Coloration in life: Adult male pale brown or greyish (lemon yellowish during breeding season) with dark plump spots on dorsum; prominent greenish or pale yellowish stripe from behind the eye to the groin; a white streak on upper jaw; hind limbs cross-barred with four prominent bands; ventral sides pale white. Males had distinct blue paired subgular vocal sac which is likely to be an optical cue for attraction of females (Gomez et al. 2009; Fig 4I). Bioacoustics: We analysed 50 advertisement calls from five males of H. tigerinus. The males were recorded calling between 23:30–03:00 hours in July and site air temperature was between 26°C–28.5°C. The mean call duration of analysed calls was 235.30 ± 48.65 ms (181–430 ms). Recorded mean pulse rate was 76.92 ± 5.32 pulses/s (61.82–87.18 pulses/s) with 17.36 ± 2.88 pulses (13–29 pulses) delivered per call. The mean dominant frequency was 1819.14 ± 388.87 Hz (1205.90–2239.50 Hz). Remark: A common anuran in PTR. Observed breeding in seasonal water puddles in agricultural fields and waterlogged open grasslands in early July.Published as part of Prasad, Vishal Kumar, Gautam, Kumudani Bala, Gupta, Sandeep Kumar, Murthy, R. Sreenivasa, Ramesh, K., Shinde, Ajinkya Duttatray & Das, Abhijit, 2020, Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach, pp. 450-476 in Zootaxa 4851 (3) on page 460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/448723
Fejervarya orissaensis
No full textFejervarya orissaensis (Dutta) (Fig 4D) Specimens examined: two males (WIIAD 227 & WIIAD 249) and an individual with sex undetermined (WIIAD 066). Morphological features: Adult males SVL 42.7–42.9 mm (n=2) and an individual (sex unknown) SVL 39.4 mm; body robust; head slightly longer than wide; snout obtusely pointed in dorsal view; eyes large; tympanum distinct, nearly ½ the diameter of eye, distinct supratympanic fold; tubercles present on dorsal and lateral body, short longitudinal ridges on mid-dorsum, fejervaryan lines on abdomen; fingers without disc and rounded, relative length of fingers II = IV <I <III; poorly developed toe webbing, toes tips rounded, relative length of toes 1<2<5<3<4, inner metatarsal tubercle elongated. Calling males had subgular paired vocal sac. Coloration in life: Brown dorsum with dark grey spots; fore limb and hind limb cross-barred with dark grey; upper and lower jaws marked with bands; pale yellow mottling on posterior thigh; ventral side of body white. Vocal sac of calling male was black. Bioacoustics: We analysed 50 advertisement calls from five males. Calls were recorded between 22:40–00:20 hours and calling site air temperature was between 26.9°C–29.9°C. The calls were pulsatile and emitted mostly at regular intervals. The calling males produced single type calls with mean call duration of 98.76 ± 8.69 ms (82–109 ms). The pulse rate was 104.46 ± 2.03 pulses/s (94.59–107.53 pulses/s) with mean of 9.76 ± 0.98 pulses per call. The mean dominant frequency was 2412.59 ± 6.34.95 Hz (1162.80–2842.40 Hz). Remark: Common in PTR. Breeding observed in seasonal rainwater puddles in paddy fields in July. The presence of this morphologically cryptic anuran is genetically confirmed in this study (Fig 8A). This is the north-westernmost confirmed record of this species in its range (780 kilometers aerial distance from type locality in Orissa), and a new state record for Madhya Pradesh state.Published as part of Prasad, Vishal Kumar, Gautam, Kumudani Bala, Gupta, Sandeep Kumar, Murthy, R. Sreenivasa, Ramesh, K., Shinde, Ajinkya Duttatray & Das, Abhijit, 2020, Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach, pp. 450-476 in Zootaxa 4851 (3) on page 458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/448723
Minervarya caperata
No full textMinervarya caperata (Kuramoto, Joshy, Kurabayashi, and Sumida) (Fig 4E) Specimens examined: three males (WIIAD 237, WIIAD 256–257), two individuals with sex undetermined (WIIAD 274, WIIAD 277). Morphological features: Adult males SVL 27.5–36.1 mm (n=3) and individuals (sex unknown) SVL 25.8– 25.9 mm (n=2); body slender with dermal ridges; head slightly longer than wide; snout slightly pointed in dorsal view; tympanum slightly more than ½ the diameter of eye, supratympanic fold distinct; dorsal skin glandular with series of broadly four longitudinal ridges, fejervaryan lines present on abdomen; fingers tip rounded, relative length of fingers IV <II <I <III; toes tips rounded, toes relative length 1<2<5<3<4. Calling males have bilobate subgular vocal sac. Coloration in life: Dorsum grey or brown with light brown tubercles; darker longitudinal ridges; flank covered with dark grey blotches; upper and lower jaws marked with dark bands; limbs cross barred with dark bands; groin region pale yellow; ventral of thighs pinkish; throat black (males during breeding season); abdomen white. Calling males had black vocal sac. Variation: WIIAD 237 had large bright orange mid-vertebral band. Bioacoustics: We analysed 30 advertisement calls from three males, calls were recorded between 21:30–00:00 hours in July and August; and calling location air temperature was between 26.2°C–31.7°C. Males of M. caperata called in chorus hidden under the leaves and grass blades near the banks of muddy drains and puddles monsoonal rains. The mean call duration was 130.60 ± 25.49 ms (101–200 ms) with pulse rate of 113.37 ± 3.34 pulses/s (107.69–118.81 pulses/s) and mean of 14.63 ± 2.74 pulses delivered per call. The mean dominant frequency was 2094.48 ± 309.41 Hz (1938–3703.70 Hz). Remark: M. caperata is a common frog in PTR landscape and was seen breeding in waterlogged open grasslands in July. It is a morphologically cryptic species so we performed genetic analysis and our 16S sequence matched with M. caperata from Karnataka in Western Ghats (Fig 8A). It was earlier known from its type locality in Karnoor in Karnataka. The present study provides its first state record for Madhya Pradesh. This new record is approximately 1070 km (aerial distance) northwards from its type locality.Published as part of Prasad, Vishal Kumar, Gautam, Kumudani Bala, Gupta, Sandeep Kumar, Murthy, R. Sreenivasa, Ramesh, K., Shinde, Ajinkya Duttatray & Das, Abhijit, 2020, Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach, pp. 450-476 in Zootaxa 4851 (3) on page 458, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/448723
Minervarya pierrei
No full textMinervarya pierrei (Dubois) (Fig 4F) Specimens examined: two males (WIIAD 245 & 246) and two females (WIIAD 059 & WIIAD 067). Morphological features: Adult males SVL 26.6–27 mm (n=2) and females SVL 33–33.6 mm (n=2); head longer than wide; snout slightly pointed in dorsal view; tympanum marginally less than ¾ the diameter of eye, supratympanic fold visible; dorsal skin tubercular with conical warts, fejervaryan lines present on abdomen, skin on ventral side is smooth; fingers tip rounded, relative length of fingers IV <II <I <III; toes relative length 1<2<3<5<4. Coloration in life: Dorsum brown with dark brown spots, dark brown spots more prominent on the flank and upper groin; fore limbs and hind limbs with four dark brown bars; upper and lower jaws barred; groin and undersides of thighs pale yellow; ventral sides of thighs are pinkish; throat mild black (males during breeding season); abdomen white. Bioacoustics: We recorded 30 advertisement calls from three males. Calls were recorded between 23:30–02:00 hours in July and calling location air temperature was between 27.4 °C–29.7 °C. Males produced single type calls. Mean call duration was 73.18 ± 9.86 ms (53–90 ms) with pulse rate of 113.37 ± 12.92 pulses/s (122.30–225.35 pulses/s) and mean of pulses per call was 14.70 ± 1.84. The mean dominant frequency was 3714.05 ± 67.58 Hz (3574.50–3832.90 Hz). Remark: A common anuran in the region. Seen calling from waterlogged open grasslands in July and August. The result of our genetic analyses confirmed the presence of M. pierrei in PTR (Fig 8A). Its neighboring record is from Haryana, India (Frost 2020). This study provides a new state record of M. pierrei from Madhya Pradesh. This record also extends its southern most range to Panna in Central India.Published as part of Prasad, Vishal Kumar, Gautam, Kumudani Bala, Gupta, Sandeep Kumar, Murthy, R. Sreenivasa, Ramesh, K., Shinde, Ajinkya Duttatray & Das, Abhijit, 2020, Identification of anuran species diversity of the Panna Tiger Reserve, Central India, using an integrated approach, pp. 450-476 in Zootaxa 4851 (3) on page 459, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/448723
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