148,617 research outputs found
ROJAS, Palemón H. (Gral.)
No full text"Letter from Gen. Palemón H. Rojas to Gen. Alvaro Obregón stating that he is enclosing a copy of the memoir he addressed to the President of the republic, to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles, Secretary of War and Navy and to Gen. Benjamín G. Hill, Commander of Military Operations in the Valley of Mexico requesting his transfer along with his brigade to Baja California to defeat Col. Esteban Cantú. The memoir is attached. /
Carta del Gral. Palemón H. Rojas al Gral. Alvaro Obregón, indicando que le envía copia del memorial que dirigió al Presidente de la República, al Gral. Plutarco Elías Calles, Secretario de Guerra y Marina y al Gral. Benjamín G. Hill, Jefe de las Operaciones del Valle de México, solicitando lo envíen con su brigada militar a Baja California para acabar con el Corl. Esteban Cantú. Anexa memorial.
ROJAS, Palemón H. (Gral.)
No full text"Letter from Gen. Palemón H. Rojas to Gen. Alvaro Obregón stating that he is enclosing a copy of the memoir he addressed to the President of the republic, to Gen. Plutarco Elías Calles, Secretary of War and Navy and to Gen. Benjamín G. Hill, Commander of Military Operations in the Valley of Mexico requesting his transfer along with his brigade to Baja California to defeat Col. Esteban Cantú. The memoir is attached. /
Carta del Gral. Palemón H. Rojas al Gral. Alvaro Obregón, indicando que le envía copia del memorial que dirigió al Presidente de la República, al Gral. Plutarco Elías Calles, Secretario de Guerra y Marina y al Gral. Benjamín G. Hill, Jefe de las Operaciones del Valle de México, solicitando lo envíen con su brigada militar a Baja California para acabar con el Corl. Esteban Cantú. Anexa memorial.
Sphenarium occidentalis Sanabria-Urban, Song & Cueva
No full textSphenarium occidentalis Sanabria-Urbán, Song & Cueva del Castillo sp.n. (http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:495098) Description. External morphology (Fig. 20 K, L, M, N): total body length ranging from 32.58 to 43.67 mm in females and from 30.84 to 43.03 mm in males; antennae filiform, slightly shorter in females or longer than head and pronotum together in males; head conical notably longer than wide with oval eyes in both sexes; fastigium moderately elongated, nearly half the length of interocular space in females or notably elongated, nearly as long as the interocular space in males; tegmina strap-like in both sexes; subgenital plate of males somewhat tapered in the apex; dorsal ovipositor valves rounded or lanceolate slightly elongated towards the apex. Male genitalia: bridge of epiphallus slightly longer than the length of lateral plates (Fig. 21 J-I). Ectophallus in dorsal view (Fig. 21 J-II) small with lateral borders of ramus convergent, straight or slightly rounded; basal emargination of cingulum mostly slightly developed; interspace between the apodemal plates notably closed. Ectophallus in posterior view (Fig. 21K) with a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath moderately open; valves of cingulum arrow-like, relatively small; inflections of supraramus moderately developed whit distal borders laterally directed. Ectophallus in lateral view (Fig. 21 L) with valves of cingulum not developed posteriorly. Endophallus in lateral view (Fig. 21 J- III) with a short pseudoarch tightly joined to the valves of cingulum; aedeagal valves very small, tapered in the apex without apical spine; aedeagal valves and sclerites ranging from one half to ¾ the length of dorsal inflections of endophallic apodemes. Colouration. round colours vary from yellow to green. Body uniformly coloured or with the following colour traits: antennae black, gray or dark blue; fastigium blue or brown; lateral postocular bands frequently present, wide and yellowish; dorsomedial line frequently present, wide and yellowish; dorsal shades dark blue to dark green covering partially the dorsal portion of the body, frequently present in northern populations (Fig. 20 K, L) or absent in southern populations (Fig. 20 M, N); lateral shades often present, black or dark blue; lateral bands of blotches frequently present, yellow to pale orange; ventral bands of pronotum often present, wide, whitish to bluish; pronotum sometimes with white lateral carinas and small strips and dots in the posterior margin; mesonotum yellow or pale orange; frequently mesonotum and metanotum laterally white; lateral blotches of 1st abdominal segment frequently present and whitish; hind femora uniformly coloured with knees laterally black laterally, dorsally bluish or brownish. Diagnosis. This species is similar to S. histrio both externally and in male genital structures. Nevertheless, S. occidentalis sp.n. differs from S. histrio by the following combination of characters: if present lateral bands of blotches yellow to pale orange but never red, sclerotized hollow in the sheath moderately open, inflections of supraramus moderately developed whit distal borders laterally directed, and valves of cingulum although similar in form (specially to S. histrio morphotype 1) somewhat larger than in S. histrio. Distribution. This species is distributed in elevations ranging approximately from 30 to 750m a.s.l. and is apparently restricted to the western portion of the Balsas River Basin and the Pacific Cost in Michoacan and Guerrero, Mexico (Fig. 7 A). Material examined. Holotype m (Fig. 20 K) from Mexico: Michoacan, Cuchurumuco, 18.67008°N, - 101.670625°W, 241 m a.s.l., IX-22-2012 (Sanabria-Urbán S. #P39); measurements: BS = 41.36 mm, FL = 1.66 mm, PL = 9.98 mm, HF = 19.25 mm. Paratypes from Mexico: Michoacan: 7 m, 7 f, same data as holotype; 1 m, 20 mi E Nueva Italia (on La Huacana rd.), IX-25-1959 (I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn #174); 1 m, 23 mi E Nueva Italia (on La Huacana rd.), IX-25-1959 (I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn #175); 1 m, 31mi S Nueva Italia (on Arteaga rd), 550 ft, IX-26-1959 (I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn #182); 1 m, 11 mi SW La Huacana, 1600 ft, XII-4-1959 (T. J. Cohn #346); 1 m, 26 rd. mi NE Arteaga on Hwy. 37 (rd. mi SW Rancho Nuevo), 2060 ft, XI-3-1974 (T.J. & J. W. Cohn #121); 1 m, 3rd mi SW Arteaga church (0.1mi E Hwy. 37), 2460 ft, XI-3-1974 (T.J. & J. W. Cohn #122); 1 m, 7.2 mi NE Playa Azul (on Hwy. 37) 2.8 mi. NE La Mira Jct., 700 ft, XI-6-1974 (T.J. & J. W. Cohn #123); 1 m, 1 f, 15mi W Caleta de Campos (W playa Azul), X-9-1981 (Otte #62); 1 m, 1 f, 12mi W Caleta de Campos (W playa Azul), X-9- 1981 (Otte #63); 1 m, 1 f, 26mi n La Mira, VIII-9-1981 (Otte #59); 1 m, 1 f, 16-20km NE Rt 200 Ixtapa-Altamirano Rd., VIII-9-1981 (Otte #60); 6 M, 6 F, Las Peñitas, 17.99 0621°N, - 102.026924°W, 36 m a.s.l., IX-23-2012 (Sanabria-Urbán S. # P40 [L7 MS1]); 1 M, 1 f, Zicuirán Carr. 120 Km 144, 18.881308°N, - 101.967336°W, 239 m a.s.l., IX-22-2012 (Sanabria-Urbán S. # P38 [L8 MS1]); 1 m, 1 f, Carr. 37 D Km 236, 18.3868°N, - 101.89475°W, 197 m a.s.l., IX- 23-2012 (Sanabria-Urbán S. # M055). Guerrero: 1 m, 5mi N Acapulco, IX-15-1940 (C. Bolivar & H. R. Roberts); 2 m, 1 f, 13mi SW Tierra Colourada, 1000 ft, XII-11-1958 (T. J. Cohn # 368); 6 m, 4 f, Rio Papagayo Carr. 200, 16.773689°N,- 99.608538°W, 56 m a.s.l., X-5-2011 (Sanabria-Urbán S. # 16 ACA [L9 MS1]). The holotype was deposited at IBUNAM and paratypes were deposited at IBUNAM and TAMUIC. Additional material: 3 m, 3 f, same locality as holotype; 64 m, 59 m, from other 25 localities (Appendix Table 5). Taxonomic discussion. This species is closely related morphologically to S. histrio. In deed material of this new species was identified as S. m. histrio in previous studies (Boyle 1974; Kevan 1977). Nevertheless, S. occidentalis sp.n. shows a unique combination of morphologic traits, in both external and male genitalia structures, relatively high levels of interspecific genetic differentiation (Table 3) and is geographically separated from its congeners. All these lines of evidence support the recognition of S. occidentalis sp.n. as a valid species. Recently, Sanabria-Urbán et al. (2015) identified specimens of this new species as Sphenarium sp.n. 1, whereas Pedraza-Lara et al. (2015) recognised two taxa of uncertain identity, Sphenarium sp. Gro6 and Sphenarium sp. Gro9, collected within the distribution ranges of S. occidentalis sp.n. During this revision we examined multiple specimens collected near to the localities of Sphenarium sp. Gro6 and Gro9 (e.g. L09, L309, and L307, L315; Appendix Table 5) that were undoubtedly S. occidentalis sp.n. Moreover, CO1 sequences of Sphenarium sp. Gro6 of S. occidentalis sp.n. formed a well supported (PP Ż 0.95) monophyletic group (Fig. 11). Therefore, we consider that Sphenarium sp. Gro6 and Sphenarium sp. Gro9 probably represent additional populations of S. occidentalis sp.n. Etymology. This species is named after its distribution in the occidental region of Mexico.Published as part of Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Song, Hojun, Oyama, Ken, González-Rodríguez, Antonio & Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del, 2017, Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae), pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4274 (1) on pages 52-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.80418
Myoxanthus cereus Luer ex Rojas-Alvarado & Karremans 2017
No full text6. Myoxanthus cereus (Ames) Luer ex Rojas-Alvarado & Karremans (2017: 210). (Fig. 12F) Basionym: Pleurothallis cerea Ames (1923a: 19–20). TYPE:— COSTA RICA. Cartago: Agua Caliente, Lankester 358 (holotype: K, photo of type, illustration of type, AMES!). Distribution:— Costa Rica and Panama. Notes:— Pleurothallis cerea has been commonly placed under the synonymy of M. octomeriae or M. congestus. However, Luer noted differences between the two species, and in 1991 annotated a specimen collected by Endrés from Costa Rica as “ M. cereus (Ames) Luer ”, a combination that he never published. When Soto (2008) revised the taxonomy of the Mexican Myoxanthus, he reduced M. octomeriae, with all its synonyms, to the synonymy of the older M. congestus, a name based on material from Mexico. However, he also noted the odd features of P. cerea, especially in leaf size and shape and lip structure. After studying material of Pleurothallis cerea from Costa Rica, Rojas-Alvarado & Karremans (2017) formally recognized it as a species and transferred it to Myoxanthus. This Central American species is easily distinguished from the closely related M. octomerioides (Mexico), M. congestus (Mexico to Colombia-Venezuela) and M. pulvinatus (Peru and Brazil) by its broad, elliptic to ovate petiolate leaves, and oblong, conspicuously adaxially verrucose, frequently apiculate lip vs. narrow elliptic, sessile leaves and lip not apiculate of the other species (Rojas-Alvarado & Karremans 2017). FIGURE 12. Myoxanthus species. A –C. M. affinis. D. M. antennifer. E. M. ceratothallis. F. M. cereus. G. M. chloe. H–I. M. cimex. J–K. M. colothrix. L. M. conceicionensis. Photographs by: L. Grobler (A). L.E. Yupanqui (B). G. Rojas-Alvarado (C, J, K). A. Karremans (F, G). Ecuagenera (D). R. Parsons (E, L). S. Vieira-Uribe (H). H. R. Ellis (I).Published as part of Rojas-Alvarado, Gustavo, Blanco, Mario A. & Karremans, Adam P., 2021, A taxonomic synopsis and morphological characterization of Myoxanthus (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae), pp. 211-258 in Phytotaxa 507 (3) on pages 231-232, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.507.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/542572
Frontality and torsion : duality in the Giraldo Building by Fernando Martínez Sanabria (1958)
No full textilustraciones, diagramas, fotografías, planosEsta tesis de maestría confronta los conceptos de frontalidad y torsión como una dualidad que afecta la concepción y percepción de la forma arquitectónica. En este análisis, la interacción frontalidad-torsión —donde la primera manifiesta una dirección y una imagen y la segunda un cambio de dirección y contrapunto— actúa como una condición dual que estructura el carácter y la complejidad en arquitectura desde una relación de tensión o equilibrio.
La exploración de esta dualidad en el Edificio Giraldo de Fernando Martínez Sanabria (1958), en el que el exterior de principios racionales se correlaciona con una torsión interior de formas dinámicas, es la base para demostrar la incidencia de las operaciones en la obra residencial de Fernando Martínez Sanabria y su lectura en algunas obras representativas de la historia. (Texto tomado de la fuente)This master thesis confronts the concepts of frontality and torsion as a duality that affects the conception and perception of architectural form. In this analysis, the interaction between frontality and torsion -where the former manifests a direction and an image and the latter a change of direction and counterpoint- acts as a dual condition that structures character and complexity in architecture from a relationship of tension or equilibrium.
The exploration of this duality in Fernando Martínez Sanabria's Giraldo Building (1958), in which the exterior of rational principles correlates with an interior torsion of dynamic forms, is the basis for demonstrating the incidence of operations in Fernando Martínez Sanabria's residential work and its reading in some representative works of history.MaestríaMagíster en ArquitecturaArquitectura y Urbanismo.Sede Bogot
Frontality and torsion : duality in the Giraldo Building by Fernando Martínez Sanabria (1958)
No full textilustraciones, diagramas, fotografías, planosEsta tesis de maestría confronta los conceptos de frontalidad y torsión como una dualidad que afecta la concepción y percepción de la forma arquitectónica. En este análisis, la interacción frontalidad-torsión —donde la primera manifiesta una dirección y una imagen y la segunda un cambio de dirección y contrapunto— actúa como una condición dual que estructura el carácter y la complejidad en arquitectura desde una relación de tensión o equilibrio.
La exploración de esta dualidad en el Edificio Giraldo de Fernando Martínez Sanabria (1958), en el que el exterior de principios racionales se correlaciona con una torsión interior de formas dinámicas, es la base para demostrar la incidencia de las operaciones en la obra residencial de Fernando Martínez Sanabria y su lectura en algunas obras representativas de la historia. (Texto tomado de la fuente)This master thesis confronts the concepts of frontality and torsion as a duality that affects the conception and perception of architectural form. In this analysis, the interaction between frontality and torsion -where the former manifests a direction and an image and the latter a change of direction and counterpoint- acts as a dual condition that structures character and complexity in architecture from a relationship of tension or equilibrium.
The exploration of this duality in Fernando Martínez Sanabria's Giraldo Building (1958), in which the exterior of rational principles correlates with an interior torsion of dynamic forms, is the basis for demonstrating the incidence of operations in Fernando Martínez Sanabria's residential work and its reading in some representative works of history.MaestríaMagíster en ArquitecturaArquitectura y Urbanismo.Sede Bogot
Sphenarium adelinae Sanabria-Urban, Song & Cueva
No full textSphenarium adelinae Sanabria-Urbán, Song & Cueva del Castillo sp.n. (http://lsid.speciesfile.org /urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:495100) Description. External morphology (Fig. 20 Q, R): total body length ranging from 27.91 to 35.25 mm in females and from 26.47 to 33.1 mm in males; antennae weakly ensiform, slightly shorter in females or longer than head and pronotum together in males; head conical notably longer than wide with oval eyes in both sexes; fastigium notably elongated, nearly as long as the interocular space in both sexes; tegmina strap-like in both sexes; subgenital plate of males somewhat tapered in the apex; dorsal ovipositor valves lanceolate slightly elongated towards the apex. Male genitalia: bridge of epiphallus slightly longer than the length of lateral plates in most cases (Fig. 22 D-I). Ectophallus in dorsal view (Fig. 22 D-II) small with lateral borders of ramus convergent, straight or slightly rounded; basal emargination of cingulum notably developed closing the interspace between the apodemal plates. Ectophallus in posterior (Fig. 22 E) view with a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath notably closed; valves of cingulum small with distinct form; inflections of supraramus notably developed laterally and dorsally forming a dorsal fold; dorsal borders of inflections of supraramus very close but not fused (Fig. 22 E, arrow). Ectophallus in lateral view with valves of cingulum barely evident slightly developed posteriorly (Fig. 22 F). Endophallus in lateral view (Fig. 22 D-III) with a short pseudoarch tightly joined to the valves of cingulum; aedeagal valves very small, sharply pointed apically, without apical spine; aedeagal valves and sclerites about half the length of dorsal inflections of endophallic apodemes. Colouration. Ground colours green or light brown. Body uniformly coloured or with the following colour traits: antennae dark to light brown; fastigium brownish; lateral postocular bands frequently present, wide and yellowish, whitish or cyan; dorsomedial line frequently present, wide and yellowish; dorsal shades brown to dark magenta, frequently covering entirely the dorsal portion of the abdomen; lateral shades often present, dark to light brown; lateral bands of blotches absent; ventral bands of pronotum often present, wide, yellowish or cyan; pronotum sometimes with small dots in the dorsal posterior margin; mesonotum partially or entirely brownish; lateral blotches of 1st abdominal segment frequently present and yellowish; hind femora with medial area uniformly coloured and lower marginal area with distinct blue colouration, specially in the apex of femur (Fig. 20 Q, arrow); knees of hind femora without dark colouration; hind tibia intense yellow. Diagnosis. Externally this species closely resembles S. histrio and S. miztecum sp.n. In most cases, S. adelinae sp.n. differs from S. histrio by its weakly ensiform antennae and the blue colourations in the lower marginal area of the hind femora; whereas it differs from S. miztecum principally by lacking the cyan lateral band of blotches. Nevertheless, more conspicuous differences exist among the male genital structures of these species. Sphenarium adelinae sp.n. differs from these species by the following combinations of male genital traits: sclerotized hollow in the sheath notably closed, valves of cingulum small with distinct form, and inflections of supraramus notably developed laterally and dorsally with dorsal borders almost fused above the valves of cingulum. Distribution. This species is only known from a small region in the outer slope of the Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero, Mexico (Fig. 7 B). The altitudinal distribution of this species ranges approximately from 420 to 1210 m a.s.l. Material examined. Holotype m (Fig. 20 Q) from Mexico: Guerrero, 14 mi. S. Chilpancingo, IX-4-1981 (Otte, Azuma & Newlin #52); measurements: BS = 32.94 mm, FL = 1.38 mm, PL = 6.28 mm, HF = 15.51 mm. Paratypes from Mexico: Guerrero: 12 m, 9 f, Acahuizotla ca. de Ocotito, Carr. 95, 17.355494°N, - 99.480226°W, 1018 m a.s.l., X-4-2011 (Sanabria-Urbán S. # 13OC [L16 MS1]); 5 m, 4 f, Tierra Colourada Carr. 95, 17.204383°N, - 99.508199°W, 534 m a.s.l., X-4-2011 (Sanabria-Urbán S. & Días de la Vega A. # 15TC); 5 m, 5 f, Palo Blanco Carr. 95, 17.409805°N, -99.466767°W, 1210 m a.s.l., X-4-2011 (Sanabria-Urbán S. # 14ZC [L17 MS1]); 1 m, Tierra Colourada, 1800 ft, IX-16-1940 (C. Bolivar & H. R. Roberts); 2 m, 16 rd. mi S Chilpancingo (Km 298 on Hwy. 95), 3800 ft (I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn # 147); 1 m, 2 mi S Tierra Colourada (Km 335 on Hwy. 95), 1400 ft, IX-19- 1959 (I. J. Cantrall & T. J. Cohn # 148). The holotype was deposited at ANSP and the paratypes were deposited at IBUNAM and TAMUIC. Additional material: 22 m, 24 f, form the same first three paratypes localities (Appendix Table 5). Taxonomic discussion. This species is closely related morphologically to S. histrio. Specimens of this new species were identified S. m. histrio in previous studies (Boyle 1974; Kevan 1977). In this study we found that S. adelinae sp.n. shows a unique combination of morphologic traits, both external and on male genitalia, differencing this new species from S. histrio. Moreover, this new species has a well-supported monophyly, shows relatively high levels of interspecific genetic differentiation (Table 3). We consider that all these lines of provide evidence for the recognition of S. adelinae sp.n. as a valid species. Previously, we identified specimens of this new species as Sphenarium sp.n. 2 (Sanabria-Urbán et al., 2015). Pedraza-Lara et al. (2015) recognised a putative new species, Sphenarium sp. Gro7, externally similar and geographically close to S. adelinae sp.n. Indeed, we examined several specimens collected less than 9 km apart from the Sphenarium sp. Gro7 locality (L86, L100, and L103; Appendix Table 5), which were invariably S. adelinae sp.n. Nevertheless, the CO1 sequences of Sphenarium sp. Gro7 are different but closely and strongly related (PP Ż 0.95) to the S. adelinae sp.n. / S. miztecum sp.n group (Fig. 11). Considering their geographical and phylogenetic proximity, both Sphenarium sp. Gro7 and S. adelinae sp.n. probably represent the same species. The paraphyletic relationships between these taxa suggest a greater genetic diversity within S. adelinae sp.n. than the one we recognised during our genetic analysis. Another possibility is that the genetic differentiation observed between CO1 sequences of Sphenarium sp. Gro7 and S. adelinae sp.n. is due to the different methodology used to obtain the sequences. We obtain mitochondrial sequences following a long-PCR amplification protocol in order to avoid coamplification nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes; whereas Pedraza-Lara et al. (2015) followed standard CO1 barcoding protocols, which usually results in coamplification of multiple paralogous numts haplotypes of different divergences, leading to the overestimation of genetic diversity (Song et al., 2008). Etymology. This species is dedicated to the memory of Adelina Cedillo Franco, who always supported and encouraged the senior author in his biological studies. The specific name is a female noun in the genitive case.Published as part of Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Song, Hojun, Oyama, Ken, González-Rodríguez, Antonio & Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del, 2017, Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae), pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4274 (1) on pages 58-60, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.80418
Sphenarium totonacum Sanabria-Urban, Song & Cueva
No full textSphenarium totonacum Sanabria-Urbán, Song & Cueva del Castillo sp.n. (http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:495099) Description. External morphology (Fig. 20 O, P): total body length ranging from 32.77 to 40.47 mm in females and from 30.04 to 38.75 mm in males; antennae weakly ensiform, slightly shorter in females or longer than head and pronotum together in males; head conical notably longer than wide with oval eyes in both sexes; fastigium notably elongated, nearly as long as the interocular space in both sexes; tegmina strap-like in both sexes; subgenital plate of males somewhat tapered in the apex; dorsal ovipositor valves lanceolate, elongated towards the apex. Male genitalia: bridge of epiphallus slightly longer than the length of lateral plates (Fig. 22 A-I). Ectophallus in dorsal view (Fig. 22 A-II) small with lateral borders of ramus convergent, somewhat straight; basal emargination of cingulum notably developed; interspace between the apodemal plates notably closed. Ectophallus in posterior (Fig. 22 K) view with a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath closed; valves of cingulum drop-like (Fig. 22 B, arrow); inflections of supraramus notably developed whit distal borders ventrolateral directed. Ectophallus in lateral view (Fig. 22 C) with valves of cingulum not developed posteriorly. Endophallus in lateral view (Fig. 22 A- III) with a short pseudoarch tightly joined to the valves of cingulum; aedeagal valves small, sharply pointed apically, without apical spine; aedeagal valves and sclerites about half the length of dorsal inflections of endophallic apodemes. Colouration. Ground colours vary from green or brown. Body uniformly coloured or with the following colour traits (Fig. 20 O, P): antennae black, gray or dark brown; lateral postocular bands frequently present, narrow and yellowish; dorsomedial line frequently absent, if present very narrow, yellowish or whitish; dorsal shades absent; lateral shades often present and black; lateral bands of blotches frequently present and reddish; ventral bands of pronotum often present, wide and whitish; pronotum with white small stripes and dots in the posterior margin; dorsal portion of pronotum, metanotum and 1st abdominal segment with darker green colouration; mesonotum red; lateral blotches of 1st abdominal segment if present whitish; generally hind femora uniformly coloured with knees laterally black, dorsally brownish; hind tibia reddish. Distribution. This species is apparently restricted to the outer slope of the Sierra Madre Oriental in elevations ranging from 440 to 1145 m a.s.l. in Veracruz and Puebla, Mexico (Fig. 7 A). Diagnosis. Externally this species closely resembles S. mexicanum, whereas it is more similar to S. histrio in their male genitalia. Nevertheless, S. totonacum sp.n. differs from other Sphenarium species by the following male genitalia characters: sheath of ectophallus with a conspicuous sclerotized and closed hollow, inflexion of supraramus notably developed and ventrolateral directed, and valves of cingulum with distinct drop-like form. Material examined. Holotype m (Fig. 20 O) from Mexico: Veracruz, Plan de Hayas, 19.74138°N, - 96.64531°W, 1145 m a.s.l., XI-3-2012 (Sanabria-Urbán S. & Jímenez-Arcos V. H. # P72 [L19 MS1]); measurements: BS = 34.63 mm, FL = 1.38 mm, PL = 7.27 mm, HF = 15,22 mm. Paratypes from Mexico: Veracruz: 5 M, 5 F same data as holotype; 3 m, 3 f, Km 21 Carr. 131, ca. 7km SO de Tlapacoyan, 19.90252398°N, - 97.22993698°W, 751 m a.s.l., IX-19-2015 (Sanabria-Urbán S. # M010-L52); 1 f, Tlapacoyan Eytepequez, 11-9- 1995 (Delgadillo J.). The holotype was deposited at IBUNAM and the paratypes were deposited at the IBUNAM and TAMUIC. Additional material: 13 m, 16 f, from seven localities (Appendix Table 5). Taxonomic discussion. This species is also closely related morphologically to S. histrio. Indeed, specimens of this new species were identified as an isolated population of S. m. histrio in the cost of the Golf of Mexico (Boyle 1974; Kevan 1977). Previously we identified specimens of this new species as Sphenarium sp.n. 4 (Sanabria-Urbán et al. 2015). For other studies in the genus this species was unknown. In this study we found that S. totonacum sp.n. shows a unique combination and notably different male genitalia structures. Moreover, this new species has a wellsupported monophyly, shows relatively high levels of interspecific genetic differentiation (Table 3), and it is considerably separated geographically from S. histrio. All these lines of evidence support the recognition of S. totonacum sp.n. as a valid species. Etymology. Named in honour of the Totonacos, an ancient Native American people still living in the area where this species was found.Published as part of Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Song, Hojun, Oyama, Ken, González-Rodríguez, Antonio & Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del, 2017, Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae), pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4274 (1) on pages 54-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.80418
Luis Manuel Rojas, H. Domínguez y otros, observando la escultura de un angel en un salón.
No full textLUIS MANUEL ROJAS H. DOMINGUEZ, I.O
Sphenarium zapotecum Sanabria-Urban, Song & Cueva
No full textSphenarium zapotecum Sanabria-Urbán, Song & Cueva del Castillo sp.n. (http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:495075) Description. External morphology (Fig. 9 G, H): total body length ranging from 22.13 to 26.73 mm in females and from 19.29 to 24.26 mm in males; antennae filiform, slightly shorter in females or longer than head and pronotum together in males; head subtriangular-elongated slightly longer than wide in females or conical notably longer than wide in males, with oval eyes in both sexes; fastigium moderately elongated, nearly half the length of interocular space in females or notably elongated, nearly as long as the interocular space in males; tegmina spatula-like in both sexes; subgenital plate of males rounded, moderately developed posteriorly; dorsal ovipositor valves lanceolate, moderately elongated towards the apex. Male genitalia: bridge of epiphallus as long or slightly longer than the length of lateral plates in most cases (Fig. 10 J–I). Ectophallus in dorsal view (Fig. 10 J-II) with lateral borders convergent slightly rounded; basal emargination of cingulum moderately developed; interspace between apodemal plates of cingulum moderately open. Ectophallus in posterior view (Fig. 10 K) without a conspicuous sclerotized hollow in the sheath; inflections of supraramus reduced or not developed laterally (Fig. 10 K, arrow); valves of cingulum with unique tongue-like form, notably developed posteriorly (Fig. 10 L). Endophallus in lateral view (Fig. 10 J-III) with an elongated pseudoarch loosely joined to the valves of cingulum; aedeagal valves long with smooth ventral borders and an apical spine slightly longer than the width of the base of aedeagal sclerites; aedeagal valves and sclerites together about twice the length of dorsal inflections of endophallic apodemes. Colouration. Ground colours varying from green to brown. Body uniformly coloured with ground colours (Fig. 9 H) or with the following colour traits (Fig. 9 G): antennae generally light brown; fastigium brown to black; lateral postocular bands whitish; dorsomedial line narrow and pinkish in eastern populations or wide and yellowish in western populations; dorsal shades black, grey or brown, frequently covering partially the dorsal portion of the body; lateral black shades generally absent or restricted to head; lateral bands of blotches not evident; ventral bands of pronotum generally absent, instead ventral borders of pronotum lightly-coloured; mesonotum partially or entirely black; lateral blotches of 1st abdominal segment if present white; hind femora uniformly coloured with knees laterally black, dorsally brownish; hind tibia orange. Diagnosis. Externally this species closely resembles S. purpurascens and S. variabile. However, S. zapotecum sp.n. generally differs from these two species by its more elongated head in both sexes. At the male genitalia level S. zapotecum sp.n. more closely resembles S. purpurascens and S. tarascum sp.n., which also show an apical spine in the aedeagus and lack the sclerotized hollow in the sheath of ectophallus. Nevertheless, S. zapotecum sp.n., differs from these latter species by its reduced or undeveloped inflections of supraramus, as well as the unique form of its valves of cingulum notably projected posteriorly. Distribution. This species is apparently restricted to the outer southern slope of the Sierra Madre del Sur in Oaxaca, Mexico, occurring in elevations ranging from 1016 to 1457 m a.s.l. (Fig. 7 B, C). Material examined. Holotype m (Figs. 9 G; 10J, K, L) from Mexico: Oaxaca, Pluma Hidalgo (1), 15.93987876°N, - 96.42996051°W, 1153 m a.s.l., XII-11-2013 (Sanabria-Urbán S., Fontana P. & Mariño-Pérez R. #L27); measurements: BS = 23.74 mm, FL = 1.29 mm, PL = 4.68 mm, HF = 11.77 mm. Paratypes from Mexico: Oaxaca: 4 m, 3 f, same data as holotype; 2 m, 2 f, Carr. 175 Km. 172, XII-12-2013, 16.01864845°N, - 96.5303105°W, 1457 m a.s.l. (Sanabria-Urbán S., Fontana P. & Mariño-Pérez R. #L31); 1 m, Oaxaca road ca. 85km N Pto. Angel, IX-1-1981 (Otte, Azuma & Newlin # 43); 2 m, 1 f, 24-25 mi. N Pto. Escondido rd. to Oaxaca, IX-2- 1981 (Otte, Azuma & Newlin # 45). The holotype was deposited at IBUNAM and the paratypes were deposited at the ANSP, IBUNAM and TAMUIC. Additional material: 5 m, 4 f, from three additional localities (Appendix Table 5). Taxonomic discussion. We observed that S. zapotecum sp.n. is mainly related morphologically and genetically to S. purpurascens. Nevertheless, its unique combination of morphologic traits (both in external and male genitalia structures), as well as its geographic isolation supports its recognition as an independent species within the genus. Sphenarium zapotecum sp.n. was not included in previous studies on the genus except for Pedraza-Lara et al. (2015), who identified specimens from a locality within the ranges of this new species as Sphenarium sp. Oax6. Using the CO1 sequences of Pedraza-Lara et al. (2015) and the present study, the only locus represented in both studies, we conducted a combined Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, in which all Sphenarium sp. Oax6 samples strongly clustered (PP > 0.95) with S. zapotecum sp.n. samples (Fig. 11). Considering their geographical and phylogenetic proximity it is probable that Sphenarium sp. Oax6 and S. zapotecum sp.n. represent the same species. Etymology. Named in honour of the Zapotecos, an ancient Native American people still living in the area where this species is distributed.Published as part of Sanabria-Urbán, Salomón, Song, Hojun, Oyama, Ken, González-Rodríguez, Antonio & Castillo, Raúl Cueva Del, 2017, Integrative taxonomy reveals cryptic diversity in neotropical grasshoppers: taxonomy, phylogenetics, and evolution of the genus Sphenarium Charpentier, 1842 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae), pp. 1-86 in Zootaxa 4274 (1) on pages 29-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.80418
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