U.S. textile manufacturing is coming under increasing pressure from foreign competition. This paper evaluates the U.S. competitive position in the yarn segment using established quantifiable measures and provides an overall competitive assessment. The study found the industry in a relatively weak competitive position but that U.S. competitive position is improving.competitiveness, cotton yarn, revealed comparative advantage, tariff equivalent, International Relations/Trade, F29, L67, O57,
A quarterly, partial-equilibrium vector-autoregression model of the U.S. durum wheat and pasta markets was estimated and simulated under three trade-barrier changes that are of potential relevance for the current round of WTO agricultural negotiations: a rise in the U.S. market-clearing durum wheat quantity from increased imports; a policy- or tariff- reduction-induced decline in U.S. durum wheat price; and a tariff-induced rise in U.S. pasta product prices. In response to each shock, an array of quarterly dynamic response characteristics are examined: response reaction times, direction and pattern of quarterly responses, response durations, response multipliers, and strength of durum/pasta market interrelationships.Industrial Organization,
Geologic map series of Saudi Arabia showing transportation, hydrographic and miscellaneous features and populated places. Relief shown by hachures and spot heights.; Sheets in Arabic and English.; Each sheet has individual title, number and author.; Includes index map, glossary and sources of geologic compilation
Geographic map series of Saudi Arabia showing transportation, hydrographic and miscellaneous features and populated places.; Sheets in English and Arabic.; Each sheet has individual title, number and author.; Includes index map, glossary and table of sources of base compilation.; Maps, and index indicating National Library of Australia holdings, in an online version at: http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-vn2673323
Summary: The objective of the report is to serve as a vehicle for the accumulation and dissemination of information concerning the application and operation of radioisotopic power generators (RPGs) within the Navy. It will be noted that all RPGs presently listed are radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs). Unless specifically identified as an engineering evaluation, items contained in this report are presented as an impartial collection of facts, observations and other information. The East Coast RPG Surveillance Facility (SURFAC) located at the Naval Nuclear Power Unit, Fort Belvoir, was placed operational on 1 June 1973. Three Sentinel 25-D's were placed operational on a tower operated by the Naval Coastal Systems Laboratory of the coast of Panama City, Florida. Three Sentinel 25-E's were recovered from the Amchitka Island, Alaska area and turned over to the U.S. Navy by the AEC. The AEC turned over the development SNAP-23A to the U.S. Navy. Eight Gulf one-watt RPG's were procured by the U.S. Navy. (Author)
Synopsis:More than 20 years since the United States launched its invasion of Iraq in March 2003, the origins of the war remain highly contested, both among scholars and policy practitioners alike. As tensions continue to flare in the region and thousands of U.S. troops continue to deploy to military bases within Iraq, understanding the history of U.S. involvement in this country is critical for understanding the United States’s role in the modern Middle East. Joining This episode of The Debrief analyzes the causes and consequences of the Iraq War with Dr. Joseph Stieb, assistant professor of national security affairs at the U.S. Naval War College and author of The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990 to 2003.About the Speaker: Joseph Stieb joined the U.S. Naval War College in 2022 after completing a postdoctoral fellowship at The Ohio State University’s Mershon Center for International Security Studies. He received a Ph.D. in U.S. history from UNC-Chapel Hill in 2019. He studies U.S. foreign policy, politics, and ideas in the 20th and 21st centuries, particularly the Iraq War and the War on Terrorism. He is the author of The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990-2003 (Cambridge, 2021) and has also published in Diplomatic History, Modern American History, The International History Review, The Washington Post, War on the Rocks, Foreign Policy, American Purpose, and Arc Digital.The views presented by the faculty or other guest speakers do not reflect official positions of the Naval War College, DON or DOD.
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Studies of early U.S. growth traditionally have emphasized real-sector explanations for an acceleration that by many accounts became detectable between 1815 and 1840. Interestingly, the establishment of the nation's basic financial structure predated by three decades the canals, railroads, and widespread use of water and steam-powered machinery that are thought to have triggered modernization. We argue that this innovative and expanding financial system, by providing debt and equity financing to businesses and governments as new technologies emerged, was central to the nation's early growth and modernization. The analysis includes a set of multivariate time series models that relate measures of banking and equity market activity to measures of investment, imports and business incorporations from 1790 to 1850. The findings offer support for our hypothesis of "finance-led" growth in the U.S. case. By implication, the interest today in improving financial systems as a means of fostering sustainable growth is not misplaced.
Studies of early U.S. growth traditionally have emphasized real-sector explanations for an acceleration that by many accounts became detectable between 1815 and 1840. Interestingly, the establishment of the nation's basic financial structure predated by three decades the canals, railroads, and widespread use of water and steam-powered machinery that are thought to have triggered modernization. We argue that this innovative and expanding financial system, by providing debt and equity financing to businesses and governments as new technologies emerged, was central to the nation's early growth and modernization. The analysis includes a set of multivariate time series models that relate measures of banking and equity market activity to measures of investment, imports and business incorporations from 1790 to 1850. The findings offer support for our hypothesis of finance-led' growth in the U.S. case. By implication, the interest today in improving financial systems as a means of fostering sustainable growth is not misplaced.
This paper uses results from simulations of the FAIRMODEL, USAGMKTS, and MEXAGMKTS models to analyze the effects of changes in U.S. agricultural policy on Mexican agricultural markets. The author concludes that under a scenario of trade liberalization for Mexico, Mexican agricultural production, prices, and trade are quite sensitive to agricultural policy changes in the U.S. The genesis of the research project was the perception that agricultural policies in Mexico (and many other countries) are often second best responses to the negative side effects of broad economic policies aimed primarily at macroeconomic and international trade objectives. The paper also discusses the role of agriculture in Mexican economic policy, and MEXAGMKTS, FAIR and USAGMKTS models. The paper includes an analysis of the sensitivity of Mexican agricultural markets to U.S. agricultural policy and a brief summary of the implications of the results.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Agricultural Research,Access to Markets,Markets and Market Access
This report presents estimates of the national and state economic impacts of wildlife watching, which were derived using data from the 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-associated Recreation. The following topics are addressed: (1) national participation in wildlife watching; (2) expenditures associated with participation in wildlife watching; (3) estimates of the total economic activity generated by these expenditures; (4) total employment and employment income associated with these expenditures; and (5) estimates of associated state and federal tax revenue.U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Wildlife Watching in the U.S.: The Economic Impacts on National and State Economies in 2006
Addendum to the 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Report 2006-1Wildlife Watching in the U.S.: The Economic Impacts on National and State Economies in 2006
Addendum to the 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation
Report 2006-1
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
July 2008
Jerry Leonard
Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Programs
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Arlington, VA
This report is intended to complement the National and State Reports for the 2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. The conclusions in this report are the author’s and do not represent official positions of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
The author thanks Jim Caudill, Sylvia Cabrera, Richard Aiken, and Tom Allen for valuable input on this report.2 Wildllife Watching in the U.S.: The Economic Impacts on National and State Economies in 2006
Wildlife watching is one of the most popular types of outdoor recreation in the United States. Nearly a third of the U.S. population, 71 million people, enjoyed closely observing, feeding, and photographing wildlife in 2006. Wildlife watching around the home and on trips is an important and growing form of recreation. Eight percent more people participated in 2006 than in 2001.
In addition to contributing significantly to people’s enjoyment of the outdoors, wildlife watching has a substantial impact on the nation’s and states’ economies. The 45.7billionspentonwildlifeequipmentandtripsin2006contributedsubstantiallytofederalandstatetaxrevenues,jobs,earnings,andeconomicoutput.Thisreportpresentsestimatesofthenationalandstateeconomicimpactsofwildlifewatching,whichwerederivedusingdatafromthe2006Fishing,Hunting,andWildlifeAssociatedRecreationSurvey(FHWAR).Thefollowingtopicsareaddressed:(1)nationalparticipationinwildlifewatching;(2)expendituresassociatedwithparticipationinwildlifewatching;(3)estimatesofthetotaleconomicactivitygeneratedbytheseexpenditures;(4)totalemploymentandemploymentincomeassociatedwiththeseexpenditures;and(5)estimatesofassociatedstateandfederaltaxrevenue.Twootherreportsusedthe2006FHWARtoaddressthenationalandstateeconomicimpactsofhuntingandfishing1.1See“HuntinginAmerica:AnEconomicEngineandConservationPowerhouse,”AssociationofFishandWildlifeAgenciesand“SportfishinginAmerica:AnEconomicEngineandConservationPowerhouse,”AmericanSportfishingAssociation.The2006FHWARcollectedinformationonfishing,hunting,andwildlife−watchingparticipationandexpendituresin2006.Nationalandstatereportsareaccessibleonthefollowingwebsiteshttp://wsfrprograms.fws.govandhttp://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/fishing.htmlIntroductionMarkBertram/USFWSLeeKarney/USFWSWildllifeWatchingintheU.S.:TheEconomicImpactsonNationalandStateEconomiesin20063The71millionpeoplewhowildlifewatchedin2006arefurthercategorizedasaround−the−homeandaway−from−homeparticipants.Ofthe71millionpeoplewhowildlifewatched,952Theiractivitiesincludeoneormoreofthefollowing:(1)closelyobservingortryingtoidentifybirdsorotherwildlife;(2)photographingwildlife;(3)feedingbirdsorotherwildlifeonaregularbasis;(4)maintainingnaturalareasofatleastone−quarteracreforwhichbenefittowildlifeistheprimarypurpose;(5)maintainingplantings(shrubs,agriculturalcrops,etc.)forwhichbenefittowildlifeistheprimaryconcern,or(6)visitingpublicparkswithinonemileofhomefortheprimarypurposeofobserving,feeding,orphotographingwildlife.ParticipationinWildlifeWatchingInsideTheNumbersRoughlyoneoutofthreeAmericans16yearsofageandolder,or71million,participatedinwildlifewatchingin2006.The71millionwildlife−watchingparticipantsismorethanfourtimesgreaterthantheattendanceofallNationalLeagueFootballteamsduringthe2006season.Wildlife−relatedexpendituresin2006were45.7 billion.
Expenditures on wildlife watching are equivalent to the amount of revenue from all spectator sports (football, baseball, and other sports), all amusement parks and arcades, casinos (except casino hotels), bowling centers, and skiing facilities.
Summary of National Economic
Impacts of Wildlife Watching: 2006
Participation
71,132,000
Total Expenditures
45,654,959,000TotalIndustryOutput122,581,880,075
Employment
1,063,482
Labor Income
40,460,527,120StateandLocalTaxes8,862,580,065
Federal Taxes
9,329,700,750RonSinger/USFWS4WildllifeWatchingintheU.S.:TheEconomicImpactsonNationalandStateEconomiesin2006Table1.NumberofWildlife−WatchingParticipants:2006(Population16yearsandolder)StatewhereactivitytookplaceTotalparticipantsNumberAlabama1,161,000Alaska496,000Arizona1,277,000Arkansas1,011,000California6,270,000Colorado1,819,000Connecticut1,170,000Delaware285,000Florida4,240,000Georgia1,987,000Hawaii262,000Idaho754,000Illinois2,566,000Indiana2,042,000Iowa1,205,000Kansas816,000Kentucky1,475,000Louisiana738,000Maine801,000Maryland1,491,000Massachusetts1,919,000Michigan3,227,000Minnesota2,093,000Mississippi731,000Missouri2,248,000Montana755,000Nebraska490,000Nevada686,000NewHampshire710,000NewJersey1,713,000NewMexico787,000NewYork3,852,000NorthCarolina2,641,000NorthDakota148,000Ohio3,489,000Oklahoma1,110,000Oregon1,484,000Pennsylvania3,947,000RhodeIsland436,000SouthCarolina1,115,000SouthDakota432,000Tennessee2,362,000Texas4,225,000Utah877,000Vermont468,000Virginia2,312,000Washington2,331,000WestVirginia743,000Wisconsin2,039,000Wyoming643,000UnitedStates,total71,132,000EconomicImpactQuickFactsExpendituresrippledthroughtheeconomygenerating122.6 billion in total industry output and 1,063,482 jobs
The more than one million jobs supported by wildlife watchers are almost three times the number of people who work for United Parcel Service in the U.S.
Figure 1. Wildlife Expenditures by Major Category: 2006
(Total Expenditures: 45.7billion)Figure2.TripExpendituresforWildlifeWatching:2006(TotalTripExpenditures:12.9 billion)
Equipment: 51%23.2billionOther:219.6 billionTrip: 28%12.9billionTransportation:354.5 billionLodging: 25%3.2billionFood:334.3 billionOther: 7%0.9billionWildllifeWatchingintheU.S.:TheEconomicImpactsonNationalandStateEconomiesin20065spendingassociatedwithwildlifewatchinghasasubstantialimpactoneconomicactivity,employment,andhouseholdincomeacrossthenation.MethodsThe2006FHWARcontainsestimatesofannualtravelandequipmentexpendituresbywildlife−watchingparticipants.Theseexpenditureswereusedinconjunctionwithaneconomicmodelingmethodknownasinput−outputanalysis4toestimatetotalindustryoutput,employmentandemploymentincomeassociatedwiththeseexpenditures.DirectExpendituresTotaldirectexpendituresbyparticipantswere45.7 billion in 2006. Trip-related expenditures accounted for about 12.9billion(28percentoftotalexpenditures).Foodanddrinkaccountedfor33percentoftotaltrip−relatedexpendituresandtransportationandlodgingaccountedfor35and25percent,respectively.Equipmentandotherexpendituresaccountedfor32.8 billion (72 percent of total expenditures). Special equipment such as off-road vehicles, tent trailers, motor homes, pick-up trucks, and boats accounted for 27 percent of total expenditures. Packaged and bulk wild bird food accounted for 7 percent of total expenditures, while film and developing accounted for 2 percent, and photographic equipment such as cameras accounted for 7 percent.
4 The estimates of total economic activity, employment, employment income and federal and state taxes in this report were derived using IMPLAN, a regional input-output model and software system. For additional information, see MIG, Inc. IMPLAN System (2004 data and software) and Olson and Lindall, IMPLAN Professional Software, Analysis and Data Guide. For additional information on input-output modeling, see Miller and Blair Input-Output Analysis .
Spending associated with wildlife watching generates a substantial amount of economic activity across the United States. Participants spent 45.7billionin2006onawidevarietyofgoodsandservices.Trip−relatedexpendituresbyaway−from−homeparticipantsincludeexpensesforfood,lodging,andtransportation.Botharound−the−homeandaway−from−homeparticipantsalsobuyequipmentandrelatedgoodsfortheprimarypurposeofengaginginwildlifewatchingsuchasbinoculars,cameras,wildbirdfood,membershipsinwildlifeorganizations,campingequipment,motorhomes,campers,andoff−roadvehicles.Tohelpplacethe45.7 billion in wildlife-watching expenditures into context, consider that it is equivalent to the amount of revenue from all spectator sports (football, baseball, and other sports), all amusement parks and arcades, casinos (except casino hotels) bowling centers, and skiing facilities3.
These direct expenditures are only part of the total picture. Businesses and industries that supply the local retailers where the purchases are made also benefit from wildlife-watching expenditures. For example, a family may decide to purchase a pair of binoculars to use primarily for birdwatching on an upcoming vacation. Part of the total purchase price will go to the local retailer such as a sporting goods store. The sporting goods store in turn pays a wholesaler that in turn pays the manufacturer of the binoculars. The manufacturer then spends a portion of this income to pay businesses supplying the manufacturer.
In this fashion, each dollar of local retail expenditures can affect a variety of businesses at the local, regional, and national level. Consequently, consumer
3 The figures were obtained from the revenue totals, corrected for inflation, displayed in the 1997 Economic Census published by the U.S. Census Bureau.
The Economic Impacts of Wildlife Watching
Tax Impact Quick Facts
9.3billioninfederaltaxrevenue8.9 billion in state tax revenue
Steve Hillebrand/USFWS6 Wildllife Watching in the U.S.: The Economic Impacts on National and State Economies in 2006
Table 2. National Expenditures for Wildlife Watching by Category: 2006
Expenditures
Percent of Category Expenditures
Percent of Total Expenditures
Trip-Related Expenditures
Food
4,298,403,00033.49.4Lodging3,217,878,000
25.0%
7.1%
Public transportation
1,566,963,00012.23.4Privatetransportation2,889,050,000
22.4%
6.3%
Guide fees, pack trip or package fees
250,047,0001.90.5Publiclandusefees140,508,000
1.1%
0.3%
Private land use fees
66,145,0000.50.1Equipmentrental148,706,000
1.2%
0.3%
Boating costs
224,981,0001.70.5Heatingandcookingfuel72,470,000
0.6%
0.2%
Total trip-related
12,875,152,000100.028.2EquipmentWildlife−watchingequipmentBinoculars,spottingscopes656,462,000
6.7%
1.4%
Cameras, video cameras, special lenses, and other photographic equipment
3,078,089,00031.26.7Filmanddeveloping767,465,000
7.8%
1.7%
Commercially prepared and packaged wild bird food
2,707,601,00027.45.9Otherbulkfoodsusedtofeedwildbirds642,531,000
6.5%
1.4%
Feed for other wildlife
664,554,0006.71.5Nestboxes,birdhouses,feeders,baths789,918,000
8.0%
1.7%
Day packs, carrying cases, and special clothing
451,524,0004.61.0Otherwildlife−watchingequipment(suchasfieldguidesandmaps)111,582,000
1.1%
0.2%
Wildlife-watching equipment, total
9,869,727,000100.021.6AuxiliaryequipmentTents,tarps243,670,000
23.6%
0.5%
Frame packs and backpacking equipment
140,371,00013.60.3Othercampingequipment368,281,000
35.6%
0.8%
Other auxiliary equipment (such as blinds)
280,739,00027.20.6Auxiliaryequipment,total1,033,060,000
100.0%
2.3%
Special equipment
Off-the-road vehicle
3,819,030,00031.18.4Travelortenttrailer,pickup,camper,van,motorhome,recreationalvehicle5,329,261,000
43.4%
11.7%
Boats, boat accessories
1,824,071,00014.94.0CabinsandOther1,298,904,000
10.6%
2.8%
Special equipment, total
12,271,266,000100.026.9OtherItemsMagazines,books359,681,000
3.7%
0.8%
Land leasing and ownership
6,551,517,00068.214.4Membershipduesandcontributions1,052,496,000
11.0%
2.3%
Plantings
1,642,061,00017.13.6Other,total9,605,755,000
100.0%
21.0%
National Total, All Items
45,654,960,000100.0TotalIndustryOutputThedirectexpendituresof45.7 billion in 2006 generated 122.6billionintotalindustrialoutput(TIO)acrosstheU.S.TIOincludesthedirect,indirect,andinducedeffects5ofwildlife−watchingexpenditures.TheratioofTIOtodirectexpenditures,2.68,meansthatforeach1 of direct spending associated with wildlife watching, an additional 1.68ofeconomicactivityisgenerated.Majorsectorsaffectedincluderetail5Directeffectsareproductionchangesassociatedwiththeimmediateeffectsofchangesinfinaldemand(inthiscase,changesinwildlife−associatedexpenditures);indirecteffectsareproductionchangesinthoseindustrieswhichsupplytheinputstoindustriesdirectlyaffectedbyfinaldemand;inducedeffectsarechangesinregionalhouseholdspendingpatternscausedbychangesinregionalemployment(generatedfromthedirectandindirecteffects)(Tayloretal.1993,AppendixE,p.E−1).tradewhichaccountedfor26.2 billion (21 percent of the impact in all sectors); manufacturing 22.4billion(18percent);andaccommodationandfoodservices7.3 billion (6 percent).
Employment and Employment Income
The total industrial output of 122.6billionresultedin1,063,482jobs(fullandparttime)withtotalincomeof40.5 billion. With respect to employment, major industrial sectors affected include trade with over 358 thousand jobs (34 percent); accommodation and food services with 116 thousand jobs (11 percent); real estate and rental with 71 thousand jobs (7 percent) and arts, entertainment, and recreation with 61 thousand jobs (6 percent).
The retail trade sector accounted for the largest portion of income at 10.6billion(28percent);manufacturingaccountedfor3.5 billion (9 percent); transportation and warehousing with 2.6billion(7percent)andaccommodationandfoodservicesat2.4 billion (6 percent). Table 3 summarizes economic impacts by major business sector.
Federal and State Taxes
Wildlife-watching expenditures generate taxes at both the state and federal level in a number of ways. Direct and indirect expenditures generate state sales tax (except in those states without sales tax). Second, employment income is taxed at both the state (with the exception of states which do not tax income) and federal levels. Additionally, tax revenue is generated through taxes on corporate profits and excise taxes such as fuel taxes. Based on total industrial output and associated employment that result from wildlife-watching, 2006 tax revenue at the federal level was 9.3billion,andtaxrevenueatthestateandlocallevelswas8.9 billion.
Table 3. National Economic Impacts of Wildlife Watching by Major North American Industrial Classification Sector: 2006
Total
Industrial Output
Sector as Percent
of Total
Employment
Sector as Percent
of Total
Salaries, Wages, and Business Owner’s Income
Sector as Percent
of Total
11 Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting
1,734,812,9281.419,4481.8429,253,120
1.1%
21 Mining
938,586,9440.82,0780.2191,473,248
0.5%
22 Utilities
1,869,424,1281.52,5860.2355,420,448
0.9%
23 Construction
1,095,349,7600.99,4680.9434,646,272
1.1%
31-33 Manufacturing
22,396,049,40818.357,3505.43,490,920,448
9.1%
42 Wholesale Trade
4,141,315,3283.423,5622.21,485,685,504
3.9%
48-49 Transportation and Warehousing
4,977,086,9764.149,7434.72,608,190,976
6.8%
44-45 Retail trade
26,186,409,98421.4358,98233.810,585,159,680
27.6%
51 Information
5,180,698,1124.217,0171.61,280,071,168
3.3%
52 Finance and insurance
6,462,498,8165.331,6703.02,248,221,696
5.9%
53 Real estate, rental, and leasing
12,442,369,02410.270,8106.72,112,347,264
5.5%
54 Professional, scientific, and technical services
5,293,267,9684.340,3023.82,413,937,408
6.3%
55 Management of companies
2,644,068,0962.212,3661.21,147,169,792
3.0%
56 Administrative and waste services
3,231,049,7282.656,6845.31,523,274,240
4.0%
61 Educational services
589,612,2880.510,9961.0317,360,864
0.8%
62 Health and social services
4,504,817,1523.754,2675.12,250,874,880
5.9%
71 Arts, entertainment, and recreation
2,733,827,5842.261,3205.81,144,816,896
3.0%
72 Accomodation and food services
7,316,387,8406.0116,45611.02,422,788,864
6.3%
81 Other services
4,111,477,5043.458,8195.51,484,820,864
3.9%
92 Government and non-NAICs
4,604,338,6883.89,5600.9490,758,976
1.3%
Total
122,581,880,075100.01,063,482100.040,460,527,120
100.0%8 Wildllife Watching in the U.S.: The Economic Impacts on National and State Economies in 2006
State Impacts
Table 5 shows the economic impacts of wildlife-watching expenditures by state for 2006. U.S. totals are shown at the bottom of Table 4. State totals do not add up to U.S. totals because state impact figures show only those impacts which occur within the state. For example, a Bozeman, Montana sporting goods store may carry a brand of fishing tackle that is manufactured in Burlington, Vermont. When an angler purchases the fishing tackle, only a portion of the money is kept by the retailer in Montana. Part of the total selling price goes to the Vermont manufacturer. This transaction between the sporting goods store and the manufacturer (or wholesaler, depending on the situation) will not appear in the Montana state totals. However, the U.S. totals capture these interstate impacts.
Table 4. Top 10 States Ranked by Economic Output: 2006
Economic Output
Wildife Watchers
California
7,861,7846,270,000Florida5,483,887
4,240,000
Texas
5,199,3134,225,000Georgia2,866,010
1,987,000
New York
2,744,9573,852,000Michigan2,682,981
3,227,000
Pennsylvania
2,617,9873,947,000Washington2,522,788
2,331,000
Colorado
2,498,6501,819,000Illinois2,094,651
2,566,000
USFWS
John and Karen Hollingsworth/USFWSWildllife Watching in the U.S.: The Economic Impacts on National and State Economies in 2006 9
Table 5. Total Wildlife-Watching Expenditures and Economic Impacts, State and National Totals: 2006
Retail Sales
Total Multiplier Effect
Salaries, Wages, and Business Owner’s Income
Jobs
State and Local Tax Revenue
Federal Tax Revenue
Alabama
450,004,000763,019,969
261,145,26810,15759,073,791
56,999,666Alaska581,051,000
979,049,156365,227,026
7,677
90,462,95173,981,210
Arizona
838,307,0001,417,593,023
497,597,60615,251118,656,059
112,152,584Arkansas607,073,000
962,498,578318,312,411
13,054
85,419,56168,251,298
California
4,179,583,0007,861,783,545
2,898,324,04771,589694,071,367
661,980,117Colorado1,387,737,000
2,498,650,078947,113,528
25,076
215,195,505215,199,322
Connecticut
509,950,000850,498,028
301,057,4087,72361,992,738
76,117,654Delaware130,832,000
202,985,06076,694,358
1,975
19,534,58517,091,820
Florida
3,081,496,0005,483,886,801
1,968,928,28454,699441,174,660
469,231,344Georgia1,615,316,000
2,866,010,418990,509,431
27,830
210,368,321218,156,184
Hawaii
210,414,000377,229,745
138,962,8194,03729,934,131
28,731,654Idaho265,383,000
443,322,880149,546,066
5,903
35,209,97730,692,944
Illinois
1,133,856,0002,094,651,278
732,522,62819,563172,860,981
173,519,438Indiana933,920,000
1,592,654,298534,963,380
18,382
127,643,050117,403,879
Iowa
$318,006,00
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