75,282 research outputs found
An analysis of variations and correlations between the physical properties of samaras of 11 maple species
No full textKluczem do projektowania i modelowania wielu procesów związanych ze zbiorem, obróbką i siewem nasion jest zdobycie informacji o zakresie zmienności ich cech fizycznych oraz występujących między tymi cechami współzależności. Dlatego też celem pracy jest wyznaczenie zakresu zmienności podstawowych cech fizycznych skrzydlaków wybranych ich gatunków oraz określenie współzależności między tymi cechami w aspekcie wykorzystania tych danych przy sortowaniu nasion. Z tego względu dokonano pomiarów prędkości krytycznej unoszenia, grubości, szerokości, długości i masy skrzydlaków jedenastu gatunków klonów oraz grubości i masy owocni każdego skrzydlaka po usunięciu skrzydełka. Na ich podstawie obliczono wskaźniki proporcji poszczególnych wymiarów i mas skrzydlaków. Dane z pomiarów i obliczeń opracowano statystycznie, wykorzystując analizę wariancji oraz analizę korelacji i regresji. Średnia prędkość krytyczna unoszenia skrzydlaków analizowanych gatunków klonów zawiera się w przedziale od 3,71 do 8,65 m·s–1, ich średnia grubość – od 0,28 do 0,61 mm, średnia szerokość – od 5,91 do 13,00 mm, średnia długość – od 21,59 do 45,60 mm, średnia masa – od 15,6 do 136,1 mg, średnia grubość owocni – od 1,31 do 6,38 mm oraz średnia masa owocni – od 12,4 do 110,6 mg. Pod względem masy skrzydlaki klonów są uszeregowane rosnąco wg następującej kolejności: tatarski, Henry’ego, Dawida, zielonokory, palmowy, jesionolistny, polny, jawor, kosmaty, okrągłolistny i pospolity. W procesie uszlachetniania materiału nasiennego klonów należy stosować separatory pneumatyczne i/lub separatory sitowe z sitami o otworach podłużnych, co zapewni większe wyrównanie uzyskanych frakcji pod względem masy skrzydlaków, a przy osobnym ich wysiewaniu może prowadzić do większego ujednolicenia terminu wschodów roślin.Information about the range of variation in the basic physical attributes of seeds and the presence of correlations between these attributes is essential for designing and modeling seed harvesting, processing and sowing operations. The aim of this study was to determine the range of variation in the basic physical properties of samaras of selected maple species and to identify correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting process. The terminal velocity, thickness, width, length and mass of samaras of 11 maple species and the thickness and mass of pericarps without wings were measured. The measured parameters were used to calculate the relative dimensions and the mass of samaras. The results were processed statistically by analysis of variance, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The average values of the evaluated parameters were determined in the following ranges: terminal velocity of samaras – from 3.71 to 8.65 m s–1, thickness of samaras – from 0.28 to 0.61 mm, width of samaras – from 5.91 to 13.00 mm, length of samaras – from 21.59 to 45.60 mm, mass of samaras – from 15.6 to 136.1 mg, pericarp thickness – from 1.31 to 6.38 mm, and pericarp mass – from 12.4 to 110.6 mg. The samaras of the analyzed maple species can be arranged in the following ascending order based on their mass: Tatarian maple, Henry’s maple, Père David’s maple, East Asian stripe maple, palmate maple, ash-leaved maple, field maple, sycamore maple, devil maple, vine maple and Norway maple. Maple seeds should be separated with the use of pneumatic separators and/or mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to produce fractions with similar samara mass and to promote germination uniformity
Model based evaluation of lithium ion capacitors use and management for plug-in hybrid vehicles
No full textThis paper deals with on-board integration of lithium-ion capacitors into plug-in hybrid electric vehicle applications. Power exchanges with the vehicle battery pack are controlled through a DC/DC bidirectional power converter, which is interposed between the DC-Link and a 125 V 73 F lithium-ion capacitor module. Specific energy management strategies have been evaluated and compared in this work with the aim of optimizing battery cycling life on different operative conditions (driving cycles and real driving mission profiles). Those evaluations are carried out in simulation environment, based on the use of detailed simulation models of a C-segment plug-in hybrid vehicle and lithium-ion capacitors. Models have been preliminary parametrized and validated by means of laboratory experimental activities. The obtained results highlighted the benefits of using hybrid energy storage systems, based on lithium-ion capacitors, in reducing power peaks for the battery pack and related impact on battery cycling life
The Benefits of Being Economics Professor A (and not Z)
No full textAlphabetic name ordering on multi-authored academic papers, which is the convention in the economics discipline and various other disciplines, is to the advantage of people whose last name initials are placed early in the alphabet. As it turns out, Professor A, who has been a first author more often than Professor Z, will have published more articles and experienced afaster growth rate over the course of her career as a result of reputation and visibility. Moreover, authors know that name ordering matters and indeed take ordering seriously: Several characteristics of an author group composition determine the decision to deviate from the default alphabetic name order to a significant extent.performance measurement, incentives, economists, name ordering
Final word on Jersey Dutch
No full textIn this article, William Z. Shetter compares and contrasts the dialects that developed between different Dutch colonies in the New World. He explores in-depth the nuances of Jersey Dutch, and provides theories to explain how Dutch and colonial languages blended. The article is reprinted from American Speech, December 1958, Volum XXXIII, No. 4
Logarithmic variance profiles and the corresponding f-1 spectra of temperature fluctuations in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection
No full textWe report experimental results for the temperature variance 2(z) and the corresponding frequency spectra P(f) in turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) in a cylindrical sample of aspect ratioT= D/L = 1:00 (D = 1:12 m is the diameter and L = 1:12 m the height). The measurements were conducted in the Rayleigh-number range 1011 < Ra < 1:35 1014 and Pr ' 0:8. For Ra = 1:35x1014, 2(z) could be described well by a logarithmic dependence on the vertical position z in a range of z 1 < z < z 2 with z 1 ' 70 and z 2 = 0:1L. Here L=(2Nu) is the thickness of a thin thermal sublayer adjacent to the horizontal plate where the heat flux (denoted by the Nusselt number Nu) is carried mostly by thermal diffusion. In the log layer, we found that the temperature spectra had a significant frequency range over which P(f) f with close to 1. As Ra decreased, increased so that the log layer became thinner. At Ra = 2:05 1011, z 2 < z 1 and therefore there was no range for a log layer. Correspondingly, the temperature spectrum near the horizontal plate did not have the f1 scaling form either
Statistics of the subgrid scales after the shock-turbulence interaction
No full textThe interaction of a normal shock with isotropic turbulence (IT) represents a basic problem for studying some of the phenomena associated with high speed flows, such as hypersonic flight, supersonic combustion and Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF). In general, in practical applications, the shock width is much smaller than the turbulence scales and the upstream turbulent Mach number is modest. In this case, recent high resolution shock-resolved Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) (Ryu and Livescu, J. Fluid Mech., 756, R1, 2014) show that the interaction can be described by the Linear Interaction Approximation (LIA). By using LIA to alleviate the need to solve the shock, DNS post-shock data can be generated at much higher Reynolds numbers than previously possible. Here, such results with Taylor Reynolds number around are used to investigate the properties of the subgrid scales (SGS). In particular, it is shown that the shock interaction decreases the asymmetry of the SGS dissipation PDF as the shock Mach number increases, with a significant enhancement in size of the regions and magnitude of backscatter
Transition to turbulence in a qblique shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction at M=15
No full textDirect numerical simulations are carried out for different forcing techniques to trigger transition during the interaction between an oblique shock-wave and a laminar boundary-layer at M = 1.5. Three forcing methods are used: a) forcing of oblique unstable modes, whose shape and behaviour are determined by the local linear stability theory, b) broadband free-stream acoustic disturbances, and c) a cold plasma flow control device. While the oblique-mode breakdown is dominant for low-amplitude forcing, long streaky structures drive the transition process in a high-amplitude disturbance environment. LES are also performed on the experimental setup by the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (ITAM) from Novosibirsk State University with cold plasma actuation. As well as the disturbance type, the effect of Reynolds number and forcing amplitude will be investigated
Triangular Constellations in Flows
No full textParticles advected on the surface of a fluid can exhibit fractal clustering. The local structure of a fractal set is described by its dimension , which is the exponent of a power-law relating the mass in a ball to its radius : . It is desirable to characterise the {\em shapes} of constellations of points sampling a fractal measure, as well as their masses. The simplest example is the distribution of shapes of triangles formed by triplets of points, which we investigate for fractals generated by chaotic dynamical systems. The most significant parameter describing the triangle shape is the ratio of its area to the radius of gyration squared. We show that the probability density of has a phase transition: is independent of and approximately uniform below a critical flow compressibility , which we estimate. For the distribution appears to be described by two power laws: when , and when
Preferential concentration of particles in compressible turbulence
No full textThe behavior of particles in compressible turbulence has been seldom investigated to date despite its importance in many natural and industrial flows. Direct numerical simulations of particle-laden compressible isotropic turbulence are performed to study the preferential concentration of particles and the underling mechanisms. It turns out that heavy particles tend to concentrate in regions of low enstrophy and high fluid density (i.e, strain regions between vortex rings), especially the particles of Kolmogorov scale, which show the largest number density. Due to the compressibility, fluid particles do not distribute uniformly as in incompressible case, but show a tendency to bunch up in high density zones. The preliminary result might give some insights into compressible turbulent transport, dispersion and mixing as well as the subgrid-scale modeling for large-eddy simulation of particle-laden compressible flows
Turbulent structures in unsteady wall-bounded flow subject to temporal acceleration
No full textDirect numerical simulations (DNS) of a transient turbulent channel flow subject to constant temporal acceleration have been performed with a final Reynolds number of \Retau=800. The response of turbulent structures to the temporal acceleration is investigated. A significant delay in the response of turbulent flow is observed in various turbulent properties. It is found that the response of turbulent flow to temporal acceleration consists of two stages: the destruction of the initial \emph{old} turbulence, followed by the generation of \emph{new} turbulence associated with a higher number. The \emph{new} turbulence is much stronger than the \emph{old} turbulence
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