100 research outputs found
Accumulation of ATG9A at the TGN in neurons from AP-4 ε KO mice.
No full text(A) Co-immunostaining of hippocampal neurons from WT and KO mice for ATG9A (green) and GM130 (red). Single-channel images are shown in inverted grayscale. Outlines of the neurons are indicated by dashed lines. Images on the rightmost column are 3-fold-magnified views of the neuronal soma from the merged images. Bars: 10 μm. (B) Rescue of the normal distribution of endogenous ATG9A by transfection of plasmids encoding HA-tagged ε and PM-RFP into hippocampal neurons from KO mice. Neurons were stained for endogenous ATG9A (green) and GM130 (white), and for the HA epitope (blue). The six panels on the right are single-channel, inverted grayscale, magnified views of the boxed areas 1 and 2 on the left. Bar: 20 μm. Notice the concentration of ATG9A at the TGN and concomitant depletion from the periphery in the AP-4 ε KO neurons, and the reversal of this phenotype in the HA-ε-rescued neurons.</p
Liberty : Its Definition, Value and Measurement
No full textOnly abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnäytekioskeilla.Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.This thesis examines the concept of political liberty (or freedom – the two terms are used as synonyms). In the first chapter I deal with the necessary and sufficient conditions for an agent to be considered free or unfree. This is an opinionated overview that lays the ground for the following sections but which does not reach firm conclusions. The second chapter deals with the value of liberty and asks in what way and to what extent liberty can be considered valuable. I conclude that liberty can be held to be valuable both instrumentally and constitutively but that not all freedoms are therefore equally valuable. In the final chapter I consider the measurement of freedom and conclude that epistemically, it may be possible to measure freedom in an overall sense. In practice, however, it is not possible at the current time nor for the foreseeable future. Furthermore, I argue that a non-evaluative measurement of freedom will lead to very counter-intuitive results. The second and third chapters of this thesis owe a special debt to two recent books on liberty that have, in my view, taken the debate to a higher level. The first is “A Measure of Freedom” by Ian Carter and the second is “The Quality of Freedom” by Matthew Kramer
Additional file 1 of Prevalence of HIV in slums area: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textAdditional file 1: Appendix 1. PRISMA checklist
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram of the search, screen and selection of studies focusing on the overuse of computed tomography in mild head injury.
No full textOf the 913 potentially relevant studies identified, eight studies were selected for the final analysis.</p
The overuse of computed tomography for mild head injury according to the region.
No full textRandom effects model used for analysis (95% confidence interval). The rate of CT overuse in mild head injury patients was 36% [95% CI: 3–92; I2 = 100%] in Europe, 27% [95% CI: 20–36; I2 = 91%] in Asia, and 20% [95% CI: 5–53; I2 = 98%] in America. (DOCX)</p
Forest plot of assessment the effect of excluding or including retained studies using sensitivity analysis.
No full textIn this analysis, each study is excluded and in its absence, the impact on the rate amount is evaluated. This analysis showed that the results did not change and the of CT overuse in mild head injury was estimated to be 27% [95% CI: 16–43].</p
The overuse of computed tomography for mild head injury by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE).
No full textRandom effects model used for analysis (95% confidence interval). The overall rate of CT overuse in mild head injury according to the NICE was estimated to be 43% [95% CI: 13–80; I2 = 99%]. (DOCX)</p
Assessment of heterogeneity of included studies for overuse of computed tomography in mild head injury using.
No full textBaujat plot. Most studies showed similar overuse rates, but one study (Cellina) had a significantly higher rate. Excluding it, the rate was 22% (95% CI: 15–32; I2 = 98%).</p
The search strategy.
No full textBackgroundComputed tomography (CT) scan is a common imaging technique used to evaluate the severity of a head injury. The overuse of diagnostic interventions in the health system is a growing concern worldwide.Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the rate of CT scan overuse in cases of mild head injury.MethodsEligibility criteria: We encompassed observational studies—either designed as cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional investigations—that reported on CT scan overuse rates for mild head injuries. Studies had to be published in peer-reviewed, English-language sources and provide full content accessInformation sources: Web of Sciences, Scopus, Medline via PubMed, the Cochrane Library and Embase were searched from inception until April 1, 2023. Studies were included if reporting the overuse of CT scans for mild head injuries using validated criteria.Risk of bias: We used the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies ‐ of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool to evaluate the risk bias assessment of included studies. Two independent reviewers evaluated the eligibility of studies, extracted data, and assessed study quality by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.Synthesis of results: Overuse estimates were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed to investigate any sources of heterogeneity. Point rate of overuse of CT scans for mild head injuries was the main outcome measured as percentage point estimates with corresponding 95% CIs.ResultsIncluded studies: Of the 913 potentially relevant studies identified, eight studies were selected for the final analysis.Synthesis of results: The pooled rate of CT scan overuse in patients with mild head injury was found to be 27% [95% CI: 16–43; I2 = 99%]. The rate of CT scan overuse in mild head injury cases varied depending on the criteria used. The rate of CT scan overuse was 37% [95% CI: 32–42; I2 = 0%] with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 30% [95% CI: 16–49; I2 = 99%] with the Canadian computed tomography head rule, and 10% [95% CI: 8–14; I2 = 0%] with the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network criterion (PERCAN). Based on subgroup analyses, the rate of CT scan overuse in mild head injury cases was observed to be 30% with the Canadian computed tomography head rule criterion, 43% with the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence criterion, and 18% with the New Orleans criterion.ConclusionLimitations of evidence: The restricted number of included studies may impact generalizability. High heterogeneity was observed, leading to subgroup analyses based on age, assessment criteria, and study region. Absent data on overuse causes hinders drawing conclusions on contributing factors. Furthermore, this study solely addressed overuse rates, not associated harm or benefits.Interpretation: The overuse of CT scans in mild head injury patients is concerning, as it can result in unnecessary radiation exposure and higher healthcare costs. Clinicians and policymakers should prioritize the implementation of guidelines to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure, healthcare costs, and potential harm to patients.Trial registrationThe study protocol of this review was registered in PROSPERO under the identification code CRD42023416080. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023416080.</div
The overuse of computed tomography for mild head injury based on country.
No full textRandom effects model used for analysis (95% confidence interval). The rate of CT Overuse of scan in patients with mild head injury was 35% [95% CI: 30:40] in America, 35% [95% CI: 30:40] in Iran, 23% [95% CI: 19:27] in Bahrain, 20% [95% CI: 16:25] in Singapore, 11% [95% CI: 9:13] in Israel and 10% [95% CI: 8:14] in Canada. (DOCX)</p
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