48 research outputs found
The demand for military spending in developing countries: A dynamic panel analysis
No full textEstimating demand functions for developing countries before and after the end of the Cold War, Dunne and Perlo-Freeman (2003) found little evidence of any change in the underlying relationship. One concern with their analysis was that the use of cross-section averages might have obscured important time series effects. This paper deals with this issue by analysing their data using static and dynamic panel data methods. This produces evidence of a change in relationship and suggests that the focus in the literature on cross-section analyses has indeed limited our understanding of important dynamic processes at work within countries.Military Spending, Developing Countries, Demand,
Determining Military Expenditures: Arms Races and Spill-Over Effects in Cross-Section and Panel Data
No full textThis paper considers the determinants of military spending, building on an emerging literature that estimates military expenditure demand functions in cross-section and panel data, incorporating ‘arms-race’ type effects. It updates Dunne and Perlo-Freeman (2003b) using the SIPRI military expenditure database for the period 1988-2003, finding broadly similar results. It also shows differences in results across panel methods, particularly the within and between estimates and illustrates the importance of recognising and modelling dynamic processes within panel data. Heterogeneity is also found to be an important issue and when countries are broken up into groups on the basis of per capita income there is no obvious systematic pattern in the results. This is seen to imply that the demand for military spending, even between two mutually hostile powers, may depend on the whole nature of the relationship between them (and other countries and events in the region), and not simply Richardsonian action-reaction patterns.Military Spending; Demand; Arms races; Spillovers; Panel data
Determining Military Expenditures: Arms Races and Spill-Over Effects in Cross-Section and Panel Data
No full textThis paper considers the determinants of military spending, building on an emerging literature that estimates military expenditure demand functions in cross-section and panel data, incorporating ‘arms-race’ type effects. It updates Dunne and Perlo-Freeman (2003b) using the SIPRI military expenditure database for the period 1988-2003, finding broadly similar results. It also shows differences in results across panel methods, particularly the within and between estimates and illustrates the importance of recognising and modelling dynamic processes within panel data. Heterogeneity is also found to be an important issue and when countries are broken up into groups on the basis of per capita income there is no obvious systematic pattern in the results. This is seen to imply that the demand for military spending, even between two mutually hostile powers, may depend on the whole nature of the relationship between them (and other countries and events in the region), and not simply Richardsonian action-reaction patterns.Military Spending; Demand; Arms races; Spillovers; Panel data
Determining military expenditures: arms races and spill-over effects in cross-section and panel data
No full textThis paper considers the determinants of military spending, building on an emerging literature that estimates military expenditure demand functions in cross-section and panel data, incorporating ‘arms-race’ type effects. It updates Dunne and Perlo-Freeman (2003b) using the SIPRI military expenditure database for the period 1988-2003, finding broadly similar results. It also shows differences in results across panel methods, particularly the within and between estimates and illustrates the importance of recognising and modelling dynamic processes within panel data. Heterogeneity is also found to be an important issue and when countries are broken up into groups on the basis of per capita income there is no obvious systematic pattern in the results. This is seen to imply that the demand for military spending, even between two mutually hostile powers, may depend on the whole nature of the relationship between them (and other countries and events in the region), and not simply Richardsonian action-reaction patterns
Heptranchias perlo
No full textHeptranchias perlo (Bonnaterre, 1788) Sharpnose Sevengill Shark Squalus perlo Bonnaterre, 1788: 10. Holotype: unknown. Type locality: “La Méditerranée” [Mediterranean Sea]. Local synonymy: Heptranchias cinereus: Duméril, 1865: 437, pl. 4.? Heptranchis pectorosus: Barnard, 1925: 21, fig. 1, pl. 1 (in part, teeth appear to be H. perlo). Heptranchias perlo: Smith, 1953: 511; Smith, 1965: 511; Bass et al., 1975d: 11, fig. 7, pl. 4; Compagno, 1984a: 17, fig.; Bass et al., 1986: 45, fig. 2.1; Compagno et al., 1989: 18, pl.; Ebert, 1990: 38, fig. 3.13; Compagno, et al., 1991: 51; Compagno, 1999: 114; Heemstra & Heemstra, 2004: 52; Compagno et al., 2005: 66, fig., pl. 1; Barnett et al., 2012: 968; Ebert, 2013: 39, fig. 30; Ebert et al., 2013 a: 68, fig., pl. 1; Ebert & Mostarda, 2013: 9, fig.; NPOA, 2013: 36; Ebert & Dando, 2014: 77, fig.; da Silva et al., 2015: 247; Ebert, 2015: 42, fig. 38; Ebert & Mostarda, 2015: 9, fig.; Ebert & van Hees, 2015: 144; Compagno, 2016: 1148; Weigmann, 2016: 887. South Africa voucher material: SAIAB 6064, SAIAB 6246 [former ORI 453], SAIAB 6255, SAIAB 189030, SAIAB 193573, SAIAB 201757. Ebert (1990) examined numerous South African specimens, many of which are now in the fish collection (uncatalogued) at SAM. South Africa distribution: Cape Agulhas (WC) to the KZN border with Mozambique. Remarks: The species is most common off KZN, but individuals have been taken during survey cruises at least as far west as Cape Agulhas (WC). Early records of this species may have been misidentified with its larger congener (N. cepedianus), which mostly occurs in Cape waters. Barnard (1925: fig. 1, pl. 1) illustrates a sevengill shark that appears to be Notorynchus cepedianus, but the associated teeth are more consistent with those of H. perlo. Conservation status: NT (2020). Genus Hexanchus Rafinesque, 1810a Sixgill Sharks Hexanchus Rafinesque, 1810a: 14. Type species: “ Squalus griseus Lacépède ”, by original designation, a junior synonym of Squalus griseus Bonnaterre, 1788.Published as part of Ebert, David A., Wintner, Sabine P. & Kyne, Peter M., 2021, An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyans of South Africa, pp. 1-127 in Zootaxa 4947 (1) on page 18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4947.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/461456
THE MILITARY EXPENDITURE-EXTERNAL DEBT NEXUS: NEW EVIDENCE FROM A PANEL OF MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES
No full textThis paper examines the impact of military expenditure and income on external debt for a panel of six Middle Eastern countries; namely, Oman, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Iran, and Jordan, over the period 1988 to 2002. Using Pedroni's (2004) test for panel cointegration, we find that there is a long-run relationship between external debt, military expenditure and income. The estimated long-run elasticities suggest that an increase in military expenditure contributes to a rise in external debt, while an increase in income helps the Middle Eastern countries to pay off their external debt.
Military Expenditure and Debt in South America
No full textThe debt crisis that struck South American countries in the 1980s led to severe recession, and chronic economic problems. This paper considers one potentially important contributor to the growth of external debt, namely military spending. It considers the experience of Argentina, Brazil and Chile. It finds was no evidence that military burden had any impact on the evolution of debt in Argentina and Brazil, but some evidence that military burden tended to increase debt in Chile. At the same time Chile was the least affected of the three countries by acute financial crises resulting from the debt problems, although their relative levels of debt were as high or higher. This suggests that military burden may be important in determining debt in countries, but it is only of significance when it is not swamped by other macroeconomic and international factors.Military spending; external debt; South America.
The Topology of Conflict and Co-operation
No full textThe class of simultaneous 2x2 pure-strategy ordinal games (which include well-known games such as Prisoner’s Dilemma, Chicken and Stag Hunt) have received considerable attention, including complete classification schemes by amongst others Rapoport & Guyer (1978) and Robinson & Goforth (2005). This paper focuses on a particularly pertinent subset of these games, described as the ‘Co-operate-Defect’ (C-D) games, which are characterised by each player having a dominant preference for a particular strategy by the other player. These games are therefore relevant in a number of contexts, including arms race games and collective action problems. The C-D games may be efficiently classified by assigning each player one of six distinct types, a classification that cannot be naturally extended to the full class of 2x2 games. The six types and the resulting game forms are analysed, and the subclass of CD games are identified within a topological structure for the 2x2 games devised by Robinson & Goforth (2005).Conflict; co-operation; game theory; co-operate-defect games
