40 research outputs found
Novel approaches in current-feedback operational amplifier design
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<i>Al-Sab<sup>c</sup> al-mathānī</i> (Q. 15:87)
No full text Scholastic opinion on the meaning of the phrase al-sabc al-mathānī has differed widely. It is variously said to refer to the Fātiḥa, the seven suras al-Baqara, Āl cImrān, al-Nisāↄ, al-Māↄida, al-Ancām, al-Acrāf, and al-Anfāl plus al-Tawba (the latter two suras counting as one on account of there being no basmala between them), or the entire Qur'an, while others say that al-sabc al-mathānī refers to the division of the Qur'an into commands and prohibitions, glad tidings and admonitions, the coining of likenesses, the enumeration of blessings and accounts of past generations. It is also said that the term al-mathānī is derived from tathniya, repetition, and that the Fātiḥa is connected to repetition in two ways: first, it is repeated in ritual prayer; and, second, it repeatedly embodies praise of God. It is also however said that al-mathānī is the plural of mithnā (rope): the mathniyy of a thing is doubled or incorporates two, and accordingly one says ‘I doubled (thanaytu) something’ meaning ‘I folded it and laid the two pieces side by side’. Thus the meaning of al-sabc al-mathānī is seven things that may each be classified as belonging to a pair, and hence in order to comprehend what is signified by mathānī, one must understand the intended meaning of the Qur'an. This can be achieved through an investigation of its internal intertextualities, i.e. by analysing the relationships implicit in the connections that appear between these texts one uncovers, through one text, the purport of another. This study, therefore, relies upon intertextuality in order to understand the intended meaning of al-mathānī. </jats:p
<i>al-Dalāla al-lughawiyya</i>: Meaning in Single Words, and Contextual Variation
No full text This atricle starts from the basic premise that language is a complete system which is formed of mutually supporting subsidiary structures. On this premise, it critically discusses the view prevalent among linguists that the lexicon of a language does not in itself represent a language system; rather it is a record of individual words, without organised form that might be said to render it a precise discipline distinguished by its own distinctive rules. The study points out that it was these very same linguists who observed the existence of semantic fields in which individual words can be classed, and who claim that any given two words may form two different semantic fields which either may or may not be suitable for combination in a given collocation. This has been expressed by scholars of ʿilm al-bayān as the principle that a lexical item can be predicated to something that is either contextually appropriate or inappropriate to it. </jats:p
Contribution of omega (782) resonance on the response functions for d(e, e′π-)pp reaction
Get PDFIn present work we study the effect of the Omega (ω (782)) resonance on the response functions for the incoherent negative pion electroproduction form the deuteron at different values for the four-momentum transfers squared (K2) and the virtual photon lab energy (k0lab). The study is carried out in the impulse approximation (IA) i.e. the final state interactions are neglected. The elementary amplitude for pion electroproduction is taken from the MAID-2007 model. © 2018 Author(s).The author is grateful to Al-Azhar University Faculty of Science Physics Department Assuit branch for financial support and the authors gratefully acknowledge the technical support and scientific equipment provided by the Ural Center for Shared Use “Modern Nanotechnology” (SNSM Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Structural and Functional Insights into the Pilotin-Secretin Complex of the Type II Secretion System
No full textPMCID: PMC3276575This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Grammatical Correctness and Stylistic Beauty in the Qur'an
No full text Arab grammarians sought to construct a system in which rules are universal. They relied on classification, observing conformity and difference in the language material they collected, and made conformity the basis of a given class, while disagreement distinguished one category from another. They thereby derived rules which they declared to be universal. When there were found to be restrictions on universality in a particular rule, they created a subsidiary rule, on condition that it did not entail ambiguity. However, conformity and similarity may result in multiple possibilities, which can in fact lead to ambiguity, while disagreement and difference provide distinct forms with unequivocal meanings. The grammarians had to discover indicators (qarā 'in) that point to the appropriate grammatical function in every category. They were able to isolate the following: 1. Conjoining (taḍāmm) 2. Word Order (al-rutba), whether fixed or changeable 3. Connectivity (rabṭ), by co-referencing or by concordance 4. Inflection signs (calāmāt al-icrāb) 5. Morphological patterns (al-binya) 6. Particles (al-adawāt) 7. Context (al-siyāq) It was in the light of all these, that grammarians ruled a structure to be correct or incorrect. Language, however, is much wider than grammar, and usage is not only concerned with grammatical correctness but also with stylistic considerations which can lead to departure from the grammatical rule, for instance by addition, omission, relaxation of the rule or metaphorical usage, and other features of stylistic boldness which challenge the universality of grammatical rules. The Qur'an was revealed 'in a clear Arabic tongue' before the existence of the study of grammar (naḥw). It thus embodied the force of the language, which is shown in many types of departure from the normal rules for stylistic considerations. This article considers where the Qur'an stands with regard to grammatical correctness and stylistic beauty. The article explains that the assumed universality of the rules that grammarians needed for their system is much narrower than the rich usage of the Qur'an, which does not submit to strict universality or analogy. Grammarians themselves when faced with a usage that differed from their rules were forced to overlook these or resort to reinterpretation in order to maintain universality for their rules. Such differences from the rules are seen in three important areas: 1) Features such as omission, addition, preponderance, separation or parenthesis, which do not lead to ambiguity in the statement. 2) Subsidiary rules, many of which are listed in the article. 3) Making concession in the indicators of meaning when there was no fear of ambiguity (the article lists many examples for each indicator). Such explanations show grammar to be much narrower than the language because grammar concentrated, from the beginning, on what followed the rules and avoided listing features of stylistic boldness which belong to the aesthetic aspect of the text and hence do submit to general grammatical rules. It is not surprising that quarrels often occurred between grammarians and poets, where the grammarian was armed with his universal rules, and the poet retorted with his artistic freedom, saying, ‘Our task is to say, and yours is to find suitable interpretations for what we say.’ The article then goes on to trace elements of beauty in the Qur'anic style at the level of sounds and patterns and choices of words as well as through imagery, descriptions, etc. Under each of these the author examines many examples from the Qur'an to illustrate its stylistic beauty. </jats:p
Evaluation of Results of Unstable Intertrochanteric Femoral Fracture Fixation by Proximal Femoral Nail "PFN " Versus Dynamic Hip Screw
Get PDFBackground: The most common implant used for intertrochanteric fractures is the dynamic hip screw (DHS). For the treatment of unstable fractures, cephalo-medullary devices are recommended, especially in cases where medial buttressing is absent. The proximal femoral nail (PFN) was devised by the AO/ASIF and included an additional anti-rotation hip pin, a lower load-bearing neck screw, and two proximal screws.
Objectives: To assess outcomes of unstable Intertrochanteric Femoral Fracture fixation using Proximal Femoral Nails (PFN) versus DHS.
Patients and methods: This prospective study was carried out on 40 patients with clinical criteria of unstable intertrochanteric femur fracture. Patients were divided into two equal groups: PFN group and DHS group.
Results: Incision length and fluoroscopy time were significantly higher in DHS group than PFN group (P value=0.001 and 0.002). VAS showed non-significant differences. Aid usage, union time, full weightbearing time, infection, non-union, lag screw cut through, metal failure and for revision were insignificantly different between both groups. Malunion didn’t occur in any patient in both groups.
Conclusion: Our study found no significant difference between PFN and DHS with regards to pain scores, Harris hip scores, gait patterns, ambulation distances, assistive device utilization, time to union, time to full weight-bearing, and postoperative complication rates. However, the DHS technique was associated with a larger incision length and increased fluoroscopy time compared to the PFN technique
Combined Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nail and External Fixation Versus Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nail Alone in the Management of Length-Unstable Pediatric Femoral Fractures: A Prospective Randomised Controlled Clinical Study
Get PDFBackground: Femoral shaft fractures account for approximately 1.6% of fractures in the pediatric population. However, the optimal treatment modality for length-unstable fractures is still controversial.
Objectives: Our study aims to compare combined elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN) and external fixation (EF) versus ESIN alone in the management of length-unstable femur fractures in pediatric patients in terms of surgical, functional, and radiological outcomes.
Patients and Methods: Forty patients (20 in each group) with length-unstable femur fractures. First group was managed by ESIN and EF, and the other group was managed by ESIN alone. Both groups were compared in terms of surgical, functional, and radiological outcomes.
Results: The mean follow-up period was 8.4 ± 1.2 months in the ESIN group and 9.1 ± 1.6 months in the ESIN/EF group. Radiological outcomes, as measured by Beaty’s criteria, have shown a statistically significant difference between groups. However, both groups has similar functional outcomes and rate of postoperative complications.
Conclusion: This study has demonstrated superiority of ESIN/EF over ESIN alone in terms of radiological outcomes with no significant differences as regards functional outcomes and postoperative complications
Pregnant Women’s Opinions of the Food Provided in Prison
No full textPregnant Women’s Opinions of the Food Provided in Prison L. Abbott1 , T. Preston2 , J. Tammam2 1 Allied Health Professions and Midwifery; 2 Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Hertfordshire Corresponding Author: Laura Abbott Background: The UK has the highest incarceration rate in Western Europe, with pregnant women comprising 6% of the female prison population. There are limited qualitative studies documenting the experiences of pregnancy whilst serving a prison sentence. Prison food provision is their main dietary source. Women often receive the same diet as their non-pregnant counterparts, relying on food packs to meet additional nutritional requirements. This research aimed to analyse incarcerated pregnant women’s and staff members opinions of the diet provided within three English prisons. Ethical approval: Favourable ethical opinion for the primary study was granted by the National Offender Management Services (NOMS) through the Health Research Authority Integrated Research Application System (IRAS) and permission to proceed was granted by the University of Hertfordshire. Methods: This research analysed incarcerated pregnant women’s perceptions of the food provided within English prisons. To support the early manual colour coding, NVivo, a computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) was selected to help to organise the data. Secondary qualitative analysis of transcripts from 28 audio-recorded semi-structured interviews of incarcerated pregnant women and 10 members of staff built upon original doctorate research undertaken by Abbott (2018). This used a peerreviewed framework methodology, following previous, initial coding for food themes to allow a secondary analysis using peer-reviewed framework methodology (Pope & Mays, 2006). In addition, further secondary analyses were undertaken on the opinion of ten members of prison staff to carry out a comparative analysis. Results: Prison food is mainly supported by staff and critiqued by incarcerated women. Food is often described as inadequate by women and many report feeling hungry, especially at night-time: “you are starving”. Food also had an emotional context where women felt deprived leading to frustration: “you have to eat because you are pregnant and or you would die”. The diet provided was mainly viewed positively by staff and negatively by women who consume the food provided. Key themes included: 1) opinions of food provided: “not getting enough nutrition and stuff like that…the diet is poor”; 2) the dining experience: “in prison you just turn up for your meals…they just sort of slop it on your plate”; 3) the prison environment: “you can buy noodles on the canteen and fruit and cereals and stuff like that”; 4) pregnancy, post-partum and personal struggles: “For the first three months I didn’t really eat”. Staff interviewed articulated that pregnant women should not be treated differently from other prisoners. The confusion over policy and the rights of pregnant prisoners was illustrated by staff: “I think they do get extra milk and fruit”. A common rhetoric from staff concerned pregnancy overriding the status of being a prisoner because of receiving extra food or nutrients: “Just because it is a craving, it doesn’t mean you can break the security rules”. Discussion: The inadequacy of the prison diet has been described by pregnant women and has a detrimental effect on women’s experience of nutrition. At night-time, hunger is often exacerbated, with the prison environment limiting a woman’s personal freedom over when she can satiate her hunger. For the pregnant women, not being able to take control of their nutritional wellbeing was especially difficult. All women interviewed for Abbott’s (2018) original research discussed prison food when asked about their experiences of being pregnant in prison. Most women used negative descriptors to articulate their feelings of food and nutritional deprivation, emotional frustration and hunger. Food would dominate their urges for some women as their hunger trumped all other needs. Overwhelmingly women expressed concern about the quality and quantity of food, highlighting the lack of uniformity and stability across the system. Conclusion: Women often voiced an expectation that their pregnancy deserved a ‘special status’ which would guarantee access to high-quality and timely food (for example), yet this was not in their experience. The experiences of pregnant prisoners are negative due to poor food quality, inconsistencies between and within prisons, and lack of support. This demonstrates the need for re-evaluation within the criminal justice system to meet the nutritional needs of these women. References: Abbott L. J. (2018). The Incarcerated Pregnancy: An Ethnographic Study of Perinatal Women in English Prisons. University of Hertfordshire. Pope, C., & Mays, N.(2006). Qualitative Research in Health Care. (3rd ed.). Chapter 7; p63-82. Massachusetts, Oxford, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Kaidah-Kaidah Bahasa Arab Non-Fungsional: Upaya Menghadirkan Materi Kaidah Bahasa Arab yang Lebih Mudah
No full textThis study aims to further analyze some Arabic language rules that do not have semantic functions in a sentence; both rules derive from the nahwu and sharaf. The primary source of the study is the Arabic language rules analyzed using the text content (madhmûn) approach. The steps are firstly making an inventory of the rules stated anomaly, then finding its ‘illah (reason/cause), and then the conclusions are taken. The results of the study prove that there are Arabic rules that do not have semantic functions. This happens because the motive for its creation is not intended to present new intentions and meanings in a sentence. Among these motives are reasons for sentence efficiency, philosophical nuances and reasons for being mild in pronunciation. The patterns used are al-hadzf, al-ibdl, al-rutbah/taqdîm ta’khîr and al-ziyâdah. The results of this study are not in line with the 'traditional scholars such as al-Mâzinî, (d. 248 H), al-Mubarrid (d. 285 H.), al-Farrâ' (d. 189 H) who said that Arabic linguistics has been perfect and final and there is no need to review on it. On the contrary, this research strengthens the opinion of modern linguists such as Ibn Madlâ (d. 592 H), Syauqî Dhayf (born 1910 AD), Tammam Hasan (born 1918 AD) who said that Arabic science is convoluted, very philosophical and not apparently consistent, which must be reviewed to make it look lighter and easier to learn especially for beginners and finally the impression that Arabic is complicated, difficult and convoluted can be avoided
