1,721,287 research outputs found
A critical analysis of Christian responses to Islamic claims about the work of the Prophet Muhammad, ‘the Messenger of God’.
Get PDFThe aims of this study are to analyse critically the different Christian responses to the Islamic understanding of the work of Muhammad. Chapter one consists a short introduction leading to an appraisal of Muhammad which incorporates historical, hagiographal and Quranic source material, and in the light of relevant Christian and Muslim scholarship. The second chapter presents a summary critical analysis of Muhammad in Christian theological perspective, from 661 A.D. to modern times. Chapter three presents a critique of Christian responses to the Muslim allegations that the text of the Bible has been infected with corruption; and that Muhammad's advent and status are foretold in the unadulterated' scriptures, and in the Gospel of Barnabas. Chapter four examines the theological significance of the work of Muhammad for Christians. Thus, Jesus and Muhammad are critically assessed and contrasted in order to ascertain the importance, for Christians, of the Muslim claims in respect of Muhammad as ’the messenger of God’. Chapter five provides a critical evaluation of the various Christian responses to Muhammad. It is argued that many of the said responses have been entangled in myths and misperceptions which have severely distorted the true account of Muhammad's work. Consequently, many Christians have failed to appreciate the divine legitimacy of Muhammad's call to prophethood. Further, it is argued that Christians should accept that Muhammad is a genuine prophet, and the messenger of God. However, Muhammad's use of the power-structure in order to maintain Islam is in sharp contrast to Jesus’ decision to face the consequences of his ministry passively through faith in God. Accordingly, orthodox Christian belief in the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus provides another dimension to prophethood, where the messenger and the message become one, an identification which finds no parallel in Islam, and which, in the nature of the case, cannot find a parallel
Imam Salim b. Rashid and the Imamate revival in Oman 1331/1913 - 1338/1920
Get PDFThe principal aim of this thesis is to assess the performance of Imam Salim b.Rashid and the Imamate revival in Oman during the second decade of the 20th century. It
presents biographical information about Imam Salim, with special reference to the military and political policies by which he established and consolided his Imamate in the
Interior Province, and his relations with the Sultan and the latter's British supporters. An attempt is also made to explore the relationship between the Imam and the Omani tribes and to evaluate his administrative success. This thesis comprises eight chapters, and the introduction and conclusion. The introduction reviews the relevant literature on the topic. The first chapter describes the geographical setting and provides a historical background,
relating to three principal matters: the rise of the Iba<;liyyah and the development of the Imamate in Oman; the events in Oman after Sd. Sa'id's death up to 1913; and the effects of the First World War. The second chapter seeks to give an account of the career of Imam Salim's life and the Imamate revival. The third chapter discusses the manner in
which the Imam was elected, private and public allegiance (bay'ah) and the Imam's aims and policy programme. Chapter Four deals with the Imam's military operations and the
spread of his authority over Oman. Chapter Five examines the attempts at negotiation between the Imam and the Sultan, and the role of the British Government and the local
figures in this regard. Chapter Six is devoted to a discussion of the role of the tribes in support of Imam Salim, and the extent of the Imam's influence over these tribes. Chapter Seven assesses the Imam's administrative machinery, including the political system, the bureaucracy, education policy, and financial apparatus. Chapter Eight examines the causes behind the assassination of Imam Salim and the signing of the Treaty of al-Sib. In the conclusion, we present the findings of the research as they have emerged from the assessment of the course of events in Oman. We have said that the Omanis succeeded in reviving the Imamate and elected Imam Salim al-KharU~i who devoted his efforts to establish the foundations of the state, and peace prevailed in the country after the treaty of
al-Sib in 1920
Influence of Substrate to Biomass Ratio (F /M) and pH On Microbial Stability of Activated Sludge
Get PDFActivated sludge contains biological floes composed of bacteria that degrade the organic
matter in the waste water for its growth. The microbial stability of the activated sludge
represented by the characteristics of the floes. Project is focused on activated sludge used by
most operating wastewater treatment plant owned by PETRONAS. Bacteria chosen will be
BIOCHEM (BCI-103) brand. The bacteria are taken from a gas processing plant located in
Kerteh, Terengganu.
The main objective of this project to study on the influence of two major parameters in
wastewater, which are the substrate to biomass ratio or also known as food to microorganism
(FIM) and pH, to the characteristics of the bacteria floes. Optimum value of F/M and pH
obtained from this project will be recommended to further enhance the wastewater process
control at the processing plant. Besides that, the characteristics of floes that obtained at different
F 1M and pH can be served as informative data to further enhance the understanding of the
bacteria used.
Nowadays, with the increasing industrial activity, usage of hazardous chemicals escalates
thus endangering the environment. News raised on the environment pollution especially the
water pollution effecting the seas and rivers. One of the main causes of this pollution is the
ineffective operation of wastewater treatment plant. Many microbially-related activated sludge
solids separation problems occurred such as dispersed growth, filamentous bulking and foam
formation. Existing design parameter such as sludge age, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and
Sludge Volume Index (SVI) can't predict the stability of the bacteria floes. These design
parameters are more oriented to the final goal of releasing effluent below the standard limit set
by the government. Thus, the project will focus on the study of F/M and pH as design parameters
and their influence to the bacteria floes.
The scope of study for this project contains three elements which are the F 1M, pH, and
the microbial stability of the activated sludge. With others parameters such as temperature,
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS), and sludge retention time (SRT) set constant, F/M and
pH are manipulated to obtained the results. Microbial stability of activated sludge is judged by
the characteristics of bacteria floes. Activated sludge is stable when microorganisms to stick to
each other and to nonbiological particles as sludge floes (Jenkins et al.,2004). Increase size of
floc diameter indicates the sludge is stable and at optimum condition. Activated sludge is
populated by all kinds ofbacterias. However, to study the microbial stability for this experiment,
six species were chosen which are amoebae, flagellates, free swim ciliates, crawling ciliates,
stalked ciliates, and rotifer. The abundance of these species are found and analyzed as each
species has its own function and indication for the condition of sludge.
Research starts by searching for any other relevant journal or article published by othf;lr
researches and from there, the results would be review and useful information will be summarize
and taken as an information to this research. Next, contacts are made with the industry personnel
in order to obtain the sample bacteria and knowledge of the activated sludge system used in the
plant. Then, research progress experimentally in the laboratory and the results gained are
discussed and documented.
Findings from this project show that the microbial stability of activated sludge is
influenced by F 1M and pH. Under different F 1M and pH conditions, bacteria floes particles and
sizes are different. Under microscope, bacteria population is analyzed and documented.
Efficiency which is calculated by the removing percentage of the (COD) is plotted. Further
findings are discussed in latter part of this dissertation
Istihsan (juristic preference) : the forgotten principle of Islamic law
Get PDFEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
The role of the accused in English and Islamic criminal justice
Get PDFThis thesis is a comparative study of the role of the accused in the systems of
English and Islamic criminal justice. It seeks to explore the underlying
relationship between the individual and the state through an historical, structural
and contextual analysis of their rules relating to questioning and of confessions.
The analysis of the English system covers the period 1800 to 1984, with
particular reference to developments during the nineteenth century when the
foundations for the modern English state were established. The analysis of the
Islamic system combines traditionally Islamic and modern methods, assessing the
"Islamisation" movement in Malaysia through a religico-structural understanding
of juristic opinion from the four main schools of Sunnite jurisprudence.
The thesis contributes to existing knowledge on a number of levels: first, it
questions and revises the "myth" of "progress" that has dominated observations
of the history of the English criminal justice system; second, it elucidates the
relationship between Islamic law in theory and the law that is applied and
proposed in its name in Muslim states; third, it provides an analytical framework
for drawing comparisons between the underlying values of the systems of English
and Islamic criminal justice.
While acknowledging fundamental differences in terms of outlook and
articulation, the author concludes there are important similarities expressed
through such notions as "suspect" in the English system and "kafir"I"fasiq" in the
Islamic. These act as intermediate constitutional categories to whom the state
owe less protection. But the author notes also that these similarities are not
observed necessarily in the "law" which is implemented or proposed in Muslim
states; exact correspondence depends upon the over-arching political structure
and the institution of Caliphate.
The thesis is divided into six chapters: chapter one sets out the conventional view
of the historical development of English criminal procedure and evidence;
chapter two subjects that to a critique and chapter three offers a revised thesis.
Chapter four, explores methods for interpreting and explaining Islam; chapter
five sets out rules relating to confessions and questioning according to the four
Sunni schools; chapter six puts them into "context" through an examination of
the "Islamisation" process in Malaysia
Levantine attitudes towards the Franks during the early Crusades (490/1096 - 564/1169)
No full textThe period of the Crusades was one of the most important periods in the
history of both Western Europe and the Middle East, for it was during this period
that the peoples of Western Europe made their first major incursion on eastern soil.
The result of this was that an unprecedented amount of contact was established
between East and West, forcing each side to become more closely acquainted with
the culture of the other. As far as this cultural exchange is concerned, one of the
most significant parts of the crusading period was that encompassing the first two
crusades and their aftermath (490/1096-564/1169), as it was during this period that
crusaders and easterners first clashed with each other, and were forced to learn
much about each other. This sudden clash and forced acquaintance resulted in the
development of certain attitudes on each side towards the other. This thesis concerns
itself with the development of the attitudes of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish
communities towards the Franks (western crusaders) in the major theatre of conflict
of the area, the Levant.
In the thesis as many texts as possible from the literature of the period are
examined, in order to extract information from them concerning the developments
in Levantine knowledge of and attitudes towards the Franks. The texts examined
include both contemporary and later historical, geographical and judicial texts from
the area, and also local works of literature. In addition to the Muslim, Christian and
Jewish texts, and for the sake of comparison and completeness, brief consideration
is also given to a number of works of Byzantine and Frankish writers. Naturally, use
is also made of secondary works by modern scholars. In this way this thesis provides
a detailed examination of cross-cultural inter-faith relations during this formative
period
Conflict of law and the methodology of Tarjīẖ : a study in Islamic legal theory
No full textIslamic law never achieved unity but expressed itself in, at least, four surviving schools. More interestingly, contemporary Muslim communities are still divided among themselves on a number of issues related to their laws. This work describes how problem of legal conflicts have been tackled by Muslim jurists. It is an attempt to examine closely the phenomenon of conflict in Islamic law from the standpoint of usūl-al-fiqh or Islamic legal theory. In fact, much is heard nowadays of the contradiction in the body of Islamic law. Whilst in contrast, little is presented in terms of the methodology of removing this conflict. The present work therefore, attempts to redress this balance. The emphasis of the work will be concerned primarily with tarjīh methodology ; how to give preference to one piece of evidence or argument over the other when they conflict. Nevertheless, considerable concern is given to investigating the background to the conflict of law in the Shari'ah.
This study of a neglected area in Islamic legal scholarship will be an important source of reference to students, both practising and theoretical jurists or to anyone who merely wishes to increase his knowledge of legal themes, particularly legal conflict. The very aim of the work is to argue that conflict is a natural and unavoidable consequence of legal study because legal conflict is only conflicting principles and arguments adduced by both the classical and modern jurists to reach what is actually intended by God in the target case. Therefore, conflicts are inevitable in most of the cases in fiqh owing to the variety of principles set out to deal with one piece of legal evidence, let alone with all the pieces of legal evidence in question.
Tarjīh is therefore, an important and workable instrument in the re-examination of these conflicts and in arriving at the most accurate principle for establishing the law for as long as this is possible. It is hoped that the discovery of new facts and the increase of knowledge which results from the broadening and deepening of the research will positively contribute to the process of unification of Islamic law
The lime: botany, production and uses/ edited by M. Mumtaz Khan, Rashid Al-Yahyai, and Fahad Al-Said
No full textIncludes bibliographical references and indexThis book is the most recent collection of research and scientific literature exclusively dedicated to lime (Rutaceae) culture and the marketplace. The coverage of each subject area is broad, ranging from basic cultivation practices to postharvest handling to uses, which makes it the best choice for amateurs and professionals alike. Chapter 1 emphasizes lime importance and global production, while chapter 2 covers its comprehensive systematic classification and distribution. In chapter 3, lime breeding, genetics and biodiversity are discussed; and in chapter 4, lime tree growth, development and reproductive physiology are elaborated. In chapter 5, propagation techniques, nursery production and certification are explained, while in chapter 6, schematic planning for lime orchard establishment is discussed. In chapter 7, crop water requirements, irrigation systems and fertigation are highlighted; and in chapter 8, cultural practices, e.g. tree pruning, thinning, weeding, planting density and intercropping, are covered. In chapter 9, precision agriculture in lime is elaborated; and in chapter 10, insect pests and diseases and their control measures are covered. In chapter 11, innovative production technologies, e.g. the use of plant growth regulators, remote sensing and organic production systems, are highlighted. In Chapter 12, harvesting and postharvest management of lime fruit are emphasized; and in chapter 13, the uses (folk to modern) and future dynamics are discussed in depth. With the latest information presented in simple language, this book will appeal to a range of principal users, e.g. educators, researchers, students, agriculture extension workers, farming communities, industry personnel and professionals/practitionersIntroduction and Overview of Lime / M. Mumtaz Khan, Rashid Al-Yahyai and Fahad Al-Said -- Systematic Classification, Distribution and Botany / Chandrika Ramadugu, Muhammad F. Razi, Manjunath L. Keremane, Rainer W. Scora and Mikeal L. Roose -- Advances in Lime Breeding and Genetics / Muhammad Amjad Ali and Muhammad Azher Nawaz -- Growth, Development and Reproductive Physiology of the Mexican Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Christm (Swingle)) / G. Almaguer-Vargas, S.R. Mr̀quez-Berber, V. Gonzl̀ez-Hernǹdez, N. Cruz-Huerta and I. Ramr̕ez-Ramr̕ez -- Propagation and Nursery Certification / Muhammad Azher Nawaz, Yong-Zhong Liu, M. Mumtaz Khan and Waqar Ahmed -- Planning and Orchard Establishment / Muhammad Usman and M. Mumtaz Khan -- Irrigation and Fertilization Management in Lime Trees / Francisco Garca̕-Sǹchez, Silvia Simn̤-Grao, Vicente Gimeno, Juan Jos ̌Martn̕ez-Nicols̀ and A.K. Srivastava -- Cultural Practices / Dalmo Lopes de Siqueira, Luiz Carlos Chamhum Salomô and Cšar Fernandes Aquino -- Precision Agriculture in Lime: Potential for Application of Precision Agriculture Technologies in Lime Cropping Systems / Aitazaz A. Farooque, Qamar U. Zaman, Arnold W. Schumann and Travis J. Esau -- Plant Protection: Lime Diseases and Insect Pests / A.M. Al-Sadi, Renan B. Queiroz, Philip Donkersley, A. Nasehi and Simon L. Elliot -- Innovative Production Technologies / Muhammad Fakhar-ud-Din Razi, Rhonda Janke, Muhammad Mumtaz Khan and Um-e-Ammara -- Harvesting and Post-harvest Management / Ahmad Sattar Khan and Zora Singh -- Traditional/Commercial Uses and Future Dynamics / M. Asif Hanif, Smitha Padmanabhan, Mostafa Waly and Ahmed Al-Maskari1 online resource
The comparative ecology of Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern and Thlaspi alpestre L. in the southern pennines, with special reference to heavy metal tolerance.
Get PDFMinuartia verna (L.) Hiern and Thiaspi alpestre L. are
recognized as relict elements of a preglacial montane flora in the
British Isles and, as such, display a markedly disjunct distribution
pattern. Their present-day distribution shows a close association with
metalliferous mine workings, particularly in the Pennines, where both
species have become prominent components of the flora of calcareous
lead mine wastes. By comparison with M. verna, T. alpestre is more
restricted in its distribution and is a rarer species.
The work reported in this thesis attempted to provide an
explanation for this pattern of distribution in the southern Pennines
on the basis of comparative studies of the autecology and genecology of
the species, their population biology and dynamics in the field and
their responses to competition from other species.
Both field and laboratory studies confirmed that the two
species were highly tolerant of the heavy metals lead, zinc and
cadmium. Short- and long-term solution culture experiments on tolerance and uptake of these heavy metals by a range of populations of both
species are reported. Tolerance to other toxic metals was also
investigated. T. alpestre showed superior tolerance to M. verna in
these experiments, and emerged as a metal-accumulating species. M.
verna by contrast, operated some degree of metal exclusion, but metal
uptake and distribution differed for the various metals in both species
and seasonally. Differences in metal tolerance and uptake characteristics alone could not explain the different local distribution patterns
in the field, as sites of similar metal status are colonized by both
the two species together and by M. verna alone.
A study of inter-population variation in morphological
characters showed considerable genetically-based variation in both
species. M. verna was however more variable. Some of the variation
detected was interpreted as being ecotypic in origin. The contrasting
breeding of the two species and their seed biology are considered to be
major factors in explaining the present-day distributions of the two
species. The tendency for inbreeding in T. alpestre has severely
limited its genetic variability within populations and potential for
spread. Seedling mortality of both species in their natural habitats
is very high, and survival can be related to early shelter effects of
neighbouring plants. Both species, however, emerge as weak competitors
as predicted from their preference for open habitats with much more
bare ground.
The relevance of these studies to the interpretation of the
present-day global distribution of the two species and their evolutionary biology is discussed
- …
