1,282 research outputs found
Nitrogen Cycling in Leucaena Alley Cropping
No full textField experiments were conducted on an Alfisol in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia to investigate nitrogen (N) cycling in the leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) alley cropping system. This is a farming system in which maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in alleys formed by leucaena hedgerows spaced 4.5 metres apart. Mineralization of N from Ieucaena (prunings) and maize residues was studied under field conditions. Response of maize growth to addition of N fertilizer and plant residues was evaluated both in field plot and microplot experiments. The fate of fertilizer N and leucaena N was examined over four consecutive seasons. The decomposition (loss of mass) of dry, cut 15N-labelled leucaena residues differed from that of intact fresh leucaena prunings in the first cropping season although no difference was detected after one year. At the end of one cropping season, 3 months after application, 58-72% of 15N-labelled leucaena had decomposed compared to only 34-36% of fresh leucaena prunings. Similar trends occurred at 20 and 52 days after application. The extent of decomposition of fresh leucaena prunings (28-33%) was similar at two loading rates (2.4 and 4.7 t DM ha -1) by 3 months after addition. About 72% of young 15N labled maize residues was decomposed by 3 months after addition in the presence of fresh leucaena prunings. Decomposition of 15N-labelled leucaena residues and unlabelled fresh prunings was 91% and 88% respectively 14 months after addition. After 2 years the corresponding values were 96% and 94%. When N content of the recovered residues was taken into account, the values were 95% and 94% after 14 months, and the same (97%) after 2 years. Maize yield and N uptake were significantly increased following addition of either unlabelled fresh leucaena residues or 15N-labelled thy Ieucaena residues. Application of N ferilizer produced a thither increase in the presence of the residues. The maize yield and N uptake with the 15N-labelled leucaena were not different from those with the unlabelled residues. There was a significant positive interaction between N fertilizer and leucaena prunings which increased maize production. Addition of maize residues decreased the yield and N uptake of maize compared with that obtained in the presence of N fertilizer at 40 kg N ha~1 and leucaena residues (2.4 t DM ha-1). There was a marked residual benefit of N fertilizer applied in the first season at 36 kgN hat in the presence of leucaena prunings on the second maize crop yield and N uptake, but not on the third crop. However, a significant residual benefit of leucaena prunings added in the first season was found in DM yield and N uptake of the second and third maize crop. The short-term fate of 15N applied in plant residues was examined during two separate cropping seasons. By 20 days after application of separate 15N-labelled leucaena leaves, stems and petioles, 3-9% of the added 15N could be found in maize plants, 33-49% was in surface residues, 36-48% in the 2 m soil proffle and 0.3-22% unaccounted for. In a separate experiment when leucaena components were not separated, 5% of 15N applied in leucaena residues was taken up by maize 52 days after addition, 45% was in residues, 25% was in soil and 25% was unaccounted for. Jn another experiment, maize recovered 6% of added leucaena 15N after 2 months, 39% remained in residues, 28% was in soil and 27% was not recovered. Incorporation of 15N-labelled leucaena residues in the soil did not increase recoveiy of leucaena 15N by maize compared with placement of the residues on the soil surface. By the end of one cropping season (3 months after application), 9% of added 15N was recovered by maize from 15N-labelled leucaena. There was a similar 15N recoveiy from 15N-labelled maize residues applied as mulch at 1.7 t DM ha1 together with unlabelled leucaena prunings at 2.4 t DM ha ~. In both cases, 30-32% of added 15N was detected in soil, 28% in residues, and 31-34% apparently lost. The short-term fate of fertilizer 15N was different from that of 15N added in plant residues. In a 52-day experiment, maize recovered 65-79% of fertilizer 15N applied at low rates (6.1 and 12.2 kg N ha -1) in the presence of leucaena prunings, 21-34% was present in soil, and less than 1% was not recovered. By 2 months after application, recoveiy of fertilizer 15N by maize was 41% from N fertilizer added at 80 kg N ha -1, 35% from N fertilizer at 40 kg N ha -1 in the presence of leucaena prunings, and 24% from N fertilizer at 40 kg N ha -1 in the presence of maize residues and leucaena prunings. The corresponding deficits (unaccounted-for 15N) were 37%, 38% and 47% respectively. A small but significant amount of the fertilizer 15N was present in the unlabelled leucaena residues (3%) and in the mixture of unlabelled leucaena and maize residues (7%) present on the soil surface. However, application of the plant residues did not affect recoveiy of the fertilizer 15N in soil (21-24%). When N fertilizer was applied at 40 kg N hi1 in the presence of leucaena prunings, 43% of fertilizer 15N was recovered by maize at the end of cropping season, 20% in soil, 2% in residues, and 35% unaccounted for. The long-term fate of fertilizer 15N was compared with that of leucaena 15N in an experiment over four cropping seasons. In the first season, maize tops recovered 50% of the fertilizer 15N but only 4% of the leucaena 15N. In the second, third and fourth seasons, maize (tops + roots) recovered 0.7%, 0.4% and 0.3% of the initial fertilizer 15N compared with 2.6%, 1.8% and 1.4% of the initial leucaena 15N. In the second, third and fourth seasons, recovery of the initial fertilizer 15N (12-14%) in soil was much lower than that of the initial leucaena 15N (38-40%). There was no further loss of the fertilizer 15N after the first season. However, the cumulative 15N deficit for the leucaena 1N in the first two seasons was 50%--thissuggested an additional loss of 23% since the end of the first season. There was no further loss of 15N from either residual fertilizer 15N or residual leucaena 15N in the third and fourth seasons. In conclusion, application of leucaena prunings could substantially increase maize yield and N uptake although some supplementary N fertilizer may be required to achieve maximum crop yield. Maize recovered only a small amount of added leucaena N in the first year. Most of the leucaena residue N was present in the soil and remaining residues after one season. This residue N would be gradually available for plant uptake by subsequent crops. Of course, annual additions of leucaena prunings would appreciably increase the pool of available N over time. Thus, application of leucaena prunings could substantially improve soil fertility in the long term.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Division of Australian Environmental StudiesFull Tex
Belief and Ageing: Spiritual pathways in later life
No full textBased on 40 years' interviewing experience, this book illustrates the variety of religious, spiritual and other beliefs held by older people. It provides models of research procedure, especially in the context of bereavement. Participants include not only British Christians, but also Muslims, Humanists and witnesses of the Soviet persecution of religion. The author argues that both welfare professionals and gerontologists need to pay far more consideration to belief as a constituent of well-being in later life. The book looks to the future and increasing diversity of choice in matters of belief among Britain and Europe's older citizens as a consequence of immigration and globalisation
Tanggung Jawab Hukum Terhadap Pelaksanaan Perjanjian Kerja Musiman di P.G Mojo Sragen
No full textIn a certain time work agreement involving two parties, namely the P.G Mojo Sragen party and the worker, it is called a reciprocal agreement and therefore creates rights and obligations for the parties. If in the implementation of the rights and obligations between P.G Mojo Sragen and workers, one of the parties does not carry out their achievements, it will result in legal liability. The purpose of this study was to determine the process of agreement between P.G Mojo Sragen and workers, the applicable regulations and the rights and obligations of a certain time work agreement between P.G Mojo Sragen and workers, as well as legal responsibility if one of the parties made a mistake from the work agreement. The method used in this study is a normative approach because in this study, which are legal rules, legal principles in legal responsibility between P.G Mojo Sragen and workers. The type of research used by the author in this research is descriptive research to clearly describe the legal responsibility between P.G Mojo Sragen and workers. The results of this study indicate that in the process of implementing a work agreement for a certain time, prior to the occurrence of the agreement, the administrative requirements and legal requirements in accordance with Article 1320 of the Civil Code are: (1) Agreeing (2) Legal Capability (3) A certain matter (4) An lawful cause. At the time the agreement was signed with a certain time agreement P.G Mojo Sragen with workers that had been made by P.G Mojo Sragen based on a standard agreement. After the agreement, a binding legal relationship arises and gives birth to rights and obligations. If in the implementation one of the parties does not fulfill its rights and obligations, then it must be responsible on the basis of default in accordance with Article 1243 of the Civil Code and if one of the parties violates the applicable law, it can be accounted for based on unlawful acts in accordance with Article 1365 of the Civil Code
Prevention of 15N cross-contamination during distillation and potentiometric titration of 15N-labelled samples
No full textMeasuring Uncertainty
No full textThis article, authored by P.G. Moore for the Royal Statistical Society's website, provides well-defined exercises to assess the probabilities of decision-making and the degree of uncertainty. The author states the focus of the article as: "When analyzing situations which involve decisions to be made as between alternative courses of action under conditions of uncertainty, decision makers and their advisers are often called upon to assess judgmental probability distributions of quantities whose true values are unknown to them. How can this judgment be taught?" Moore provides five different exercises and even external reference for those interested in further study of the topic
The Eucharist - Source and Summit of the Life and Mission of P.G. Frassati
No full textŻycie i działalność bł. P.G. Frassatiego bez wątpienia wskazuje na dar i tajemnicę Eucharystii. To właśnie sakrament Eucharystii był motorem działania włoskiego studenta, miłośnika górskich wypraw, a nade wszystko człowieka bez reszty oddanego ubogim i chorym – Apostoła Miłosierdzia. Pobożność eucharystyczna staje się źródłem rozumnej służby Bożej. „Jezus przychodzi do mnie w Komunii świętej każdego dnia, a ja Mu się odwdzięczam za to w dostępny mi sposób, odwiedzając Jego biedaków”. Pier Giorgio pokazał nam, że można kochać życie ze wszystkimi treściami, zadaniami i problemami, jakie niesie, a jednocześnie kierować się ku Bogu, który jest naszym odwiecznym celem.The author shows how the life of the blessed P.G. Frassati reveals the gift and mystery of the Eucharist. It was the grace of the Eucharist that gave him the motivation to act. This Italian student and lover of mountain expeditions was totally devoted to the disadvantaged and the sick; he was an apostle of divine mercy. Eucharistic devotion becomes the source of logiké latria. “Every day Jesus comes to me in Holy Communion and I must repay Him in whatever way I can by visiting His poor”. Despite the difficult tasks and problems that life involves, Pier Giorgio proved that it is possible to love it, keeping always in mind the long-term aim of drawing closer to God
The Eucharist - Source and Summit of the Life and Mission of P.G. Frassati
No full textŻycie i działalność bł. P.G. Frassatiego bez wątpienia wskazuje na dar i tajemnicę Eucharystii. To właśnie sakrament Eucharystii był motorem działania włoskiego studenta, miłośnika górskich wypraw, a nade wszystko człowieka bez reszty oddanego ubogim i chorym – Apostoła Miłosierdzia. Pobożność eucharystyczna staje się źródłem rozumnej służby Bożej. „Jezus przychodzi do mnie w Komunii świętej każdego dnia, a ja Mu się odwdzięczam za to w dostępny mi sposób, odwiedzając Jego biedaków”. Pier Giorgio pokazał nam, że można kochać życie ze wszystkimi treściami, zadaniami i problemami, jakie niesie, a jednocześnie kierować się ku Bogu, który jest naszym odwiecznym celem.The author shows how the life of the blessed P.G. Frassati reveals the gift and mystery of the Eucharist. It was the grace of the Eucharist that gave him the motivation to act. This Italian student and lover of mountain expeditions was totally devoted to the disadvantaged and the sick; he was an apostle of divine mercy. Eucharistic devotion becomes the source of logiké latria. “Every day Jesus comes to me in Holy Communion and I must repay Him in whatever way I can by visiting His poor”. Despite the difficult tasks and problems that life involves, Pier Giorgio proved that it is possible to love it, keeping always in mind the long-term aim of drawing closer to God
Retention of cotton stubble enhances N fertilizer recovery and lint yield of irrigated cotton
No full textSpatial-temporal variability of soil moisture, nitrogen availability indices and other chemical properties in hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations of subtropical Australian forest plantations
No full textThe spatial variability of soil moisture, nitrogen (N) availability indices (total N, NO3--N, NH4+-N, potential mineralizable N (PMN)), and other chemical properties (organic C (OC), available P, pH, CEC, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na) was investigated in two plots (1.36 ha each) of eight-year-old hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii Ait. ex D. Don) progeny tests located in south-east Queensland, Australia, for dry and wet seasons. Following a nested sampling pattern, soil samples of 0-10 cm depth stratified at three different sampling scales (378, 42 and 2.6 m(2)) were taken. The hierarchical model of analysis of variance was used to analyse the spatial structure of these soil properties. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the spatial-temporal variability of soil properties in the two plots, and (2) develop an effective sampling strategy for similar test plots. At the wet season in the study plot 1, it was shown that for soil total N, CEC, pH, exchangeable Ca, Mg, and Na there were significant differences between means of 42 m(2) plots within 378 m(2) plots and between those of 378 m(2) plots within the 1.36 ha plot. For available P, PMN, mineral N, CC, and exchangeable Mn only differences between means of 42 m(2) plots within 378 m(2) plots were significant. For soil moisture, NH4+-N and exchangeable K there were significant differences between means of 378 m(2) plots within the 1.36 ha plot. For all of these properties there were no significant differences between means of 2.6 m(2) plots within 42 m(2) plots, mainly due to substantial variation (30-70% of total variance) of the soil properties within 42 m(2) plots. No spatial structure was found for soil NO3--N. For the dry season in the study plot 1, the patterns of the spatial variability only for soil total N, mineral N and available P remained the same as for those of the wet season. For study plot 2 at the wet season, the patterns of spatial variability for such soil properties were less pronounced. The sampling strategy for evaluating tree productivity potential of the plots and for monitoring the soil properties was highly dependent on set of the properties chosen, and on expected changes in means of soil properties from date to date. The findings are discussed in relation to the issues concerning assessment of tree growth performance in forest plantations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
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