15 research outputs found
白居易墓碑文中的命运书写 = THE DEPICTION OF FATE IN THE EPITAPHS BY BAI JUYI
No full textBachelor'sBACHELOR OF ARTS (HONOURS
Disruptive Technologies: Legal and Insurance Implications in Shipping
No full textDisruptive technologies could, potentially, have an immense impact on shipping in the near future, especially when Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) are introduced into commercial shipping. However, such technologies are also changing the way conventional ships and ports operate. These changes in shipping are a concern for insurers and there is a debate as to how insurance law and practice need to change to ensure that risks are appropriately assessed, and insurance policies are adjusted. This thesis intends to elaborate on i) the impact of such technologies on traditional marine insurance policies; and ii) new solutions that need to be implemented (how traditional legal doctrines and practices need to be amended). The author is of the opinion that such risks are still insurable but some fundamental changes in insurance law and practice will be needed in the years to come. The primary purpose of this thesis is to analyse parts of standard insurance clauses that need to be amended in particular to be able to offer effective insurance for ships that utilize disruptive technologies. The thesis will also consider the changes in risk allocation that might follow and how such risks could be reallocated in light of traditional insurance principles and doctrines. The thesis will also consider how the use of disruptive technologies will affect port operations and the liabilities that might emerge as a result with specific reference to the insurance position
Clinical application of preoperative autologous blood donation under anesthesia monitoring
No full text[Objective] To evaluate the safety and efficacy of preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) under anesthesia monitoring in elective surgical procedures, and to provide scientific data for promoting its clinical application. [Methods] 1) A total of 1 164 patients scheduled for elective surgery and met the criteria for stored autologous blood transfusion in our hospital from March 2022 to September 2023 were enrolled. Prior to surgery, stored autotransfusion was performed under anesthesia monitoring. During the operation, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and other basic life indicators before and after blood collection were recorded and analyzed. Adverse reactions during blood collection were documented, and potential influencing factors were analyzed. 2) The autologous transfusion group (experimental group, patients receiving intraoperative autologous blood reinfusion) was compared with the allogeneic transfusion group (control group, patients without PABD during the same period) using propensity score matching. The length of hospital stay, transfusion-related costs, perioperative hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), platelet count (Plt) and coagulation function were compared between the two groups after matching. [Results] 1) Three patients (0.26%) had adverse reactions during blood collection. Autologous blood transfusion was performed in 443 patients (38.1%) during or after operation, with no adverse reaction during blood transfusion. 2) The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of patients after blood collection were lower than before blood collection, and the SpO2 was higher than before blood collection, with statistically significant differences (P0.05); Our analysis found that age, gender, blood collection volume, department, or mild-to-moderate circulatory system complications didn’t significantly affect BP, HR and SpO2 fluctuations (P>0.05). 3) The experimental group had shorter hospital stays and lower transfusion costs than the control group (P0.05). The hospitalization duration and transfusion related expenses in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). [Conclusion] PABD under anesthesia monitoring is safe and feasible in elective surgeries across diverse patient groups and surgical fields. It reduces the costs and conserves blood resources, which is worthy of further promotion
Robust and Holistic Perception for Autonomous Vehicles in the Urban Scene
No full textAutonomous vehicle is one of the most promising direction and key application areas of artificial intelligence. The success of autonomous vehicles in urban scene heavily relies on the ability to handle the complex environments, where the accurate and robust perception is the foundation.To achieve the holistic and accurate perception, autonomous vehicles are equipped with various sensors, including camera, radar and LiDAR, in which LiDAR is considered as the most critical one as it can provide the accurate depth information. How to effectively and efficiently cope with LiDAR point cloud remains an open problem. On the other hand, to maintain the robustness of perception when facing various weather and environment, large-scale labeled data with appropriate variance is required, where Computer Graphics offer an alternative solution to address the data issue. However, how to handle the domain gap between real-world data and synthetic data is also challenging. In this thesis, we aim to establish the holistic and robust perception for autonomous vehicles from two perspectives, \ie, effective and efficient 3D perception from LiDAR point cloud and robust scene understanding based on the domain adaptation.Specifically, we first investigate the natural properties of current LiDAR sensors on the autonomous vehicle, \ie, sparsity and varying density, where regions that are far away from the origin have much sparse points. Based on this finding, we propose a new framework, which maintain the 3D geometric information and handle these issues from partition and networks, respectively. We then propose a LiDAR-based 3D detection method, where it is first time to introduce the shape information into the multi-class LiDAR detection and a well-designed shape signature is proposed to extract the shape embedding. Since the sequential point cloud is a real-world data form, we further extend these single-scan perception methods to multi-scan perception, where a novel method is introduced to explore the motion information. For the robust perception against domain shift, including different locations and weathers, we first give a deep analysis for the domain adaptation for object detection and reveal a crucial aspect to the success of object detector adaptation, namely, the focus to local regions when bridging domain gaps. For the domain adaptation for semantic segmentation, we propose a Conservative Loss to learn the domain invariant features.隨著人工智能技術的發展，越來越多的產業都在走向智能化，其中自動駕駛汽車是人工智能技術應用中最重要也是最有前景的部分之一。自動駕駛汽車的成功離不開汽車對於周圍複雜環境的準確高效且魯棒的感知。為了實現全面且準確的感知，自動駕駛汽車往往準備了多種不同的傳感器，包括攝像頭，毫米波雷達和激光雷達，其中激光雷達因為能夠提供準確的深度信息，被認為是最重要的傳感器。但是如何更高效的利用激光雷達的點雲數據依然是一個沒有被解決的問題。另一方面，自動駕駛汽車需要面臨各種各樣不同的場景和天氣條件，這就對於數據有著更高的要求，需要數據能夠盡可能的滿足不同場景和天氣要求，才能訓練出魯棒通用的感知模型。計算機圖形學中的渲染技術提供了這方面的技術可行性，但是本身渲染技術產生的數據與真實環境下的數據存在的域差異，如何克服這種域差異就成了實現魯棒模型的一個關鍵點。在本文中，我們從兩個方向來探索實現高效全面且魯棒的感知算法，一是通過使用精準的激光雷達來實現三維感知，二是運用域遷移技術來實現渲染數據到真實數據的轉換，進而實現魯棒通用的感知。首先，我們仔細觀察了室外激光雷達的分佈屬性，存在稀疏性和近密遠疏的特性，基於這一發現，我們提出了一個基於圓柱體坐標系的劃分方法，在保持了三維結構的前提下，運用不同大小的扇面來劃分整個空間，進而滿足近密遠疏的特性。我們將上述方法進一步的擴展到了點雲全景分割，點雲檢測等任務上。然後，我們提出了一種基於激光雷達點雲的三維檢測算法，第一次將物體的形狀信息引入到三維物體檢測模型中，提出了一個形狀描述子來提取不同物體的形狀信息。因為在真實場景下，我們的數據都是以連續幀的形式存在的，所以我們進一步提出了一個建模連續幀的方法，通過連續幀之間的位置關係來建模運動信息。另一方面，對於在不同天氣，不同環境的情況下的魯棒通用感知算法，我們分別針對物體檢測和場景分割兩個任務，提出了兩種解決方案，對於物體檢測，我們利用感興趣區域對齊的方式來實現檢測的域遷移，而針對場景分割，則是提出了一個居中損失函數來學習具有域不變性的特征表示。ZHU, Xinge.Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2021.Includes bibliographical references (leaves )Abstracts in English and Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on ...
An Integrated Graph Model for Spatial–Temporal Urban Crime Prediction Based on Attention Mechanism
No full textCrime issues have been attracting widespread attention from citizens and managers of cities due to their unexpected and massive consequences. As an effective technique to prevent and control urban crimes, the data-driven spatial–temporal crime prediction can provide reasonable estimations associated with the crime hotspot. It thus contributes to the decision making of relevant departments under limited resources, as well as promotes civilized urban development. However, the deficient performance in the aspect of the daily spatial–temporal crime prediction at the urban-district-scale needs to be further resolved, which serves as a critical role in police resource allocation. In order to establish a practical and effective daily crime prediction framework at an urban police-district-scale, an “online” integrated graph model is proposed. A residual neural network (ResNet), graph convolutional network (GCN), and long short-term memory (LSTM) are integrated with an attention mechanism in the proposed model to extract and fuse the spatial–temporal features, topological graphs, and external features. Then, the “online” integrated graph model is validated by daily theft and assault data within 22 police districts in the city of Chicago, US from 1 January 2015 to 7 January 2020. Additionally, several widely used baseline models, including autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), ridge regression, support vector regression (SVR), random forest, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), LSTM, convolutional neural network (CNN), and Conv-LSTM models, are compared with the proposed model from a quantitative point of view by using the same dataset. The results show that the predicted spatial–temporal patterns by the proposed model are close to the observations. Moreover, the integrated graph model performs more accurately since it has lower average values of the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) than the other eight models. Therefore, the proposed model has great potential in supporting the decision making for the police in the fields of patrolling and investigation, as well as resource allocation.Safety and Security Scienc
Feature-aligned Surface Parameterization Using Secondary Laplace Operator and Loop Subdivision
No full textAbstractSurface parameterization is of great importance for many applications such as quadrangulation, texture mapping and surface fitting. An important issue for surface parameterization is how to align parametric lines with feature directions. To address this issue, in this paper we first utilize Loop subdivision basis functions and isogeometric analysis (IGA) to calculate eigenfunctions of the secondary Laplace operator (SLO) on triangle meshes. Eigenfunctions are then used for centroidal Voronoi tessellation (CVT) based surface segmentation, and boundaries of the segmented regions are extracted as feature lines which contain concave creases and convex ridges. Along each feature line, adjacent triangles are defined as guidance triangles to parameterize the surface using a constrained cross field method, where feature lines are preserved and aligned to parametric lines. Several examples are presented in the end to verify the robustness of our algorithm
Value Trading System
No full textThe idea of the thesis is due to my interest in trading and my economic major in Simon’s Rock and Financial Engineering currently. It will have 3 parts including: Value Estimation C-A-N-S-L-I-M, Optimization of position controlling, Reflection of mistakes, Economic Environment… And I will have portfolios that we can keep track of and see how different trading strategies differ and help the performance. Most of them are based on Efficient Market Theory. The new thing I discussed this semester is that I met a trader named XinGE, and he did day trade and swim trade. He is very focused on institutional trading and tries to profit from the wave. I think this is very interesting and will add this topic in the thesis. Also, my-self, who was 80% up last year and now almost got to -33.3 % up this year; would conclude some bad mistakes that I’ve made during trading. Three of the most important works that impact on my thinking about my thesis during this past semester: Volatility Smile Adding options to the portfolio. Zero to One Technique difference enables monopoly and profit. One up on wall street Look into products that I normally use or like, such as duking doubt that the author invested. The intelligent investor Importance of earnings, cash flow... An introduction to quantitative finance Algorithms and coding
The Unified Energy Flow Algorithm Used Back/Forward Sweep Method for Urban Integrated Energy Systems
No full textPhotocatalytic reduction of carbon tetrachloride by natural sphalerite under visible light irradiation
No full textThe photoreductive degradation of carbon tetrachloride (CT) in natural sphalerite ((Zn, Fe)S mineral) suspensions irradiated by visible light (VL) is studied in this paper. 92% of CT is degraded in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) organic solvent system after 8 h of VL irradiation. The effects of light source, sphalerite dosage, electron donors, dissolved oxygen and CT initial concentration on CT photocatalytic degradation efficiency are discussed. The degradation products are analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the photocatalytic degradation mechanism is then proposed. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000291193900048&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=8e1609b174ce4e31116a60747a720701Energy & FuelsMaterials Science, MultidisciplinaryPhysics, AppliedSCI(E)EI7ARTICLE71915-19219
Contribuição para o estudo da antropologia dos indígenas da Lunda e Songo
No full textO autor, prosseguindo nos seus trabalhos de investigação antropológica nos habitantes do quadrante nordeste de Angola, dá conta dos resultados da determinação de alguns caracteres merísticos em 3.597 indígenas do Distrito da Lunda e da Circunscrição do Songo, Distrito de Malange, apresentando vários considerandos e tentando estabelecer conclusões, num trabalho que divide em sete capítulos:
I
Expostas as razões que levaram à presente investigação, descreve qual a área geográfica sondada, o quadrante nordeste de Angola entre os paralelos 7° e 11 ° de latitude Sul e os meridianos 16º e 22º de longitude Este de Greenwich, portanto na actual divisão administrativa de Angola, o Distrito da Lunda e a Circunscrição do Songo, Distrito de Malange. Cita a posição sistemática dos indígenas examinados como Bantos Ocidentais angolanos, pertencentes aos grupos linguísticos Lunda-Quiôco (tribos Lunda e Quiôca) e Quimbundo (tribos Songo, Minungo, Xinge e Bangala), e faz várias considerações quanto à raciologia das regiões estudadas, terminando por estabelecer um esboço etno-geográfico, que considera provisório mas tradutor do estado actual das investigações sobre esta pequena parcela africana.
II
Conta as condições em que foi feito o trabalho e como se procedeu à colheita do material. Explica e especifica as razões das diferenças de representação tribal e do montante de observações nos vários caracteres merísticos. Critica demoradamente a colheita dos dados, em particular, valorizando as dificuldades da investigação da idade e da filiação tribal. Estabelece a partilha dos examinados pelas seis tribos, duas do grupo Lunda-Quiôco (Lunda e Quiôca) e quatro do grupo Quimbundo (Songo, Minungo, Xinge e Bangala) em que incidiu o estudo. Cita neste capítulo os caracteres merísticos e a étnica seguida para os obter, que foi, dum modo geral, a estabelecida pelas convenções internacionais de Mónaco (1906) e Genebra (1912), fazendo algumas considerações críticas às peculiaridades da somatometria da África Negra. Os dados observados foram: estatura, perímetro torácico, diâmetro ântero-posterior máximo da cabeça, diâmetro transverso máximo da cabeça, largura bizigomática, largura bigoníaca, altura facial morfológica, altura facial superior, altura nasal. largura nasal, comprimento da orelha e largura da orelha. Os índices estudados foram: cefálico, facial superior, facial morfológico (Garson) , jugo- mandibular, nasal e auricular. Termina dizendo da análise estatística que aplicou.
III
Expõe os resultados obtidos com base nos 3.597 indígenas observados, pertencentes à Lunda e ao Songo, fazendo o estudo monográfico das seis tribos sondadas, iniciando cada um por breves considerações sobre história tradicional e demografia e terminando por estabelecer os tipos médio e predominante, que são:
1) - Grupo Lunda-Quiôco:
1) - Tribo Lunda
Tipo médio (é indicado entre parêntesis o número de observações em que se baseiam as médias): estatura ligeiramente inferior à média geral da humanidade - 164,19 cm. (209) ; perímetro torácico fraco - 78,98 cm. (187); subdolicocéfalo - 78,87 ( 137) ; eurieno - 46,68 (187); euriprosopo - 81 ,62 (187); índice jugo-mandibular - 78,26 {187); hiperplatirrínio - 100,37 (257) e índice auricular - 59,97 (187).
Tipo predominante: estatura ao redor da média geral da humanidade, acima e abaixo; perímetro torácico fraco; sobretudo mesatocéfalo com tendência maior no sentido da dolicocefalia; eurieno, por vezes meseno e menos vezes hipereurieno; euriprosopo ou hipereuriprosopo e menos frequeotemente mesoprosopo; com predomínio marcado da largura bigoníaca superior a 3/ 4 da largura bizigomática; hiperplatirrínio, por vezes platirrinio e com predomínio absoluto da largura da orelha sempre superior a metade do comprimento.
11) - Tribo Quiôca
Tipo médio: estatura muito ligeiramente inferior à média geral da humanidade - 164,73 cm. (1.186); perímetro torácico fraco - 79,53 cm. (692); subdolicocéfalo - 78,68 (577); eurieno - 46,46 (692) ; euriprosopo - 81,56 (692) ; índice jugo•mandibular - 78,28 (692); hiperplatirrínio - 100,75 (1.052) e índice auricular - 60,18 (705).
Tipo predominante: estatura ao redor da média geral da humanidade, acima e abaixo; perímetro torácico fraco ; sobretudo mesatocéfalo com tendência acentuada dolicocefálica; eurieno, mas também frequentemente meseno e menos vezes hiper-eurieno; euriprosopo, mas também frequentemente hipereuriprosopo e mesoprosopo; predomínio vincado da largura bigoníaca superior a 3/ 4 da largura bizigomática; hiperplatirrínio, quase igual número de vezes platirrínio, e com predomínio inegável da largura da orelha sempre superior a metade do comprimento.
Nesta tribo, a separação de três séries obedecendo à divisão geográfica e a comparação com as observações de Fonseca Cardoso e Mendes Correia, sobre quiôcos do Bié, permitem ao autor afirmar não só a sua heterogeneidade, mas a modificação progressiva do tipo físico tribal à medida que, no quadrante Nordeste de Angola, se caminha de sul para norte e de oeste para leste. Assim: a estatura diminui progressivamente tendendo de altas para baixas estaturas; o perímetro torácico torna-se cada vez mais fraco; o índice cefálico volve de dolicocéfalo a subdolicocéfalo, tendendo para mesocéfalo; o índice facial superior de eurieno, quase meseno, muda para eurieno franco; o índice facial morfológico acentua a sua euriprosopia, tendendo para a hipereuriprosopia; o índice jugo-mandibular diminui de valor; o índice nasal, de platirrínio quase hiperplatirrínio transforma-se em hiperplatirrínio e, finalmente, o índice auricular diminuí de valor.
2) - Grupo Quimbundo:
1) - Tribo Songo
Tipo médio: estatura sensivelmente acima da média geral da humanidade - 168,76 cm. (446); perímetro torácico fraco - 82,19 cm. (345) ; hiperdolicocéfalo - 75.38 (262) ; eurieno - 47,29 (345); euriprosopo - 82,65 (345) ; índice jugo-mandibular - 78,83 (345) ; hiperplatirrínio - 100,09 (415) e índice auricular - 60,33 (345).
Tipo predominante: estatura alta ou acima da média geral da humanidade; perímetro torácico fraco; dolicocéfalo com tendência para os baixos valores; eurieno, mas também frequentemente meseno; euriprosopo, mas também frequentemente mesoprosopo e hipereuriprosopo; com absoluto predomínio da largura bigoníaca superior a 3/ 4 da largura bizigomática; hiperplatirrinio ou platirrínio e com predomínio nítido da largura da orelha sempre superior a metade do comprimento.
II) - Tribo Minungo
Tipo médio: estatura sensivelmente igual à média geral da humanidade - 165,14 cm. (197); perímetro torácico fraco - 79,89 cm. (110); subdolicocéfalo - 79,16 (99) ; eurieno - 46,48 ( 110); euriprosopo - 81,97 (110); índice jugo-mandibular - 78,34 (110); hiperplatirrínio - 101,96 (153) e índice auricular - 61,04 (111).
Tipo predominante: estatura ao redor da média geral da humanidade, acima e abaixo; perímetro torácico fraco; sobretudo mesatocéfalo, com tendência acentuada dolicocefálica; eurieno, mas também frequentemente meseno e menos vezes hipereurieno; euriprosopo, mas também frequentemente hipereuriprosopo e mesoprosopo; com predomínio notável da largura bigoníaca superior a 3/4 da largura bizigomática, hiperplatirrínio, por vezes platirrinio, e com frisante predomínio da largura da orelha sempre superior a metade do comprimento.
III) - Tribo Bangala
Tipo médio: estatura pràticamente inferior em um centímetro à média geral da humanidade - 163,91 cm. (119) ; perímetro torácico fraco - 80,46 cm. (76); dolicocéfalo - 77,16 (44) ; eurieno - 45,42 (76) ; euriprosopo - 79,84 (76); índice jugo-mandibular - 77,47 (76) ; hiperplatirrínio - 101 ,23 (117) e índice auricular - 61,03 (76).
Tipo predominante: estatura ao redor da média geral da humanidade com uma pequena maior tendência para baixo que para cima; perímetro torácico fraco; sobretudo dolicocéfalo com tendência mesatocéfala; eurieno, mas também frequentemente meseno e hipereurieno; hipereuriprosopo, mas também com frequência euríprosopo; com predomínio da largura bigoníaca, superior a 3/ 4 da largura bizigomática; hiperplatirrínio, por vezes platírrínio, e com predomínio absoluto da largura da orelha sempre superior a metade do comprimento.
IV) - Tribo Xinge
Tipo médio: estatura muito ligeiramente inferior à média da humanidade - 164,39 cm. (198); perímetro torácico fraco-78,70 cm. (111) ; dolicocéfalo- 77,38 (79) ; eurieno-45,94 (111) ; euriprosopo-80,35 (111) ; índice jugo-mandibúlar - 77,95 (111); hiperplatirrínio - 100,74 (159) e índice auricular - 60,69 (112).
Tipo predominante: estatura ao redor da média geral da humanidade, com uma muito ligeira tendência para valores menores da média; perímetro torácico fraco; sobretudo mesatocéfalo com tendência acentuadamente dolicocefálica; eurieno, mas também frequentemente meseno e hipereurieno; euriprosopo, mas também frequentemente meseno e hipereurieno; euriprosopo, mas também muito frequentemente hipereuriprosopo; com predomínio marcado da largura bigoníaca, superior a 3/ 4 da largura bizigomática; hiperplatirrínio, por vezes platirrínio, e com notório predomínio da largura da orelha sempre superior a metade do comprimento.
IV
Compara entre si as seis tribos estudadas e estabelece numa situação isolada a tribo Songo, enquanto que as cinco restantes (Lunda, Quiôca, Minungo, Bangala e Xinge) formam um grupo com nítidas afinidades somatométricas. Neste grupo de tribos da Lunda julga, no entanto, possível três subdivisões:
a) Lunda e Quiôca, indiferenciáveis antropométricamente;
b) Minungo, tão próximo do primeiro subgrupo que por vezes mais lógico pareceria a sua junção;
e) Xinge e Bangala, com afinidades antropológicas bem diferentes, encontrando-se na posição extrema de maior distância das três anteriores a segunda, e, na transição para a Minungo a primeira.
Considera os agrupamentos que estabeleceu como lógicos e concordes, de certo modo, com a história tradicional das tribos e com a anterior investigação de sero-antropologia a que procedeu. Pelo contrário a linguística não está conforme com a somatometria e, com este fundamento, critica a actual base de classificação das tribos angolanas.
V
Compara as seis tribos que estudou com oito de Angola, de que há dados publicados, chegando às seguintes conclusões:
A tribo Songo alinha ao lado das da região central de Angola e, em particular, da vizinha Luimbe que lhe é muito semelhante. Reforça a crítica da classificação com base linguística das tribos de Angola, pouco de acordo com as afinidades manifestadas na tribo Songo e no grupo de tribos da Lunda.
Estabelece uma individualidade, dentro de certo grau, para o grupo de tribos da Lunda (Lunda, Quiôca, Minungo, Xinge e Bangala) em comparação com os restantes de Angola. As diferenças das tribos da Lunda são assinaladas por: estaturas ao redor da média geral da humanidade, inferiores às das tribos dos quadrantes sudoeste e sudeste de Angola e superiores às do quadrante noroeste; índices cefálicos mais altos, mesatocéfalos, que todos os outros de Angola; e ainda, mais platirrínicas que todas as até agora estudadas.
VI
Compara as tribos Songo e Quiôca, as mais representativas do estudo, o que justifica, com outras da África Negra, que para facilidade, segue na divisão geográfica: África Ocidental, Região do Congo (África Central), África Meridional e África Oriental, e encontra as seguintes afinidades resumidas:
A tribo Songo tem afinidades principais com os negros da África Ocidental e Meridional, embora seja de acreditar algumas influências da África Central.
A Quiôca e aparentadas (Lunda, Minungo, Xinge e Bangala) têm nítidas afinidades com os negros da Região do Congo (Africa Central).
VII
Com todos os elementos anteriores tenta, em conclusão, estabelecer o caldeamento étnico basilar das seis tribos estudadas:
Songo - Tipo negro predominante, influenciado muito fracamente por um elemento pigmeóide ou bochimanóide, muito provàvelmente o primeiro.
Quiôca - Tribo com forte heterogeneidade que, na Lunda, deve ser considerada como resultante dum tipo negro fortemente influenciado por um tipo pigmeóide. Para os quiôcos do sudoeste da Lunda, do Songo e do Bié, aceita as afinidades meridionais citadas por outros autores, que, porém, nega para o Quiôco da Lunda em geral. Quanto a influências bochimanóides não encontra dados em seu favor, no que concorda com Fonseca Cardoso e Mendes Correia.
Lunda - lndiferenciáveI antropomètricamente da precedente, como ela deve ter resultado dum tipo negro fortemente influenciado por um tipo pigmeóide.
Bangala - Proveniente das influências pigmeóides sobre um tipo negróide, que, no entanto, admite a hipótese de serem de natureza diferente, devido talvez à presença dum terceiro elemento, impossível de analisar pelo presente trabalho.
Xinge - Análoga à anterior embora mais próxima do grupo Lunda-Quiôco.
Minungo -Tipo negro com provàvelmente menores influências pigmeóides que nas quatro precedentes, embora certas.SUMMARY
The author proceeding with his work of anthropological investigation of the inhabitants of the north-cast quadrant of Angola, gives an account of the results of the determination of some mensurable characters in 3.597 natives from the District of Lunda and from the Circumscription of Songo, Malange District, presents various considerations and tents to establish conclusions by a work divided in seven chapters:
I
The reasons leading to the present investigation having been exposed, the exact geographical arca examined is described, being the north-east quadrant of Angola, between the 7th and the 11 th paralels of southern la titude and the 16 th and he 22nd meridtian longitude east of Greenwich; therefore, according to the actual administrative division of Angola: the District of Lunda and the Circumscription of Songo, Malange District. The systematic position of the natives examined is given as being Western Angolan Bantu belonging to the linguistic groups Lunda-Kioko (Lunda and Kioko tribes) and Kimbundu (Songo, Minungo, Xinge and Bangala tribes) and various considerations as to the raciology of the studied regions is made, ending by establishing an ethno-geographic sketch, which is considered transient but leading to the actual state of the investigaions conceming this small portion of Africa.
II
The conditions in which the work has been clone and the means employed to gather the material is stated. The reasons of the differences of tribal presentation and the total of the observations of the various mensurable characters is explained and specilied. The gathering of facts, giving full due to the difficulties of investigating the age and tribal affiliation, is lengthly criticised. A division of those exarnined is established in six tribes: two of the Lunda-Kioko group (Lunda and Kioko) and four of the Kimbundu group (Songo, Minungo, Xinge and Bangala) in which was focused this study. ln this chapter the mensurable characters and the methods followed to obtain them are exposed: they were generally those establised by the international conventions of Monaco ( 1906) and Geneva (1912), allowing a few considerations to the peculiarities of the anthropometry of living in Blackt Africa. The facts observed were: stature, thoracíc perimeter, maximum antero-posterior diameter of the head, maximum lateral diameter of the head, bizygoma tic breadth, bigoniac breadth, morphological facia llength, upper facial length, nasal length, nasal breadth, ear length and ear breadth. The studied indexes were: cephalic, upper facial, morphological facial (Garson), jugo-mandibular, nasal and ear. The explanation of the statistical method applied ends this chapter.
III
ln this chapter are exposed the results based on the examination of 3.597 natives belonging to Lunda and Songo, and the monog raphical study is made of the. six tribes sampled, begining each by short observations concerning traditional history, demography and ending by establishing the medium and predominant types, which are:
1) - Lunda and Kioko Group:
1) - Lunda Tribe
Medium type (within brackets is indicated the number of examinations on which averages are based): stature lightly inferior to the general average of humanity - 164,19 cm. (299); weak thoracic perimeter - 78,98 cm. (187); sub-dolichocephal - 78,87 (137); euryen-46,68 (187); euryprosop-81,62 (187); jugo-mandibular index - 78,26 (187); hyperplatyrrhinian - 100,37 (257) and ear índex - 59,97 (187).
Predominant type: stature approaching the general average of humanity, above and below; feeble thoracic perimeter; above all mesaticephal with greater tendency towards dolichocephal; euryen, sometimes mesen and still less hypereuryen; euryprosop or hypereuryprosopo and less frequently mesoprosop; with predominance marked by bigoniac breadth superior to 3/ 4 of the bizygomatic breadth; hyperplatyrrhinian, sometimes platyrrhinian and with absolute predominance of the ear breadth always superior to half of its length.
11) - Kioko Tribe
Medium type: stature very slightly inferior to the average of humanity - 164,73 cm. (1.186); feeble thoracic perimeter - 79,53 cm. (692) ; sub-dolichocephal - 78,68 (577) ; euryen - 46,46 (692); euryprosopo - 81,56 (692) ; jugomandibular índex - 78,28 (692); hyperplatyrrhinian - 100,75 (1.052) and ear index - 60,18 (705) .
Predominant type: stature approaching the general average of humanity, above and below; feeble thoracic perimeter; above all mesaticephal with accentuated dolichocephalic tendency; euryen, but also frequently mesen, and still less often hypereuryen; euryprosop, but also frequently hypereuryprosop and mesoprosop; absolute predominance of the upper bigoniac breadth by 3/ 4 of the bizygomatic breadth; hyperplatyrrhinian, almost equal number of times platyrrhinian and with undeniable predominance of the ear breadth always superior to half of its length.
ln this tribe, the separation of three series obeying to the geographical division, and the comparison with the observations made by Fonseca Cardoso and Mendes Corrêa, concerning the Kiokos of Bié, allows the author to affirm not only its heterogeneousness, but a progressif modification of the physical tribal type in accordance with its spreading from south to north, and west to east, in the north-east quadrant of Angola. Accordingly: the stature reduces itself propressively from tall to smaller stature; the thoracic perimeter becomes every time weaker; the cephalic índex changes from dolichocephal to sub-dolichocephal, with a tendency to mesocephal; the upper facial índex from euryen, . almost mesen, changes to pure euryen; the morphological facial índex accentuates its euryprosopy, with a tendency to hypereuryprosopy; the jugo-mandibular index reduces its power; the nasal index, from platyrrhinian almost hyperplatyrrhinian, is transformed into hyperplatyrrhinian and finally, the ear index diminishes in value.
2) - Kimbundu Group:
I) - Songo Tribe
Medium type: stature sensibly above general average of humanity - 168,76 cm. (446); weak thoracic perimeter - 82,19 cm. (345) ; hyperdolichocephal - 75,38 (262); euryen - 47,24 (345); euryprosop - 82,65 (345); jugo-mandibular índex - 78,83 (345) ; hyperplatyrrhinian - 100,09 (415) and ear index - 60,33 (345).
Predominant type: stature tall or above general average of humanity: weak thoracic perimeter; dolichocephal with a tendency towards lower values; euryen, but also repeatedly mesen; euryprosop, but also often mesoprosop and hypereuryprosop; with absolute predominance of the upper bigoniac breadth at 3/ 4 of the bizygomatic breadth; hyperplatyrrhinian or platyrrhinian an with a neat predominance of the ear breadth always superior by half of its length.
II) - Minungo Tribe
Medium type: stature very nearly equal to the general average of humanity - 165,14 cm. (197); weak thoracic perimeter - 79,89 cm. (110) ; sub-dolichocephal - 79,16 (99): euryen - 46,48 (110 ) : euryprosop-81 ,97 (110); jugo-mandibular index - 78,34 ( 110) ; hyperplatyrrhinian - 101,96 (153) and ear índex - 61.04 (111 ).
Predominant type: stature about the general average of humanity, above and below; weak thoracic perimeter; above all mesaticephal, with tendency towards accentuated dolichocephal; euryen, but also frequently mesen and less ofener hypereuryen; euryprosop, but also repeatedly hypereuryprosop and mesoprosop; with notable predominance of the bigoniac breadth upper by 3/ 4 of the bizygomatic breadth; hyperplatyrrhinian, at times platyrrhinian, and with a very near predominance of the ear breadth always superior by half of its length.
III) - Bangala Tribe
Medium type: stature practically one centimeter inferior to the general average of humanity-163,91 cm. (119) ; weak thoracic perimeter - 80,46 cm. (76) ; dolichocephal - 77,16 (44); euryen - 45,42 (76); euryprosopo - 79,84 (76); jugo-mandibular index - 77,47 (76); hyperplatyrrhinian - 101,23 (117) and ear index - 61,03 (76).
Predominant type: stature about the general average of humanity with a slightly larger tendency towards lower rather than above average; weak thoracic perimeter; above all dolichocephal with a rnesaticephal tendency; euryen, bμt also frequently mesen· and hypereuryen; hypereuryprosop, but also repeatedly euryprosop; with predominance of the bigoniac breadth superior at 3/ 4 of the bizygomatic breadth; hyperplatyrrhinian, now and then platyrrhinian, and with absolute predominance of the ear breadth always superior to half of its length.
IV) - Xinge Tribe:
Medium type: stature very slightly inferior to the general average of humanity - 164,39 cm. (198); feeble thoracic perimeter - 78,70 cm. (111); dolichocephal - 77,38 (79); euryen - 45,94 (111) ; euryprosop - 80,35 (111) ; jugo-mandibular index - 77,95 (111); hyperplatyrrhioian - 100,74 (159) ande ar index-60,69 (112).
Predominant type
