1,720,986 research outputs found
Probabilistic Heterogeneous Patent Protection and Innovation Incentives
No full textUsing a general equilibrium framework, this paper shows that imperfect and heterogeneous
patent protection across industries affects the relative innovation incentives of firms and the skill
premium. It is found that tighter patent enforcement in some industries allows a patent enforcement
externality effect to emerge, whereby varieties with relatively softer patent protection have
relatively stronger innovation incentives. The theoretical mechanisms hold for a wide range of
the elasticity of substitution between varieties and also hold in a North-South framework when
IPR harmonization is considered. A numerical simulation shows that merging both endogenous
technological change and institutional aspects in the form of imperfect and heterogeneous IPR
protection can contribute to explaining the different innovation and wage inequality performances
of the U.S. and the EU regions
Carbon pricing and endogenous human capital accumulation
No full textWithin an R&D-driven endogenous growth model, this paper studies the effects of carbon pricing on individuals' incentives for human capital accumulation, income inequality, and the per capita growth rate. The results show that a tighter carbon pricing policy in the form of an environmental tax results in an increase in individuals' human capital accumulation and income inequality both between unskilled and skilled workers and among skilled workers and spurs the per capita growth rate. A numerical simulation for the U.S. economy confirms the results and shows that the increase in income inequality is very modest compared to the large increase in the per capita output growth rate
Rent-Seeking Bureaucracies, Inequality, and Growth.
No full textThis paper develops a Schumpeterian growth model in which institutional quality matters for inequality and
growth. In particular, asymmetric information between political authorities and rent-seeking bureaucratic
agencies diverts resources from innovative activities – crucial for development to take off in middle and low
income countries – and unnecessarily exacerbates income inequality. The theoretical predictions not only
match empirical facts on inequality, institutional quality and growth well documented in the literature, but
are easily assessed in two groups of Latin American and African countries, as shown in the final calibration
analysis
Carbon Tax with Individuals’ Heterogeneous Environmental Concerns
No full textThis study analyzes the effects of carbon taxation and environmental
awareness on wage inequality and economic growth. The findings reveal that a
stricter carbon tax positively correlates with wage inequality and growth. When
R&D firms lack complete control over the magnitude of innovation leaps, a tighter
carbon tax exacerbates wage inequality while fostering income growth and green
innovation. When firms fully determine their innovation leap, a stricter carbon
tax reduces wage inequality and slows GDP growth. Changes in the population’s
environmental awareness generate different results. When R&D firms lack complete
control over innovation leaps, greater ecological awareness increases wage
inequality and GDP growth, but only if green products command a higher markup.
When firms fully determine innovation leaps, rising ecological awareness induces
a U-shaped effect on the skill premium and an inverted U-shaped effect on the share
of unskilled workers, while consistently supporting per capita GDP growth
Academic and industrial R&D: are they always complementary? A theoretical approach
No full textTwo strategies have largely been adopted by the US government to enhance the
scientific academic contribution to industrial innovations and growth: financing
academic research and granting academic ideas the same intellectual property rights
(IPR) as industrial innovations. In distinguishing the stages of R&D within a dynamic
general equilibrium model, it is found that academic government expenditures spur
industrial R&D when academia and industry are almost equally efficient in their
research capabilities and when firms have a high enough market size. Moreover, it is
found that the softer IPR regime granted to academia increases the per capita growth
rate of the economy
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MEETS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY: GLOBALIZATION, INEQUALITY, AND INNOVATION STRATEGIES
No full textI perform a Schumpeterian analysis of a world economy in which heterogenous
individuals and firms endogenously respond to stronger global competition by
undertaking more education and by spending more in research and development
(R&D). A more globalized economy is predicted to exacerbate wage inequality,
but to spur human capital accumulation within each country. However, despite its
positive level effects on consumption and output, globalization can reduce each
country’s per-capita output growth rate. R&D specialization allows each country to
positively invest in manufacturing, variety proliferation R&D, and product quality
upgrading R&D. The existence of such an R&D specialization – jointly with
domestic size – allows us to explain some different economic performance about
inequality and R&D effort of developed regions, such as the US and the EU
countries
Heterogenous appreciation of cultural varieties as a stimulus for individual's innovation
No full textThis paper accounts for individuals' heterogeneous appreciation of cultural varieties within a general equilibrium framework, and it analyzes how such an heterogeneity affects the individual's innovative activity. It is found that a lower appreciation of some cultural varieties allows a change in demand composition across cultural goods and services in favor of the lower appreciated varieties. This effect induce individuals to invest a relatively greater effort in generating better quality versions of cultural varieties that are lesse appreciated when individual's innovative ability is more sensitive to appreciation of cultural products. In aggregate, the economy benefits from a higher aggregate innovation effort, a higher growth rate, and of higher wages both of unskilled and skilled individuals when higher appreciation exists in only a subset, rather than uniformly in all cultural industries
HETEROGENEOUS ACADEMIC-INDUSTRY KNOWLEDGE LINKAGE, HETEROGENEOUS IPR, AND GROWTH
No full textEmpirical evidence shows the existence of relevant
spillovers from the stock of academic basic knowledge on
industry. Interestingly, such spillovers are highly specific in
that firms’ academic learning responds strongly to federally
funded R&D in closely affiliated universities. Moreover,
with the aim of enhancing such a technological transfer
from academia to industry, the policy design of many OECD
countries allows worthy academic ideas to be granted the
same intellectual property rights (IPR) as industrial innovations.
In distinguishing the stages of an R&D process within
a dynamic general equilibrium model, this paper explicitly
considers both industrial and government R&D efforts, with
heterogeneous academic knowledge spillovers among industry
lines. The results show that both the industrial R&D
effort and the growth rate are spurred more by a “softer”
IPR regime granted to academic ideas than by an increase
in the industrial R&D subsidy
The relevance of scale economies in economic and social relationships for economic geography
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