25 research outputs found
Cottonseed meal and Vitellaria paradoxa leaves supplementation of Borgou cattle in rainy season
No full textExperiment was carried out to investigate the effects of cottonseed meal (CSM) and Vitellaria paradoxa leaves in rainy season supplementation on milk yield, composition of the milk, live weight changes and their economical returns. To examine these effects, fifteen (15) Borgou cattle, in late lactation were offered three (3) dietary treatments: grazing natural pasture (control); the two other treatments received in addition cottonseed meal and Vitellaria paradoxa leaves supplements. The experiment lasted ten (10) weeks, including an adaptation period of two (2) weeks. Average daily milk yield was 946,58 g, 1690,07 g and 1176,89 g for the control, cottonseed meal and Vitellaria paradoxa leaves group respectively. Dietary treatments had a significant (p< 0,05) effect on milk yield during the trial. Only cows supplemented CSM produce significantly more milk than those unsupplemented (increasing of 78,54 %). But there is no differences among supplemented group. Cottonseed meal group produce more than 43,60 % milk yield compared to the second supplemented group. The treatments had a significant effect on total solid and milk ash. But no significant effect was observed on fat and protein content. The over all mean values were 15,12 %, 0,35 %, 5,92 % and 4,13 % respectively for total solid, ash, fat and protein content. There were no significant differences (p<0,05) in live weight changes of supplemented group cows. Further more, calves live weight changes were significantly different. Supplemented groups calves live weight increase was significantly more than those unsupplemented from birth to the end of the trial (212,06 g/d and 219,10 g/d versus 161,1 g/d). From birth to the beginning of the trial, only Vitellaria paradoxa leaves group calves had a significant increase in live weight changes. Only CSM group calves had a significant increase in live weight changes (124,98 g/d versus 53,54 g/d for non supplemented group calves) during the trial. Calves live weight changes from birth to the beginning of the trial were highly significantly correlated with those from birth to the end of the trial for all the experimental herd and for CSM group (r = 0,96 and r = 0,99). In other hand, these two live weight changes were slightly correlated for the control (r = 0,96) and Vitellaria paradoxa group (r = 0,97). A net return analysis shows that cottonseed meal and Vitellaria paradoxa supplementation in rainy season was profitable even if Vitellaria paradoxa was more beneficial
Contribution to the study of local guinea fowl feeding in Benin and prospects for improvements with unconventional feedstuffs
No full textCette étude propose des voies d’amélioration de l’alimentation de la pintade locale à l’aide de ressources alimentaires non-conventionnelles au Bénin. La première partie de ce travail fait le point sur l’utilisation des ressources alimentaires non-conventionnelles et particulièrement des graines de Mucuna spp. dans l’alimentation de la volaille. Elle envisage le contexte de leur utilisation, leurs valeurs nutritionnelles ainsi que les contraintes liées à leur valorisation avant d’envisager les effets des diverses techniques de traitement sur la réduction des teneurs en diverses substances toxiques et sur leur composition chimique. La seconde partie porte sur l’étude des élevages traditionnels et les compare à une forme d’élevage contrôlé en station. Au Bénin, comme dans la plupart des pays au Sud du Sahara, l’élevage traditionnel de la volaille est caractérisé par un système extensif peu productif et divaguant, où les animaux se nourrissent essentiellement sur les parcours. Ils disposent d’abris sommaires et exigus et ne bénéficient ni de programmes de prophylaxie sanitaire ni d’une alimentation adaptée. Toutefois, certains éleveurs distribuent en supplément des céréales ou d’autres ressources non conventionnelles. Dans ces conditions, les performances pondérales des pintades ont été de 1121 ± 100 g à six mois d’âge. En milieu contrôlé, c’est-à-dire où les animaux étaient logés en permanence, nourris à l’aide d’une provende formulée, séparés par sexe et vermifugés, le poids moyen à âge identique des mâles a été de 1151 ± 108 g contre 1085 ± 74 g pour celui des femelles. Dans les élevages traditionnels, les animaux vermifugés ont présenté une supériorité pondérale (1221 ± 107 g) par rapport au groupe non traité (1007 ± 31 g). Les performances de croissance des oiseaux élevés en milieu contrôlé n’ont pas été meilleures comparativement aux pintades du milieu rural, bien que les aliments utilisés en milieu contrôlé aient été conformes aux normes de la littérature. L’étude des performances de reproduction dans le milieu rural et en milieu contrôlé situe l’âge des femelles à la première ponte entre 7 et 9 mois avec un poids moyen de 1220 ± 97 g. Les pontes sont hivernales et les couvées sont réalisées dans 95,5 % des cas par les poules avec un nombre moyen de 14 ± 4 œufs incubés par poule et un taux global d’éclosion de 70 % pour une durée moyenne d’incubation de 26 jours. La chute de la probabilité de survie a été la plus importante durant les 50 premiers jours de vie au cours desquels un taux de mortalité de près de 50 % a été observé. Malgré donc son importance économique, nutritionnelle et sociale, l’élevage traditionnel de pintade au Bénin reste peu productif en raison de nombreuses contraintes incluant une forte mortalité juvénile, diverses pathologies, la prédation, le climat, le logement et une alimentation inadéquate.La troisième partie fait l’inventaire du régime alimentaire des animaux divaguant, par analyse du contenu de jabot. Elle a ainsi permis de préciser la composition de la ration journalière de ces animaux, y compris la complémentation reçue par les éleveurs afin d’optimiser la production. Les ingrédients trouvés dans les jabots ont été identifiés et regroupés en six catégories principales à savoir : la supplémentation, les graines des végétaux de parcours, leurs feuilles, les produits animaux, les minéraux et les éléments non identifiés. La quantité et la proportion des suppléments et des graines des végétaux n’étaient pas significativement différentes entre les saisons tandis que celles des feuilles de végétaux, des produits animaux et des minéraux étaient plus élevées au cours de la saison des pluies. Les suppléments, en occurrence le maïs et le sorgho, étaient les composants majoritaires au cours des deux saisons. Les graines de végétaux les plus consommés provenaient de Panicum maximum (saison des pluies) et de Rottboellia cochinchinensis (saison sèche). Les teneurs des contenus de jabot en matière organique, extractif non azoté, et en énergie métabolisable étaient plus élevées en saison sèche, par contre les concentrations des minéraux étaient plus élevées en saison pluvieuse. Aucune différence n’a été notée entre les deux saisons en termes de matière sèche, protéines brutes et en fibres brutes. L’identification et la quantification des différents composants alimentaires, ainsi que la détermination de la composition chimique et de la valeur alimentaire des aliments ingérés par les pintades au cours de la divagation a mis en évidence des déficits structurels mais également conjoncturels liés aux variations saisonnières de la qualité, de la disponibilité ou de l’accessibilité des aliments pendant certaines périodes de l’année. Des corrections adéquates pour améliorer la production de la pintade en milieu villageois ont ainsi pu être proposées. Les graines de mucuna, en raison de leur composition nutritive, ont été proposées comme élément de solution à ce problème. La quatrième étude a été réalisée afin d’évaluer l’effet de deux traitements de base (chaleur humide et chaleur sèche) sur la teneur des facteurs anti-nutritionnels, la composition chimique et la digestibilité des graines de mucuna. Les traitements thermiques ont amélioré les teneurs en protéines tandis que les taux de fibres brutes ont été réduits. Les teneurs en L-dopa, principal élément toxique de la graine de mucuna, ont augmenté en fonction du taux d’incorporation de la graine. Une réduction significative de 52 % du taux de la L-Dopa a été constatée dans les graines bouillies par rapport à celles qui ont été toastées. Le traitement thermique a influencé significativement la digestibilité des nutriments, excepté celle de la matière grasse. Il en a été conclu que les graines de mucuna traitées adéquatement peuvent être utilisées pour nourrir la pintade. La cinquième étude a porté sur l’utilisation des graines de mucuna et des feuilles et cossettes de manioc sur les performances de croissance et la qualité de la viande des pintades. Des effets dépressifs sur la croissance des pintades et une réduction drastique de la consommation alimentaire ont été notés dans les groupes recevant des graines de mucuna crues. Le poids moyen de la carcasse ainsi que les différents morceaux de la découpe ont été significativement plus faibles que dans le groupe témoin. Cependant, la production de viande a été similaire entre les groupes témoin et ceux ayant reçu la graine de mucuna bouillie. Une augmentation significative du poids du gésier a été observée dans les lots ayant reçu les aliments contenant le mucuna traité, ainsi qu’une réduction du poids moyen des foies des animaux recevant des graine de mucuna crues. L’incorporation des graines dans la ration n’a toutefois pas modifié la qualité de la viande, les valeurs de pH et de capacité de rétention d’eau ayant été similaires dans les 3 groupes. Les analyses des foies, des reins et des muscles n’ont pas révélé la présence de L-dopa.Par ailleurs, les performances enregistrées chez des animaux recevant des feuilles et cossettes de manioc ont été significativement plus faibles par rapport à celles observées dans le groupe témoin. Toutefois, aucune différence significative n’a été observée au niveau du poids des différents morceaux (blancs, ensemble cuisses-pilons, ailes) et du rendement de la carcasse, en fonction du lot. Aussi, la substitution du grain de maïs par les feuilles et les cossettes de manioc a permis de réduire le coût de production de la pintade. Ces ingrédients constituent aussi une opportunité pour réduire la concurrence entre l’homme et la volaille pour la consommation de maïs.En conclusion, cette étude a montré qu’il est possible d’utiliser avec succès certaines ressources non-conventionnelles telles que le mucuna qui constitue une opportunité pour les pays pauvres et qui pourrait contribuer à l’amélioration de l’autosuffisance alimentaire à partir de ressources locales/This study suggests ways of improvement of local guinea fowl feeding by unconventional resources in Benin. The first part of this work reviews the use of unconventional feed resources, and particularly Mucuna spp. seeds, in poultry diets. This review focuses on the context of their use, their nutritional values as well as the constraints that hamper their upgrading before assessing the effects of various treatments on toxins levels and on chemical composition.The second part of this study concerns the village poultry production systems, when compared to improved poultry production in station. In Benin, as in most of the countries in the South of Sahara, the village poultry production is characterized by an extensive system, in which birds have to scavenge to find most of their feed. They live in cramped houses and don’t benefit either from disease prevention programs or from adapted feeding systems. However, farmers provide cereal grains or some unconventional resources. In these conditions, guinea fowl weight at six months was 1121 ± 100 g. In improved rearing, i.e. where animals were bred in houses, received complete diet, were separated by sex and received veterinary care, the mean weights at the same age were 1151±108 g for males versus 1085 ± 74 g for females. In village chickens, birds that received vermifuge treatments were significantly heavier when compared to untreated ones (1221 ± 107 vs 1007 ± 31 g). Growth performances in improved conditions were similar to that obtained with the guinea fowls reared in village, although they received complete diets that were in accordance with guinea fowl requirements. In rural area and in station, the study on reproductive performance indicated the onset of the first laying between 7 and 9 months of age with a mean weight of 1220 ± 97 g. Eggs laying occurred in rainy season, and broods were performed at 95.5 % level by hens, the mean number of eggs brooded by hen being 14 ± 4, with 70% hatching rate for 26 days of incubation duration. The decrease of cumulative survival probability was marked during the first 50 days of live during which a mortality rate of about 50 % was observed. In spite of its economic, nutritional and social importance, guinea fowl productivity in village area in Benin remains weak because of numerous constraints including keet mortality, diseases, predation, climate, housing and low feed supply. The third part of the work studies scavenging guinea fowls crop contents, i.e., ingredients naturally found by the animals on the ground and supplement offered by the farmers. Ingredients found in crops were identified and divided in six main categories including supplemental feed, seeds, green forages, animal materials, minerals and unidentified material. Amounts and proportions of supplemental feed and seeds were not significantly different between seasons, whereas those of green forage, animal materials and mineral matter were higher in rainy season. Supplemental feed, especially maize and sorghum, was the largest component of the crop content in both seasons. The most represented grass seeds were Panicum maximum (rainy season) and Rottboellia cochinchinensis (dry season). Dietary concentrations of organic matter, non-nitrogen extract and metabolisable energy were higher in the dry season, while mineral concentrations were higher in the rainy season. There were no significant differences between the two seasons in dry matter, crude protein or crude fibre. The identification and quantification of various feed ingredients, as well as the determination of chemical composition and nutritive value of ingredients ingested by scavenging guinea fowl allowed highlighting the structural and short-term deficiencies due to seasonal variations of diets quality and availability during the year. Adequate corrections to improve guinea fowl production in village area were so able to be proposed. Mucuna seeds could solve this problem because of its leguminous-type feed value. The fourth study was carried out to evaluate the effects of two basic treatments (cooking and toasting) on anti-nutrients factor contents, chemical composition and digestibility of mucuna seeds. Heat treatments improved proteins content whereas that of crude fibre was reduced. Contents of L-dopa, the main anti-nutritional factor in mucuna seeds, increased according to seed level incorporation. L-dopa content was significantly reduced by 52 % in cooked seeds while toasting had no effect. Heat treatment improved significantly seed nutrients digestibility excepted that of the ether extract. It was concluded that when mucuna seed is adequately treated, it could be used in guinea fowl diet. The fifth study concerned the effects of mucuna seeds and cassava leafs and cossets on guinea fowl growth and meat quality. Crude mucuna seeds had depressive effects on guinea fowl growth and feed intake. Mean carcass and cut-parts weights were significantly lower in control group. However, meat yield was similar between control and cooked seeds groups. The gizzard weights were significantly increased in processed seeds diets groups and liver weight reduction was noticed in birds fed on raw Mucuna seed. Mucuna seed did not alter meat quality as assessed by the pH and water holding capacity measurements. L-Dopa analyses in liver, kidneys and breast muscle did not reveal the presence of any tissue residues.Furthermore, growth performances recorded in birds receiving cassava leaves and cossets were significantly lower when compared to the control group. However, no difference was observed in cut-parts (breasts, thigh-drumsticks, wings) and in carcass yield between groups. So, maize substitution by cassava leaves and cossets allowed reducing feed cost. It can be then suggested that those feeds allow reducing competition for maize consumption between human and poultry.In conclusion, it is possible to successfully use unconventional feed resources such as mucuna seeds which are an opportunity for developing country and could contribute to improve food security with local resources
Diet supplement effect based on cottonseed meal and Vitellaria paradoxa leaves on Borgou cows performance in rainy season
No full textpeer reviewedAn experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of supplementing lactating cows with cottonseed
meal and Vitellaria paradoxa leaves in the rainy season on milk yield and content, cows daily weight gain and
profitability. The experimental design was 3 × 3 Latin square with 5 repetitions. Fifteen Borgou cows were
offered three diets: grazing on natural pasture, grazing on pasture plus 1.5 kg of cottonseed meal supplement
and grazing on natural pasture plus 500 g of Vitellaria paradoxa leaves. Daily milk yield was 946.58 g,
1690.07 g and 1176.89 g for the control, cottonseed meal and Vitellaria paradoxa leaves group respectively.
Cows supplemented with cottonseed meal produce significantly (p < 0.05) more milk than the others. The
mean values were 15.12%, 0.35%, 5.92% and 4.13% respectively for total solid, ash, fat and protein content.
Vitellaria paradoxa leaves significantly (p < 0.05) increase total solid level and ash as well as ash with
cottonseed meal. Furthermore, calves daily weight gain (DWG) was significantly different. A net return
analysis shows that cottonseed meal and Vitellaria paradoxa leaves supplementation in rainy season was
profitable even if Vitellaria paradoxa leaves were more beneficial
Comparison of local Guinea fowl (Meleagris numida) production characteristics in experimental station and rural area in soudano-guinean zone of Bénin
No full textpeer reviewedA survey on the production characteristics of guinea fowl (Meleagris numida) was carried out in the Borgou department located in the soudano-guinean zone North-Est of Benin. Chicks and reproductive groups were kept either on station under improved management conditions or in rural environment. In rural environment, the birds were divided in two groups. The birds pertaining to the first group were treated against parasitic diseases, whereas those in the second one (control group) received no treatment.
Under station conditions, the feed conversion ratio and the daily weight gain were 8.8 and 5.7 g/day respectively. Mean body weight at six months of age were 1151g and 1085g for males and females, respectively. Sexual maturity was reached at 36 weeks of age. For mature hens kept on station, laying rate and the mean egg weight were 37.2% (65% at the peak) and 41.1g respectively. Smothering, stress and pricking were the major constraints to the cloistering of guinea fowl.
In rural environment, the mean hatchability rate was 70%. Mortality rate and adult body weight were not significantly different between groups. Mortality rate observed in the rural environment was 50% for both treated or untreated birds. Apart from the parasitic affections, the main causes of mortality were the rain, the predators, the cold and the fragility of chicks. The mean body weight at six months of age is higher for the birds raised under village conditions in comparison to the birds kept on station
EFFECT OF TRIDAXPROCUMBENS EXTRACTS ON BLOOD CLOTTING
No full textObjective: The present work has focused on evaluating the effect of tridaxprocumbens on blood clotting.Methods: in the course of our study we have therefore carried out a Hydro ethanol extraction (50/50), Liquid-Solid extraction, and phytochemical screening. Thereafter our study was carried out on nine (09) male and female Wistar type rats aged from 10 to 12 w and weighing between 100 and 200 g. These animals were raised at the laboratory of Biomembranes Laboratory and Cell Signaling from FAST to UAC under standard environmental conditions. Animals have free access to water and food. 09 rats are experienced, divided in three batches of 3 rats each, submitted respectively to the following treatment: fed with distilled water, fed with 100 mg/kg P. C tridax extract procumbens, fed at 300 mg/kg P. C tridax extract procumbens. Evolution of the weight of rats during treatment was measured. After 7 d of treatment, the blood of the rats is taken for an experience of bleeding time, experience of coagulation time, and dosage of some blood parameters (platelet, partial thromboplastin, prothrombin).Results: Phytochemical screening carried out on the leaf and stem powder of Tridaxprocumbens revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, reducing sugar, mucilage, terpene and sterol, but at varying proportions. After 7 d of treatment, evaluation of the effect of the extractions on the body weight of the rats gave interesting conclusions. The weight of the control rats did indeed increase while that of the rats treated with the dose of (100 and 300 mg/kg) dropped. In addition, the effect of the hydroethanolic extract of the leaves and stems of Tridaxprocumbens on the coagulation of blood has been studied in order to verify the alleged property that the said extract can be used to manage bleeding. This was done by examining the effect of the extract on bleeding time, coagulation time, platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin rate. These were carried out using the Duke method and the Lee and White method. In the bleeding time experiment, the mean time without adding the extract was 2.58±0.31 min, while the mean bleeding time after treatment with the extract was 1.61±0.70 min at a dose of 100 mg/kg PC and 1.77±0.69 min at a dose of 300 mg/kg PC, achieving 57% of the decrease in normal bleeding time. Thus the extract significantly lowers the bleeding time.When the extract was used for the coagulation time, it was found that the extract promotes blood clotting. In addition, this study reveals that Tridaxprocumbens significantly influences TCA, TP and platelet count at varying doses.Conclusion: The plant material studied in this study is, therefore, a credible alternative for an effective fight against bleeding and also promotes the coagulation of blood
Les ressources alimentaires non-conventionnelles utilisables pour la production aviaire en Afrique : valeurs nutritionnelles et contraintes
No full textpeer reviewe
Food resources unconventional use for poultry production in Africa: nutritional values and constraints
No full textpeer reviewedNumerous works are related to the use of unconventional feed resources, and particularly to Mucuna Spp., in poultry diet. This review aims at describing the context of their use, their nutritional values and the constraints related to their upgrading, before considering the effects of the various methods of treatment on the reduction of the toxic substances that they could contain and on their chemical compositions. The methods of treatment are very variable and their standardisation should allow using them in rural area. Those feed could thus constitute an alternative to costly conventional feed usually used in poultry production
Reproductive phenology stages and their contributions to seed production of two Arachis pintoi ecotypes (CIAT 17434 and CIAT 18744) in Sudanian savanna region of Benin, West Africa
No full textpeer reviewedFlowering pattern, reproductive stage period (flowering, peg production, pod production and seed maturation) and efficiency of each stage for mature fruit production of two Arachis pintoi ecotypes (CIAT 17434 and CIAT 18744) were investigated in West Africa. Plants were sown in a randomized complete block design with four replicates per ecotype. Data collected over 3 years were analyzed with ANOVA. First flowers appeared on average 26 and 45 d after sowing for CIAT 17434 and CIAT 18744, respectively. Pegs began to extend about 8 and 18 d after anthesis; pod initiation about 22 and 40 d after anthesis and seed fully matured about 85 and 120 d after anthesis, respectively. CIAT 17434 produced (2269 flowers/plant) significantly (p≤0.05) more flower than CIAT 18744 (761 flowers/plant) during 7 months flowering. Conversely, flower efficiency for peg production was significantly (p≤0.05) higher for CIAT 18744 (8.14%) than for CIAT 17434 (4.02%). From 85 to 97% of pegs produced pods for both ecotypes. This research showed clearly that the principal constraint for effective seed production in particular ecological conditions of West Africa was the quite low efficiency of flowers for pegs production
Contribution \ue0 l\ue9tude de lalimentation de la pintade locale au B\ue9nin, et perspectives dam\ue9liorations \ue0 laide de ressources non conventionnelles/Contribution to the study of local guinea fowl feeding in Benin and prospects for improvements with unconventional feedstuffs
No full textQualité physique et nutritionnelle du lait des vaches Borgou nourries avec des pierres à lécher mise au point au Bénin
No full textSeveral factors, including those related to diet, influence the availability and quality of milk in Benin. This study aimed to enhance milk quality through the use of lick stones. Sixteen five-year-old Borgou cows were divided into four groups: CPL1 (supplemented grazing – lick stone 1), CPL2 (supplemented grazing – lick stone 2), CPL3 (supplemented grazing -lick stone 3), and a control group CPL0 (supplemented grazing - cottonseed cake). Morning milk samples were collected to assess physicochemical parameters (pH, density, color, titratable acidity, dry matter, ash, proteins, lactose, lipids, calcium, and phosphorus). Density (1.03 g/cm3) was significantly higher for CPL3 milk. CPL1 milk had a higher protein content (65.3 g/L) while CPL3 milk had a higher lactose content (20.2 g/L). CPL0 milk stood out with a high-fat content (46.8 g/L), which may render it nutritionally unfavorable. Lick stones contribute to improved physical and nutritional milk quality, making them recommended for enhancing dairy production quality in Benin.
Keywords: Feed supplement, cow, corn bran, cane molasses, physicochemical quality, dry seasonDivers facteurs, notamment ceux liés à l’alimentation, conditionnent la disponibilité et la qualité du lait au Bénin. Cette étude a pour objectif d’améliorer la qualité du lait par l’utilisation de pierres à lécher. Elle a porté sur 16 vaches de race Borgou âgées de cinq ans, réparties en quatre groupes: CPL1 (pâturage complémenté - pierre à lécher 1), CPL2 (pâturage complémenté - pierre à lécher 2), CPL3 (pâturage complémenté - pierre à lécher 3) et un témoin CPL0 (pâturage complémenté - tourteaux de coton). Les laits collectés le matin ont servis pour l’évaluation des paramètres physico-chimiques (pH, densité, couleur, acidité titrable, matière sèche, cendres, protéines, lactose, lipides, calcium et phosphore). La densité (1,03 g/cm3) était plus élevée pour le lait CPL3. La teneur en protéines du lait CPL1 (65,3 g/l) et la teneur en lactose du lait CPL3 (20,2 g/l) étaient plus élevée. Le lait CPL0 s’est distingué par son taux de matière grasse élevé (46,8 g/l) ce qui le disqualifierait du point de vue nutritionnel. Les pierres à lécher donnent un lait de meilleure qualité physique et nutritionnelle. Elles sont donc recommandées pour améliorer la qualité de la production laitière au Bénin.
Mots clés: Complément alimentaire, vache, son de maïs, mélasse de canne, qualité physico-chimique, saison sèch
