1,721,168 research outputs found
Materialist Premises in Hobbes and Kropotkin for Antipodean Conclusions: The State of War and the Mutual Aid
Full text linkA methodological similarity between Thomas Hobbes and Pëtr Kropotkin is the intention to elucidate a theoretical foundation to a broad audience, in the sense that they are willing to popularize a clear description of the reality and a subsequent political view. To do so, they use a scientific method, deductive (starting from empirical observations) in the case of Hobbes, inductive-deductive in the case of Kropotkin. Kropotkin also underlines the educational value of the scientific method. Although they both start their argumentations from a materialist ontology, Hobbes and Kropotkin conjecture two completely different states of nature. Hobbes describes the state of nature through the two famous metaphors homo homini lupus and bellum omnium contra omnes, while Kropotkin introduced the theory of mutual aid. Hobbes has been influenced by the scientific revolution initiated by Francis Bacon, one of his mentors, and Galileo Galilei. Kropotkin has been influenced by the ground-breaking writings of Charles Darwin together with a very fruitful Russian scientific environment. The disenchanted view of the human nature in Hobbes, a state of war due to the fact that everyone has rights on everything, helps him to legitimate sovereignty, while the positive view of human nature in Kropotkin, a spontaneous mutual aid among people in a community, helps him to legitimate anarchy. Therefore, the fascinating scientific methods of the two materialists Hobbes and Kropotkin to structure a solid political theory cannot neglect different views on human nature due to their historical contexts
Simulations of Nearest Teammate-Based Soccer Match-Plays with Different Formations
Full text linkFormation in soccer is among the most important tactical choices for a successful match. Herein, the simulations of 420000 match-plays have been performed varying the formation, the number of opponents that are actively pressing the team, the speed of the opponents in attempting a pass interception. Dribbling has been neglected. The match-play ends either with a successful series of passes from a central back to the line of the strikers or with the opponents that steal the ball. In this work, I demonstrate that 3-4-3 formation, which is among the most employed formations, relates to the highest probability of success
Four-material one dimensional photonic crystals
No full textPhotonic crystals made with more than two materials have been attracting increasing attention due to their peculiar optical properties. In this work, we present a theoretical analysis, by using the transfer matrix method, of one dimensional photonic crystals made of four different materials. A new photonic band gap is observed with respect to conventional one dimensional photonic crystals. Furthermore, we discuss the strong influence that the material permutations plays on the intensity and the shape of the photonic band gaps of the proposed structure
Scientist As Parrhesiastes
Full text linkThe scientific community of the XX and XXI centuries is a very large companionship, very fragmented and spread all over the world. Moreover, the status of the scientist, which in most cases is a member of the States’ apparati, is significantly different concerning the one of the scientists up to the First World War.The concepts of the scientific revolution of Thomas Kuhn and the scientific anarchy of Paul Feyerabend should be reconsidered in this contest. In particular, the anarchist modus operandi should be shifted from the scientific method, which has become significantly standardized with protocols, to the sociology of the scientific community. Pluralism of the scientific method is possible, but anarchy in the relationships among scientists emerges as more important. The scientist is in many cases a parrhesiastes, a person that says the truth even when he is going to pay because of that, that defends the developed theory or model, by respecting the protocols established in the scientific community. On the other side, each scientist should be a patient beholder that accepts the more solid, and intersubjectively recognized, theories of other scientists
One-dimensional photonic structure with multilayer random defect
No full textA photonic structure composed of two dielectric mirrors with a random multilayer defect embedded is presented. Simulating the transmission spectra of 30,028 permutations of the random defect with the transfer matrix method, we have observed defect lines in the photonic bad gap region, with intensity and spectral position depending on the different permutations. We have compared their optical proper- ties with the ones of two types of structures: (i) conventional defect and (ii) periodic multilayer defect photonic structures. We have noticed that about 15% of the random defect structures, showing very intense defect peaks in the photonic band gap region, exhibit total light transmission in such range of wavelengths that is higher with respect to the other structures. Moreover, random defect structures can show two defect lines with relatively high transmission maxima, in spite of the only one defect line or the two weak defect lines of the other multilayer sequences. These results can be interesting for the fabrication of one- or two-colour photonic crystal defect lasers, with an appropriate choice of random defect sequences and emitting media
The importance of education in comprehending and judging technology
Full text linkTechnology, in its broadest sense, is the greatest resource of the human species. If philosophers contemplate the cosmos in its entirety, they do so by using a wide range of technical tools, developed over the course of human history. Moreover, as part of the cosmos, philosophers contemplate technology itself: not only the development of technology, but also the reason for its use and how it is passed on to future generations. Education therefore assumes a central role in the existence of humankind. While in the first instance the task of education is the transmission of technical skills, in the second instance it is perhaps more important to educate to judge technology and technological progress. Judging technology is crucial whenever progress leads to new gaps in the normative system and value system of a human society
Band gap splitting and average transmission lowering in ordered and disordered one-dimensional photonic structures composed by more than two materials with the same optical thickness
No full textThe optical properties of photonic structures made with more than two materials are very interesting for optical filtering and lighting applications. Herein, we compared the transmission properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals made with three, four and five materials, showing that, with a photonic crystal made of t different materials, the band gap splits in t-1 bands. The same optical thickness for the different materials layers results in split photonic band gaps with the same intensity. Photonic crystals with more than two materials are simple structures that could be used for multi-feature optical filters, or that could provide feedback for multi-peak distributed feedback lasers. Furthermore, we analysed the transmission properties of ternary and quaternary random photonic structures. These materials could very interesting for light trapping in photovoltaic devices. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Pobreza Laboral y Tecnoanomia
Full text linkWorking poverty can be discussed within the framework of the Hannah Arendt’s labour, human activity focussed on biological necessities. Maria Pia Chirinos underlines the importance of labour in terms of ensemble of cultures and transitions, while Nancy Fraser relates such care-related labour to “social reproduction”, at the basis of any human organization. Moreover, working poverty can be related to technoanomia, in which a fast technological advancement results in a collapse of social norms. Technoanomia should controlled and limited by the synergistic work of legislators and scientists
Working Poverty in the Framework of the Work Anthropology: A Literature Review and Considerations on Care-related Labour
Full text linkThe phenomenon of working poverty is significant and involves an important percentage of population in many countries. This paper focuses on sketching, without being exhaustive, the state-of-the-art on working poverty in terms of definition and size. It also considers possible recent correlations of working poverty with the COVID-19 pandemic and with the rise of the digital labour platforms. This paper also shows the difference between labour, work, and action according to Hannah Arendt, together with the concept of anthropology of work of Maria Pia Chirinos. Finally, highlighting the pioneering works of Chirinos, the study suggests a picture in which human being, or a rational animal (Lat.: animal rationale; Gr.: zoon logon echon, ζῷον λόγοϛ ἔχων), essentially acts in endeavours, such as labour which is devoted to self-preservation and care. Under such picture, society should take into account the richness of the traditions and skills of different types of jobs and also in terms of minimal wage
L’affermazione di una teoria nella comunità scientifica: lo scienziato-parresiasta, il collettivo di pensiero e il mutuo appoggio
Full text linkNella vasta comunità scientifica contemporanea i collettivi di pensiero, gruppi di scienziati che condividono concetti e pratiche comuni, sono polverizzati e delocalizzati su tutto il pianeta. In questo contesto lo scienziato-parresiasta espone la sua teoria sfidando, da una posizione di debolezza, gli scienziati autorevoli che con le loro teorie godono di un largo consenso nel collettivo di pensiero. Gli altri scienziati, in una sorta di appoggio, verificheranno quale teoria risulta la più efficace per spiegare i fenomeni
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