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    First report of Claraia (bivalvia) in the servino formation (Lower Triassic) of the western Orobic Alps, Italy

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    A fossiliferous horizon containing Claraia is reported for the first time 8 m above the base of the Servino Fm. in the we¬stern Orobic Alps (Lecco, Lombardy). The specimens have a broad morphological variability which mostly concerns the sculpture, and thus several morphospecies can be recognized [C. cf. aurita (Hauer, 1850), C. cf. bittneri Ichikawa, 1958, C. tesidea (Leonardi, 1929), C. intermedia (Bittner, 1901), C. radialis (Leonardi, 1929), C. cf. clarai (Emmrich, 1844)]. These taxa have mostly been classified into C. in¬termedia by applying a species-population concept. The Claraia horizon of the Orobic Alps can be correlated with the transitional layers between the C. clarai and C. aurita subzo¬nes of the Werfen Fm. (Siusi Member) in the Dolomites. Thus, in this area, the first Triassic marine transgression with age-diagnostic fossils of the Servino Fm. may have an age ranging from the latest Griesbachian to the early Dienerian

    Stratigraphy of the Servino Formation (Lombardy, Southern Alps): towards a correlation with the Werfen Formation of the Dolomites.

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    The Servino Formation, representing the Lower Triassic in the Lombardy Southern Alps, records a major tectono-eustatic transgression that flooded the Permian alluvial plains at the onset of the Triassic. The stratigraphy of the Servino Formation in central and eastern Lombardy is here revised taking into account both recently published and newly-measured stratigraphic sections. Recognition of roughly isochronous petrologic intervals, which can be traced in all considered sections, and improved biostratigraphic control thanks to a recently acquired paleontologic datum, allowed us to subdivide the Servino Formation with greater detail than possible so far and to introduce two new members formally. The new stratigraphic scheme comprises six superposed members, from hottom to top: 1) conglomerates and sandstones deposited in fan delta settings (Prato Solaro Member), locally transgressed by hyhrid oolitic arenites (Praso Limestone); 2) quartzose sandstones with abundant interstitial dolomite (Ca’ San Marco Member, firstly introduced herein); 3) oolitic coquinoid limestones yielding iron ores and passing laterally to red calcarenites and mudrocks (“Gastropod Oolite”); 4) arkosic sandstones, displaying pebbly lags in the Lake Como area (Acquaseria Member, firstly introduced herein); 5) carbonates and marls, at places coquinoid and yielding iron ores (“Myophoria Beds”); 6) variegated siltstones and marls (“Upper Member”). This scheme is useful for detailed mapping of the Servino Formation and represents a significant step towards correlation with the long established members of the Werfen Formation. In particular, correlation between the Ca’ San Marco and Siusi Members is documented by analogous Claraia assemblages in both Lombardy and the Dolomites. Thickness of Lower Triassic sediments from the Dolomites to Lombardy appears to decrease abruptly across the Giudicarie Line, rather than gradually, probably due to an inherited Permian paleotopograph

    First worldwide regulation on sustainable landfilling: Guidelines of the Lombardy region (Italy)

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    The environmental sustainability principle, since the Rio de Janeiro Conference (1992) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997), has produced a marked change in environmental protection strategies. In waste management practices this trend is reflected in the passage from a linear to a circular approach, where strong attention is paid to the recovery of resources from waste, with a dramatic reduction of untreated waste landfilling. Deposition of waste on soil still plays a crucial role in acting as a final sink for closing materials loop in Circular Economy. Paradoxically the regulations of landfilling at international level appear obsolete, not taking into account the environmental sustainability concept, still promoting unsustainable approaches, with environmental protection measures mainly based on physical barriers, without any con-sistent control of long term emissions of contaminants which last longer than the barriers themselves. “Guidelines for Sustainable Design and Management of Land-fills” issued by the Lombardy Region in 2014 represents the first official regulation which introduced systematically the principle of environmental sustainability. They highlight the modern role of landfilling as a final sink and promote measures and procedures for controlling the mobility of the potential contaminants in the waste, until reaching, within a generation time, a Final Storage Quality in equilibrium with the environment. The aim of this paper is to illustrate and discuss the main aspects introduced by the Guidelines, offering an interesting base for a future spread of the practical application of the sustainability concept to landfilling
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