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How to control food intake: the potential role of new β-glucan-enriched foods
No full textBackground
Obesity is a dramatic social burden that needs urgent intervention. A strategy to afford this chronic disease and to reduce its epidemic expansion is to control individual food intake through appetite regulation. Satiety is regulated by fine mechanisms that include social, psychological and neuroendocrine factors. The characteristics of food such as palatability, energy density, volume, form and nutrient composition as well as hormones secreted by digestive tract play a fundamental role in these fine mechanisms.
Among dietary constituents that can modulate appetite and food intake, dietary fibre had documented effects on increasing satiety, thus playing a potential role in the control of energy balance. The evidence about the satiety efficacy of different types of dietary fibre, are not conclusive: results varied with the type of dietary fibre and with administration protocols (i.e. dietary fibre-rich foods vs pure supplements). However viscous dietary fiber were indicated as the most promising and β-glucans from oat and barley, known for their ability to modulate blood lipids, were poorly investigated for this aspect.
Aim
In this framework the satiety effect of a bread and a beverage containing 3 g of barley β-glucans per portion were evaluated in healthy subjects.
Materials and Methods
In both cases a powder containing >77.5% barley β-glucan concentrate, namely GlucagelTM (DKSH), was used. The new β-glucans breads (BGBR) and beverages (BGBE) were formulated and prepared in pilot plant and their sensory evaluation was performed and compared to that of relative control foods (without dietary fibre). Among several preparations those having a sensory profile similar to control foods were selected for satiety study.
In both cases 14 healthy volunteers were enrolled and two separate protocols for evaluation of appetite sensations and glycaemia and blood hormone concentration in the short-term, respectively, were performed.
In protocol 1 the subjects reached the laboratory fasting at 0800 h, they were given a breakfast containing or BGBR or BGBE or respective controls (CBR or CBE) and were asked to report their appetite ratings on 0-100 mm VAS at baseline, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 min after breakfast. At 180 min they were offered an ad libitum lunch to measure the energy intakes at subsequent meal. In protocol 2, at the same time points subjects were submitted to blood drawings.
Results
BGBR vs CBR:
• reduced hunger and increased fullness and satiety
• determined a 19% reduction of energy intake at subsequent lunch
• elicited a lower plasma response of ghrelin (hunger hormone) and a higher PYY (satiety hormone) response, independently from insulin response
• determined a blunted glucose response.
BGBE vs CBE:
• increased fullness and satiety perceptions
• determined a 18% reduction of energy intake at subsequent lunch (and up to 30% over the 24h)
• elicited a higher response of pancreatic polypeptide, independently from insulin response.
Conclusions
Barley β-glucans, both in solid and liquid foods, by different hormone response, modulate appetite and energy intake in healthy subjects. Long term studies in overweight subjects are needed to evaluate their efficacy for weight management
Bioimpedance analysis and resting energy expenditure in undernourished and refed anorectic patients.
No full textABSTRACT
Anthropometry, bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and resting energy expenditure (REE) were evaluated in young female patients affected by anorexia nervosa who were either severely malnourished (MnA) or already refed (RfA) and in a control group of healthy young women (WnC). Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM), evaluated from skinfold thickness, were severely decreased in the MnA group while they were very similar in the RfA group and in the WnC group. With respect to BIA parameters, impedance (Z) was significantly higher in absolute terms in the MnA but lower than in the other groups when expressed as specific impedance, i.e. after normalization for both FFM and height. Phase angle significantly differed between the three groups, being significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the MnA (3.70+/- 0.83 degrees) and the RfA (4.36 +/- 0.82) than in the WnC (5.17 +/- 0.40). REE was comparable in RfA subjects and WnC subjects, while it was sharply decreased (P < 0.01) in the MnA patients both in absolute value and after adjustment for body composition (FFM and FM) or body weight. This cross-sectional study shows that marked changes in BIA parameters occur in undernourished anorectic patients and also in the anorectic subjects who were previously very underweight but studied only after having already regained a normal body size. REE was deeply decreased in the undernourished anorectic women even when the differences in body composition or Wt were taken into account, indicating the occurrence of a significant adaptation of energy expenditure to chronic underfeeding
Whole grain and weight management: an intervention study to clarify underlying mechanisms
No full textINTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies associate whole grain (WG) consumption to reduced CVD risk, body weight and abdominal circumference. Data obtained by intervention studies were not conclusive. Evidence from animal and few human studies indicated that prebiotic dietary fibre ameliorates metabolic syndrome and controls body weight through reduction of inflammation.
OBJECTIVES: This study aims i) to evaluate the effect of WG on body weight, circumferences and composition, ii) to clarify the underlying mechanisms.
DESIGN: A commercial WG product, having prebiotic properties and a high amount of polyphenols bound to dietary fibre, was selected. Eighty healthy overweight subjects will be enrolled. Forty volunteers will be asked to slightly change their habitual diet replacing equicaloric portions of specific foods with 68 g WG/die for 8 weeks; the other half will not change their diets. At baseline, and after 4 and 8 weeks, measure of body weight, waist and hip circumferences, bioimpedance analysis and blood, urine and feces collection will be performed. Markers linked to antioxidant status (serum ferulic acid, β-carotene and FRAP), to inflammatory status (several cytokines by multiplexed immunometric assay), to lipid and glucose metabolism as well as to the overall nutritional status and appetite, will be measured.
RESULTS: Preliminary data indicated that in subjects consuming WG, starting from 4 wk of treatment: i) both body weight and waist circumference were significantly reduced by 5% and 4% from baseline, respectively; ii) ferulic acid concentration was significantly doubled both in serum and urine, and triplicated in feces; iii) both fullness and satiety were doubled, while hunger did not vary from baseline.
CONCLUSIONS: The study is still ongoing but data obtained up to now indicated a good bioavailability of ferulic acid by WG consumption and encouraging perspectives as regards body weight management. The completion of protocol and analyses will permit to clarify the underlying mechanisms
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