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Ipnosi come "stato modificato di coscienza": un ponte tra ricerca sperimentale e prassi psicoterapeutica. Prima parte
No full textIpnosi come "stato modificato di coscienza": un ponte tra ricerca sperimentale e prassi psicoterapeutica (seconda parte)
No full textEffects of placebo analgesia and hypnotizability on prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex: A study of induced neural oscillatory activity
No full textInfluences of hypnotic suggestibility, contextual factors, and EEG alpha on placebo analgesia
No full textWe tested the role of hypnotic suggestibility, involuntariness, pain expectation, and subjective hypnotic depth in the prediction of placebo analgesia (PA) responsiveness. We also tested the link of lower and upper alpha sub-band (i.e., 'alpha1MODIFIER LETTER PRIME and 'alpha2MODIFIER LETTER PRIME) power changes with tonic PA responding during waking and hypnosis conditions. Following an initial PA manipulation condition, we recorded EEG activity during waking and hypnosis under two treatments: (1) painful stimulation (Pain); (2) painful stimulation after application of a PA cream. Alpha1 and alpha2 power were derived using the individual alpha frequency method. We found that (1) PA in both waking and hypnosis conditions significantly reduced relative pain perception; (2) during waking, all the above mentioned contextual measures were associated with pain reduction, while involuntariness alone was associated with pain reduction within hypnosis. Enhanced alpha2 power at the left-parietal lead was solely associated with pain reduction in waking, but not in hypnosis condition. Using multiple regression and mediation analyses we found that: (i) during waking, the enhancement of relative left-parietal alpha2 power, directly influenced the enhancement in pain reduction, and, indirectly, through the mediating positive effect of involuntariness; (j) during hypnosis, the enhancement of left-temporoparietal alpha2 power, through the mediation of involuntariness, influenced pain reduction. Current findings obtained during waking suggest that enhanced alpha2 power may serve as a direct-objective measure of the subjective reduction of tonic pain in response to PA treatment. Overall, our findings suggest that placebo analgesia during waking and hypnosis involves different processes of top-down regulation
Resting frontal asymmetry and reward sensitivity theory motivational traits
Get PDFThe revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (rRST) of personality has conceptualized three main
systems: the behavioural approach system (BAS), behavioural inhibition system (BIS), and fightflight-
freeze system (FFFS). Research links greater relative left-frontal activity with BAS-related
tendencies and impulsivity and greater relative right-frontal activity with “withdrawal” motivation
that included both BIS and FFFS. Although rRST has addressed the separation of FFFS and BIS,
much of personality neuroscience research does not indicate which system is related to right frontal
activity. We administered the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ)
to measure the BAS and its facets (goal-drive persistence, reward interest, reward reactivity, and
impulsivity), BIS, and the withdrawal FFFS. We examined the association of RST-PQ traits with resting
electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha-asymmetry in female participants (N = 162) by considering the
influence of experimenter’s gender. In the total group, that included two subgroups with experimenters
of different gender, BAS-impulsivity was related to greater left- than right-frontal activity, and
FFFS, but not BIS, was related to greater relative right-frontocentral activity. These associations
remained significant for the subgroup with a young same-sex experimenter, but not with opposite-sex
experimenter
Extraversion and behavioural approach system in the stimulus analysis and motor response initiation
No full textIn this study, we attempt to validate previous findings on extraversion-related differences in speed of sensorimotor
processing and to extend them into Behavioural Approach System (BAS) subtraits within the framework
of the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (rRST) of personality. Here, we assessed psychological traits of
extraversion (E), four BAS facets (Goal-Drive Persistence, BAS-GDP; Reward Interest, BAS-RI; Reward Reactivity,
BAS-RR; Impulsivity, BAS-I), Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS), and Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) in 51
volunteers (28 women). Stimulus-locked lateralized readiness potential (S-LRP), response-locked LRP (R-LRP),
stimulus-locked and response-locked forearm electromyogram (S-EMG and R-EMG), and P3 components of the
event-related potentials (ERPs), were recorded during the performance of a two-choice Go/NoGo visual letterdigit
discrimination task varying in task difficulty. High extraverts, relative to introverts and individuals high
relative to low on BAS-RI, were more likely to exhibit shorter S-LRP latencies and stimulus- and response-locked
EMG latencies. Additionally, high BAS-I had a shorter R-RLP latency than low BAS-I participants for the difficult
task. High FFFS levels were associated with longer S-LRP and S-EMG latencies, while high BIS levels had larger
response accuracy. Extraverts, relative to introverts, along with those high relative to low on BAS-RR and BAS-I,
exhibited smaller P3 amplitudes.
The faster cortical premotor initiation, found in individuals high on extraversion, BAS-RI and low on FFFS,
may account for their faster peripheral motor response initiation and execution.
Smaller P3 amplitudes in extraverts and individuals high on BAS-RR and BAS-I may indicate reduced perceptual
processing capacity in these individuals
The behavioural approach system and placebo analgesia during cold stimulation in women. A low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) analysis of startle ERPs
No full textPersonality traits have been shown to interact with environmental cues to modulate biological responses including placebo effects. We assessed the behavioural approach system (T-BAS) and its facets (goal drive persistence, GDP; reward interest and reactivity, RI and RR; Impulsivity, Imp) using the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ; Corr & Cooper, 2016). Participants received three treatments: Baseline, Pain, and Placebo (pain plus a sham cream). Pain was produced by administering the cold-cup-test (CCT). We used exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) analysis of event-related potentials elicited by auditory-startle probes to identify regional sources of activity changes as predictors of T-BAS and its facets. We calculated pain minus placebo differences for pain and distress ratings and regional current density. We failed to find significant associations of RST-PQ traits with placebo-induced pain and distress reductions. However, multiple regression analyses and covariance analyses showed that, during placebo analgesia as compared to pain treatment, a lower activity in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) was associated with higher T-BAS, and RI, whereas lower activity in the ACC was associated with higher T-BAS, RR, and Imp. Findings suggest that placebo analgesia may represent a form of reward responding and likely offer paths of identifying BAS traits that are liable to modulate placebo analgesic response
Personality and placebo analgesia during cold stimulation in women: A Low-Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) analysis of startle ERPs
No full textWe applied exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) method to auditory startle event-related potentials (ERPs) during cold pain (cold-cup-test: CCT). ERPs and startle data were obtained from a published dataset wherein auditory startle stimuli were used as probes of pain processing (De Pascalis & Scacchia, 2016). We wanted to identify (1) sources of cortical current density changes associated with pain/distress reductions to placebo analgesia (PA) treatment, and (2) sources of activity changes that are predictors of the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and fight/flight/freeze system (FFFS) of the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (rRST). We administered three treatments: Baseline, CCT-alone (Pain), and CCT plus sham cream (Placebo). PA, as compared to Pain treatment, was effective in pain and distress reduction, and produced a significant current density reduction within right primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and left middle frontal gyrus (MFG). In addition, current density change in the right S1 was a positive predictor of subjective pain and distress reduction, although distress reduction was also associated with decreased activity in the left MFG. We failed to identify regional sources of placebo-related current density changes as predictors of the BIS and FFFS with the exception of current density changes within left MFG that was positively correlated with BIS and a significant predictor of this trait. Findings appear consistent with rRST predictions suggesting BIS and FFFS as separate, but interacting neurobehavioural systems
Hypnotizability and placebo analgesia in waking and hypnosis as modulators of auditory startle responses in healthy women. An ERP study
Get PDFWe evaluated the influence of hypnotizability, pain expectation, placebo analgesia in waking and hypnosis on tonic pain relief. We also investigated how placebo analgesia affects somatic responses (eye blink) and N100 and P200 waves of event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by auditory startle probes. Although expectation plays an important role in placebo and hypnotic analgesia, the neural mechanisms underlying these treatments are still poorly understood. We used the cold cup test (CCT) to induce tonic pain in 53 healthy women. Placebo analgesia was initially produced by manipulation, in which the intensity of pain induced by the CCT was surreptitiously reduced after the administration of a sham analgesic cream. Participants were then tested in waking and hypnosis under three treatments: (1) resting (Baseline); (2) CCT-alone (Pain); and (3) CCT plus placebo cream for pain relief (Placebo). For each painful treatment, we assessed pain and distress ratings, eye blink responses, N100 and P200 amplitudes. We used LORETA analysis of N100 and P200 waves, as elicited by auditory startle, to identify cortical regions sensitive to pain reduction through placebo and hypnotic analgesia. Higher pain expectation was associated with higher pain reductions. In highly hypnotizable participants placebo treatment produced significant reductions of pain and distress perception in both waking and hypnosis condition. P200 wave, during placebo analgesia, was larger in the frontal left hemisphere while placebo analgesia, during hypnosis, involved the activity of the left hemisphere including the occipital region. These findings demonstrate that hypnosis and placebo analgesia are different processes of top-down regulation. Pain reduction was associated with larger EMG startle amplitudes, N100 and P200 responses, and enhanced activity within the frontal, parietal, and anterior and posterior cingulate gyres. LORETA results showed that placebo analgesia modulated pain-responsive areas known to reflect the ongoing pain experienc
Sex moderates the association between the COMT Val158Met single-nucleotide polymorphism and disorderliness facet of novelty seeking
Get PDFPrevious studies have shown inconsistent results regarding the effect of the Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene on personality and cognition. Here, nonclinical Caucasian university students of Italian origin were administered the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised, Tellegen Absorption Scale, Differential Attentional Processes Inventory, and Waterloo-Stanford Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. We found that the COMT Val158Met polymorphism was significantly associated with the disorderliness facet of novelty seeking (NS4) and that sex was a moderator of this association. Females with the Met/Met genotype showed higher NS4 scores compared to those with the Val/Met and Val/Val genotypes. No significant genotype effect was found for males. Additionally, we failed to find a significant effect of the COMT gene on attention and hypnotic suggestibility measures. These results provide further evidence for a sex-specific influence on the gene-behaviour associations. Polymorphisms in dopamine system genes are reported to play a crucial role in influencing various aspects of plays a crucial role in influencing various aspects of personality traits and cognitive performance; however, previous studies have shown inconsistent results on the involvment of the functional Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene. In the present study, nonclinical Caucasian university students of Italian origin were administered the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised, Tellegen Absorption Scale, Differential Attentional Processes Inventory, and Waterloo-Stanford Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. We found that the COMT Val158Met polymorphism was significantly associated with the disorderliness facet of novelty seeking (NS4) and that sex was a moderator of this association. Females with the Met/Met genotype showed higher NS4 scores compared to those with the Val/Met and Val/Val genotypes. In contrast, no significant genotype effect was found for males. Additionally, we failed to find a significant association of COMT enzyme activity with attention and hypnotic suggestibility measures. These results provide further evidence of a sex-specific influence on the gene-behaviour association
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