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    Sustainable fish feeds with insects and probiotics positively affect freshwater and marine fish gut microbiota.

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    Aquaculture is the fastest-growing agricultural industry in the world. Fishmeal is an essential component of commercial fish diets, but its long-term sustainability is a concern. Therefore, it is important to find alternatives to fishmeal that have a similar nutritional value and, at the same time, are affordable and readily available. The search for high-quality alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil has interested researchers worldwide. Over the past 20 years, different insect meals have been studied as a potential alternate source of fishmeal in aquafeeds. On the other hand, probiotics—live microbial strains—are being used as dietary supplements and showing beneficial effects on fish growth and health status. Fish gut microbiota plays a significant role in nutrition metabolism, which affects a number of other physiological functions, including fish growth and development, immune regulation, and pathogen resistance. One of the key reasons for studying fish gut microbiota is the possibility to modify microbial communities that inhabit the intestine to benefit host growth and health. The development of DNA sequencing technologies and advanced bioinformatics tools has made metagenomic analysis a feasible method for researching gut microbes. In this review, we analyze and summarize the current knowledge provided by studies of our research group on using insect meal and probiotic supplements in aquafeed formulations and their effects on different fish gut microbiota. We also highlight future research directions to make insect meals a key source of proteins for sustainable aquaculture and explore the challenges associated with the use of probiotics. Insect meals and probiotics will undoubtedly have a positive effect on the long-term sustainability and profitability of aquaculture

    Artificial intelligence in microbiome research and beyond: connecting human health, animal husbandry, and aquaculture

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    Technological advancements in computational power and algorithm design have enabled artificial intelligence to become a transformative force in microbiome research. This paper presents a concise overview of recent applications of this computational paradigm in hu‐ man and animal health, with a particular emphasis on aquaculture. International projects focused on the intestinal microbiome have allowed human research to consistently dom‐ inate in terms of application cases, offering insights into various pathological conditions. In contrast, animal research has leveraged artificial intelligence in microbiome analysis to promote sustainable productivity, addressing environmental and public health concerns linked to livestock husbandry. In aquaculture, on the other hand, artificial intelligence has mainly supported management practices, improving rearing conditions and feeding strate‐ gies. When considering microbiome manipulation, however, fish farms have often relied on traditional methods, without harnessing the immense potential of artificial intelligence, whose recent applications include biomonitoring and modeling interactions between mi‐ crobial communities and environmental factors in farming systems. Given the paradigm shift currently underway in both human health and animal husbandry, we advocate for a transition in the aquaculture industry toward smart farming, whose interconnected in‐ frastructure will allow to fully leverage artificial intelligence to seamlessly integrate both biological measurements and rearing parameters
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