1,607 research outputs found
Figure 1 in Solanum coalitum (Solanaceae), a New Endemic Species from Southern Ecuador
No full textFigure 1. Isotype specimen of Solanum coalitum S. Knapp (Lewis & Klitgaard 3719, BM).Published as part of Knapp, Sandra, 2007, Solanum coalitum (Solanaceae), a New Endemic Species from Southern Ecuador, pp. 212-216 in Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 17 (2) on page 213, DOI: 10.3417/1055-3177(2007)17[212:scsane]2.0.co;2, http://zenodo.org/record/632583
Solanum umtuma Voronts. & S. Knapp
No full text<p>10. Solanum umtuma Voronts. & S.Knapp, PhytoKeys 8: 4. 2012.</p> <p>Distribution. Endemic to the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa; occasional on grassland, scrub, and forest edges, on sandy soil, 50–1300 m elevation.</p> <p> <i>Solanum umtuma</i> is sympatric with and closely related [38] to <i>S. linnaeanum</i>. <i>Solanum linnaeanum</i> has distinctive deeply incised leaves with rounded lobes (see Fig. 1E) while <i>S. umtuma</i> has more shallowly lobed leaves with acute lobes although some specimens have been seen with rounded lobes. The flowers of <i>S. umtuma</i> are usually pale lilac or white, while those of <i>S. linnaeanum</i> are purple. <i>Solanum cerasiferum</i> is also similar, but has less prickly calyces and deltate, rather than leafy, calyx lobes.</p>Published as part of <i>Knapp, Sandra, Vorontsova, Maria S. & Prohens, Jaime, 2013, Wild Relatives of the Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): New Understanding of Species Names in a Complex Group, pp. 1-12 in PLoS ONE 8 (2)</i> on page 10, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057039, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6338572">http://zenodo.org/record/6338572</a>
The SYNTHESYS+ Virtual Access experiment
No full textAbstract of conference oral presentation on The SYNTHESYS+ Virtual Access experiment by Sandra Knapp of Natural History Museum London United Kingdom for SPNHC2022 Conference, Edinburgh. June 5-10th 2022
Figure 4 in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America
No full textFigure 4. Solanum sanchez-vegae. Peru. La Libertad. A. Cano s.n. (photograph courtesy of A. Cano, USM). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g004Published as part of Knapp, Sandra, 2010, Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America, pp. 1-8 in PLoS ONE 5 (5) on page 6, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010502, http://zenodo.org/record/651743
Solanum sousae S. Knapp 2010, sp. nov.
No full textSolanum sousae S. Knapp, sp. nov. [urn:lsid:ipni.org: names:77103636-1] Type: Mexico. Oaxaca: Mun. San Miguel Chimalapa, Cerro La Culebra, al N del Cerro Guayabitos, ca. 6 km línea recta al NO de Benito Juarez, ca. 42 km en línea recta al N de San Pedro Tapanatepec, 16 ° 459N, 94 ° 119W, 1600– 1800 m, 16–18 Jul 1986, S. Maya J. 3602 (holotype, MEXU-932219). Figure 5. Species Solano pyrifolio Lamarck similis, sed foliis aequaliter pubescentibus, lobis calycis minutis, antheris inaequalibus, differt. Woody vine with trailing stems; stems sparsely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long, composed of 2–3 cells, the stems soon glabrescent; new growth densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes, these whitish cream; bark of older stems pale greenish brown, glabrescent. Sympodial units plurifoliate. Leaves simple, 2.7–7(+) × 1–5 cm, narrowly ovate to elliptic, membranous, the upper surface glabrous to sparsely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes on the lamina, more densely pubescent on the veins, the trichomes to 0.5 mm long, the undersurfaces almost glabrous to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm long, these denser on the veins; primary veins 5–7 pairs, yellowish; base truncate to broadly acute; margins entire; apex acute to acuminate; petiole 1–4 cm, twining, glabrous or pubescent like the adjacent stem. Inflorescence 7– 10 cm long, terminal, many times branched, more or less broadly triangular in outline, with 30–40 flowers; peduncle 3–4 cm long, pubescent like the stems; pedicels 1–1.5 cm, ca. 0.5 mm in diameter at the base, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the apex, nodding at anthesis, sparsely pubescent like the rest of the inflorescence, articulated near the base, leaving a small peg ca. 1 mm high, on the rhachis; pedicel scars spaced 0.1–0.5 cm apart, clustered near the tips of the inflorescence branches. Flowers all perfect, 5 merous; calyx tube 1.5–2 mm, conical, appearing striped from the thickened venation, the lobes, 0.5 mm, mere undulations on the margin of the tube, occasionally somewhat quadrate when sinus splitting, sparsely and unevenly pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes to 0.5 mm; corolla 1.5–2 cm in diameter, white, stellate to pentagonal stellate, lobed 1/2 to 3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 5– 8 x ca. 4 mm, planar or slightly cupped at anthesis, densely pubescent-papillate with minute simple trichomes abaxially, glabrous adaxially; stamens with the filament tube minute, pubescent; free portion of the filaments 1.2–2 mm, very slightly unequal in some collections, pubescent near the base adaxially with tangled, simple uniseriate trichomes ca. 0.5 mm; anthers 2.5–3× 1–1.5 mm, yellow, ellipsoidal, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age; ovary glabrous; style 7–9 mm, pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes, 0.5 mm in the lower half; stigma capitate or somewhat bilobed, the surface densely papillate. Fruit a globose berry to 1.5 cm in diameter, green (immature?), the pericarp thin, matte; fruiting pedicels 1.5–1.7 cm, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter, woody and pendent. Seeds.50 per berry, ca. 2.5× 2 mm, flattened reniform, golden brown, the testal surface minutely pitted. Distribution. Solanum sousae is known only from southern Mexico in the states of Puebla and Oaxaca, in mesophyllous forests and oak-pine- Liquidambar forests on steep slopes with rich soils, from 1600–1900 m. Etymology. Solanum sousae is named in honour of Mario Sousa Sánchez (MEXU), whose dedication to the advance of knowledge of the Mexican flora has resulted in a whole new generation of Mexican botanists. Preliminary conservation status. Solanum sousae is known from only three widely dispersed collections, none of which falls within a protected area. It must be considered at threat, but further collecting and observation are a priority. Additional specimens examined. MEXICO. Oaxaca: Mpio. Santa María Chimalapa, Cerro de los Pavos, al N de Cerro Guayabitos y al O del Río Portemonedas, ca. 47 km en línea recta al N de San Pedro Tapanatepec, 16 ° 479N, 94 ° 109W, 22–23 Sep 1986, Maya J. 3938 (MEXU). Puebla: Mpio. Atempan, Puente Viejo, 1900 m, 8 Jul 1986, Ventura A. 22129 (MEXU). Solanum sousae is superficially similar to S. pyrifolium Lam. of Hispaniola, but differs from that species in its more broadly triangular inflorescence outline (Fig. 5A), minute calyx lobes without thickened margins (Fig. 5B) and in its lack of a prominent submarginal leaf vein. The leaf pubescence of the two species is very similar, but S. sousae is in general more densely pubescent on the new growth and abaxial corolla surfaces. Solanum sousae differs from the more common and sympatric S. dulcamaroides Poir. in its white flowers, generally simple pubescence (versus more commonly dendritic in S. dulcamaroides), white rather than purple flowers, and in its anthers that are not markedly thickened and rounded abaxially. It is likely that the juvenile leaves of S. sousae are pinnatifid, as are those of most other species in this group; young foliage is only very rarely collected and is often not associated with the flowering stems with simple leaves.Published as part of Knapp, Sandra, 2010, Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America, pp. 1-8 in PLoS ONE 5 (5) on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010502, http://zenodo.org/record/651743
Solanum coalitum S. Knapp 2007, sp. nov.
No full textSolanum coalitum S. Knapp, sp. nov. <p>TYPE: Ecuador. Loja: Yangana–Valladolid, km 1.1, track to Sierra Toledo, Km 18.5, 3250 m, ca. 4 <b>°</b> 23 <i>9</i> S, 79 <b>°</b> 06 <i>9</i> W, 14 Nov. 1997, <i>G. Lewis & B. Klitgaard 3719</i> (holotype, LOJA; isotypes, AAU, BM, K, QCA, QCNE). Figures 1, 2.</p> <p>Haec species <i>Solano stenophyllo</i> Dunal similis, sed suffrutibus nanis vel serpentibus, caulibus et foliis plerumque glabris sed interdum superficie adaxiali foliorum ad margines revolutos et caulibus juvenilibus trichomatibus albis laxe ramosis vestitis, floribus maioribus, differt.</p> <p>Subshrubs to 1 m, sometimes lax and trailing; stems glabrous and shining, usually appearing warty from the prominent leaf scars; young stems completely glabrous or sometimes with a few scattered loose branched trichomes to 0.5 mm, white; bark of older stems dark brown, shining; sympodial units plurifoliate, monopodial. Leaves simple, 2.5–10.4 × 0.7– 3.5 cm, narrowly elliptic to less commonly elliptic, the upper surface glabrous and shiny, sometimes with scattered branched white trichomes at the edge where the margin is revolute, the lower surface glabrous or sparsely papillate, the papillae drying reddish brown, perhaps glandular, the base acute to attenuate, the margins strongly revolute, pubescent adaxially where turned under, the apex acute; primary veins 5 to 10 pairs, drying darker than the lamina; petiole 0.3– 1.6 cm, glabrous and shiny. Inflorescences terminal, 2.5–6(–10) cm, branched 4–6 times, with 3 to 15(to 20) flowers, glabrous and shining, or with scattered loosely branched trichomes along the axes, the peduncle 2–4(–5.5) cm; pedicels in flower 0.8– 1.3 cm, stout, ca. 1 mm diam. at the base, ca. 2 mm diam. at the apex, nodding, glabrous, minutely papillate or sparsely pubescent with loosely branched white trichomes ca. 0.3 mm; pedicel scars widely spaced, inserted in a short sleeve ca. 1 mm long; buds globose when very young, soon elliptic and strongly exserted from the calyx tube. Flowers all perfect; calyx with the tube 2.5–4 mm, cup-shaped, strongly constricted at base, thick and coriaceous, glabrous or with a few branched trichomes like those of the inflorescence axis, the lobes 1–1.5 mm, broadly deltate or minute, glabrous, with margins glabrous or densely pubescent with branched trichomes ca. 0.3 mm; corolla 2–2.6 cm diam., violet to dark mauve-purple, lobed 3/4 to base, stellate, the lobes 0.9–1.3 × 0.5–0.8 cm, slightly campanulate or planar at anthesis, densely pubescent with simple or dendritic trichomes ca. 0.5 mm long on margins and tips, sometimes with scattered simple trichomes on adaxial lobe surface, these denser on the petal midvein, the abaxial surface glabrous; anthers 5–6 × 1.5–2 mm, the free portion of the filaments 1– 1.5 mm, the filament tube less than 0.5 mm, glabrous; ovary conical, glabrous; style 1–1.2 cm, straight, glabrous; stigma clavate or 2-lobed, bright green (fide <i>Lewis & Klitgaard 3719</i>), the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 1.2–1.5 cm diam., shiny and black when mature, the pericarp thin; fruiting pedicels 2–2.2 cm, 2–2.5 mm diam. at the base, 2–3 mm diam. at the apex, erect, thick and woody; seeds 4–5 × 3–4 mm, flattened reniform, reddish brown, margins not enlarged, surfaces minutely pitted, testal cells sinuate in outline. Chromosome number: not known.</p> <p> <i>Distribution. Solanum coalitum</i> is endemic to Ecuador, known only from the páramo of Cerro Toledo south of Loja along the road leading to the Peruvian border, on ridges between the towns of Yangana and Valladolid, at 3150–3460 m in the southwestern corner of Parque Nacional Podocarpus.</p> <p> <i>Phenology. Solanum coalitum</i> has most often been collected in flower between October and December, during the dry season. All specimens are in flower, but the type is the only collection with mature fruits. It is likely that fruiting material will be found in January or February.</p> <p> <i>Etymology. Solanum coalitum</i> is named in honor of two botanical couples, Gwilym Lewis (K) and Bente Klitgaard (BM), who collected the type specimen, and Peter Jørgensen and Carmen Ulloa (both MO), who collected one of the paratypes. They are sterling examples of strong and companionable botanical partnerships (from ‘‘coalitus,’’ Latin for communion or fellowship).</p> <p> <i>Solanum coalitum</i> is a striking species with its large, fleshy, bright purple flowers and black fruits (see Fig. 2). It is a member of the <i>S. nitidum</i> species group (sensu Knapp, 1989), sharing with the other species in that group plurifoliate sympodial units, monochasial growth, large purple or violet flowers, and pedicels inserted into a distinct ‘‘sleeve’’ (see fig. 2 in Knapp, 1989). Genus-wide phylogenetic studies using a variety of molecular markers (Bohs, 2005; Weese & Bohs, 2007) have shown that the species of this group are part of a monophyletic group containing taxa related to <i>S. dulcamara</i> L. (bittersweet) and a wide variety of other species with worldwide distribution (the Dulcamaroid clade of Bohs, 2005). The recognition of <i>S. pubigerum</i> Dunal (Mexico to Costa Rica) and <i>S. aligerum</i> Schlechtendal (Mexico to Argentina) as sister taxa of the <i>S. nitidum</i> species group (Knapp, 1989) has been supported by molecular data (Bohs, 2005). <i>Solanum valdiviense</i> Dunal (coastal southern Chile) is also a member of this larger group. Together these species can be defined as section <i>Holophylla</i> s.l. Ecuador is home to three endemic species of the <i>S. nitidum</i> species group (<i>S. leiophyllum</i> Bentham, <i>S. imbaburense</i> S. Knapp, and <i>S. coalitum</i>).</p> <p>Some specimens of <i>Solanum coalitum</i> have been identified as <i>S. stenophyllum</i> Dunal, with which it is very similar. <i>Solanum coalitum</i> differs from <i>S. stenophyllum</i> in its subshrub, sometimes trailing habit, its glabrous stems and leaves (except, occasionally, for the occurrence of white trichomes on the stems and a peculiar marginal white trichome band on the leaves), its cyathiform (rather than conical) calyx, and its slightly larger flowers that are glabrous abaxially. Trichomes of <i>S. coalitum</i> when they occur are looser and more openly dendritic than the almost echinoid trichomes of <i>S. stenophyllum</i> that are distinctly yellow or yellow-tinged when dry. The fruiting pedicels of <i>S. stenophyllum</i> appear to be nodding when fruit are mature, while those of <i>S. coalitum</i> are erect. Specimens of <i>S. stenophyllum</i> have been collected from the province of Loja (i.e., <i>Jørgensen et al. 477</i>, <i>1068</i>, BM) from further north and at slightly lower (2600–3000 m) elevations in drier and/or degraded forests. <i>Solanum stenophyllum</i> grows as a shrub or small treelet, usually in disturbed situations. Some individuals of <i>S. stenophyllum</i> in southern Ecuador are very sparsely pubescent, but the conical calyx and yellowish, closely branched trichomes serve to distinguish these plants.</p> <p> <i>Solanum coalitum</i> would key out with <i>S. leiophyllum</i>, <i>S. macbridei</i> Hunziker & Lallana (southern Peru and Bolivia), and <i>S. imbaburense</i> in the key in Knapp (1989), being distinguished from <i>S. imbaburense</i> by its broadly deltate, rather than long-triangular calyx lobes, and its leaves with sparsely papillate undersides.</p> <p> <i>Habitat.</i> The sole locality in which <i>Solanum coalitum</i> has been encountered is the páramo of Cerro Toledo in the extreme southwestern corner of Parque Nacional Podocarpus, one of the largest protected areas in Ecuador. Cerro Toledo is a mixed páramo of tussock grasses and shrubby vegetation on the divide of the Cordillera de Sabanillas; the area is a pathway used by local people to take cattle from one drainage to another, and as such has a medium level of disturbance (Hofstede et al., 2002). Roads constructed by the military to allow access to radio towers have opened the area to others. Hofstede et al. (2002) suggested that the inhospitable nature of the climate in the region (wet, cold, and windy) will limit human incursion on a large scale. Cerro Toledo is isolated from other páramo regions of southern Ecuador, and represents one of the southernmost extensions of the páramo habitat in the Andes (Luteyn, 1999).</p> <p> <i>IUCN Red List category.</i> The fact that <i>Solanum coalitum</i> occurs only within the boundaries of the Parque Nacional Podocarpus is good news for its ultimate protection and conservation, but its very restricted distribution in an isolated habitat means it certainly is of some conservation concern. Using the IUCN criteria (IUCN, 2001), I assess this species as having a preliminary conservation status of Endangered (EN) due to its restricted distribution of less than 100 km 2 in a fragmented and isolated habitat. Population-level data may reveal that the species is, in fact, Critically Endangered (CR), but this is currently not assessable from the available herbarium specimens.</p> <p> <i>Paratypes.</i> ECUADOR. <b>Loja</b>: carr. Yangana–Toledo, <i>Jaramillo 10606</i> (AAU); road from Yangana to Cerro Toledo, Km 18–22 to the antennas, <i>Jørgensen</i>, <i>Ulloa & Caranqui 2188</i> (BM, MO, NY, QCA); Yangana–Cerro Toledo, páramo of Cerro Toledo, <i>Jørgensen & Madsen 65686</i> (AAU, BM, LOJA, QCA); Parque Nac. Podocarpus, Cerro Toledo, <i>Madsen</i>, <i>Bloch & Christensen 75641</i> (AAU, BM); Parque Nac. Podocarpus, Cerro Toledo, <i>Madsen</i>, <i>Bergman & Pedersen 86100</i> (AAU, MO), <i>Madsen 86333</i> (AAU, BM, QCNE); Parque Nac. Podocarpus, Cerro Toledo, E of Yangana, <i>Øllgaard</i>, <i>Laegaard</i>, <i>Thomsen</i>, <i>Korning & Illum</i> 58068 (AAU, MO); Parque Nac. Podocarpus, Cerro Toledo, wet páramo around radio station, <i>Øllgaard</i>, <i>Laegaard</i>, <i>Thomsen</i>, <i>Korning & Illum 58162</i> (AAU, BM, MO); Parque Nac. Podocarpus, páramo del cerro Toledo, <i>Palacios 12863</i> (MO).</p> <p> <i>Acknowledgments.</i> I thank the National Science Foundation for funding this work through the Planetary Biodiversity Inventory program, award DEB-01316614 ‘‘PBI <i>Solanum</i>: A worldwide treatment’’; Michael Nee, Lynn Bohs, David Neill, Carmen Ulloa, and Peter Jørgensen for searching for herbarium specimens or contributing insights about <i>Solanum</i> taxonomy; the curators of herbaria cited in the text for loan of herbarium specimens; the Photographic Unit of the Natural History Museum for preparing the photographic figures; and Gwilym Lewis for permission to use his beautiful photographs of this striking species. Carmen Ulloa Ulloa and Don Ugent provided useful comments on the original manuscript.</p>Published as part of <i>Knapp, Sandra, 2007, Solanum coalitum (Solanaceae), a New Endemic Species from Southern Ecuador, pp. 212-216 in Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 17 (2)</i> on pages 212-216, DOI: 10.3417/1055-3177(2007)17[212:scsane]2.0.co;2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6325833">http://zenodo.org/record/6325833</a>
Out of the wild: the wild (and often weedy) roots of our crops
No full textTiina Sarkinen, Edeline Gagnon, Sandra Knapp (2022): Out of the wild: the wild (and often weedy) roots of our crops. New Phytologist 234: 1107-1108, DOI: 10.1111/nph.1810
Fig. 1. a in Typification of Solanum species (Solanaceae) described by Casimiro Gómez Ortega
No full textFig. 1. a, neotype of Solanum cymosum Ortega (=Solanum lanceolatum Cav.) (MA 476353); b, neotype of Solanum ficifolium Ortega (= Solanum ferrugineum Jacq.) (MA 334586); c, neotype of Solanum leprosum Ortega (=Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) (MA 334600); d, neotype of Solanum subbiflorum Ortega (=Solanum capense L.) (MA 308482).Published as part of Knapp, Sandra, 2013, Typification of Solanum species (Solanaceae) described by Casimiro Gómez Ortega, pp. 56-61 in Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 70 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.3989/ajbm.2340, http://zenodo.org/record/632765
Figure 3. Solanum sanchez-vegae. A in Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America
No full textFigure 3. Solanum sanchez-vegae. A) portion of stem, B) petiole articulation, C) buds, D) open flower, E) flower cross-section showing stigma detail, F) anthers, G) fruit. A–F drawn from Smith & Sanchez-Vega 7524, G from Hutchison et al. 5738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010502.g003Published as part of Knapp, Sandra, 2010, Four New Vining Species of Solanum (Dulcamaroid Clade) from Montane Habitats in Tropical America, pp. 1-8 in PLoS ONE 5 (5) on page 5, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010502, http://zenodo.org/record/651743
A Revision of Solanum Section Gonatotrichum
No full textStern, Stephen, Bohs, Lynn, Giacomin, Leandro, Stehmann, João, Knapp, Sandra (2013): A Revision of Solanum Section Gonatotrichum. Systematic Botany 38 (2): 470-496, DOI: 10.1600/036364413X66662
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