195 research outputs found
Psychological determinants of whole-body endurance performance
No full textBackground: No literature reviews have systematically identified and evaluated research on the psychological determinants of endurance performance, and sport psychology performance-enhancement guidelines for endurance sports are not founded on a systematic appraisal of endurance-specific research.
Objective: A systematic literature review was conducted to identify practical psychological interventions that improve endurance performance and to identify additional psychological factors that affect endurance performance. Additional objectives were to evaluate the research practices of included studies, to suggest theoretical and applied implications, and to guide future research.
Methods: Electronic databases, forward-citation searches, and manual searches of reference lists were used to locate relevant studies. Peer-reviewed studies were included when they chose an experimental or quasi-experimental research design, a psychological manipulation, endurance performance as the dependent variable, and athletes or physically-active, healthy adults as participants.
Results: Consistent support was found for using imagery, self-talk, and goal setting to improve endurance performance, but it is unclear whether learning multiple psychological skills is more beneficial than learning one psychological skill. The results also demonstrated that mental fatigue undermines endurance performance, and verbal encouragement and head-to-head competition can have a beneficial effect. Interventions that influenced perception of effort consistently affected endurance performance.
Conclusions: Psychological skills training could benefit an endurance athlete. Researchers are encouraged to compare different practical psychological interventions, to examine the effects of these interventions for athletes in competition, and to include a placebo control condition or an alternative control treatment. Researchers are also encouraged to explore additional psychological factors that could have a negative effect on endurance performance. Future research should include psychological mediating variables and moderating variables. Implications for theoretical explanations of endurance performance and evidence-based practice are described
The effects of age and training prescription on the acute responses to training in young Italian Rugby Union players
No full textEFFECTS OF AGE AND TRAINING PRESCRIPTION ON THE ACUTE
RESPONSES TO TRAINING IN YOUNG ITALIAN RUGBY UNION
PLAYERS
S. Spinabelli, F. Nigro, S. Marcora
Department for Life Quality Studies; Bologna Alma Studiorum University,
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences; Bologna Alma Studiorum University
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the moderating effect of age on the internal training load and acute responses to two different training prescriptions in young rugby union players
Methods: We measured the acute responses to High Intensity Training (HI)
and Low Intensity Training (LI) in three groups (U15 n = 8, U17 n = 10 and
U19 n = 9) of young Italian rugby players. HI training consisted of breakdown
and wrestling activity alternating with aerobic power exercise, with small-sided games at the end, while training LI consisted entirely of small-sided
games with non-contact for technical and tactical objectives, both ninety
minutes total. The two training workouts were part of the normal weekly
training routine. The following validated questionnaires were used to monitor
the acute training effects: Rating of Perceived Effort scale (RPE), Total
Quality Recovery scale (TQR), Main and Grove (MG) questionnaire that
monitors training distress in athletes, Fatigue (FAT) and Fatigability (FAB)
scales. Repeated measure analysis of variance (2x3 ANOVA) was used to
analyze RPE, FAT and FAB with respect to Age and Training type, while a
2x2x3 mixed ANOVA was used for MG and TQR questionnaires to further
analyze the interactions of Time, Age and Training type. All post hoc analyses
were performed following the Bonferroni correction procedure, setting the
significance at a p value <0.05.
Results: Only a significant Training type by Age by Time interaction for the Sleep Disturbances subscales was found. Perceived effort was significant for age by training type interaction. Follow up test revealed that U17 group was statistically different for both conditions, while in the U19 group was just near to the threshold. The main effect of training type was statistically significant for FAB scale. Only in post training condition we found significant main effects of Training type and Age for the Physical Symptoms subscale.
Conclusions: The RPE and FAB scales are most sensitive to acute effects of training load for group U17 and U19, while under the age of 15 do not seem to provide valid ratings of sRPE. With the possible exception of Physical Symptoms subscale of the Main&Grove questionnaire, TQR and the other Main&Grove subscales are not sensitive to acute differences in training load. The Training Monitoring
strategy used in the present research represents a valid approach to control
training sessions acute effects in young rugby union teams.
References: Jeffries A. C.; Marcora S. M.; Coutts A. J.; Wallace L.; McCall A.; Impellizzeri F. M. Development of a Revised Conceptual Framework of Physical Training for Use in Research and Practice; Sport Medicine 2021.
Foster C., Florhaug J. A., Franklin J., Gottschal L., Hrovatin L. A., Parker S., Doleshal P., Dodge C.; A New Approach to Monitoring Exercise Training; Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2001, 15, 109–115
CRITERION VALIDITY OF A NEW RPE SCALE TO ASSESS THE PSYCHOLOGICAL LOAD OF PHYSICAL TRAINING
No full text
VALIDITY OF TWO NEW RPE-SCALES TO ASSESS PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL LOAD OF TRAINING AND COMPETITION
No full textCan Doping be a Good Thing? Using Psychoactive Drugs to Facilitate Physical Activity Behaviour
No full textNo abstrac
Cognitive-motor inference in table tennis
No full textPurpose: In several sports, such as table tennis, athletes face high cognitive and physical demands concurrently, and this situation can impair performance via a phenomenon called cognitive-motor inter- ference (Le Mansec et al., 2012). This study investigated how table tennis athletes can manage single- and dual-task situations. Methods: Thirteen expert table tennis athletes with national and international experience were recruited (Mage = 20.4; SD = 5.3 y.o.). Participants performed three single-tasks and two dual-tasks. The single tasks
consisted in performing the Auditory Free-recall Memory Task (MT) and two table tennis tasks: Easy Task (ET) or Difficult Task (DT; Le Mansec et al., 2012). In ET and DT, participants had to return a series of throws from a robot machine. In the MT, participants just had to store 20 words and recall them at the end of the tasks. In the dual tasks, participants simultaneously performed either ET or DT with the MT (MT ? ET and MT ? DT). The NASA-TLX ques- tionnaire was filled up after each single or dual task to assess perceived physical (PD) and mental demands (MD).
Results: Significant differences were found among the different sessions (MT; MT ? ET; MT ? DT; p \ 0.001). MT performance was superior when compared with MT ? ET and MT ? DT. No significant differences between MT ? ET and MT ? DT were found. Considering only the first five words of MT, significant differences were found for the following task: MT vs MT ? ET; MT vs MT ? DT. Conversely, nonsignificant differences between MT ? ET and MT ? DT were found. However, when considering the last 5 words, MT performance was better when compared with MT ? ET and MT ? DT. Moreover, MT ? DT performance was better than MT ? ET performance. Mental demand was significantly different among the sessions (p \ 0.001). MT’s physical demand was signifi- cantly higher than all the sessions except the MT ? DT. Physical demand was also different across the sessions (p\0.001). MT’s physical demand was lower compared with all the other sessions. Moreover, the difference between MT ? ET and ET was nonsignif- icant. Whereas, DT’s and MT ? DT’s physical demands were higher compared with all the sessions. However, mental demand in DT and MT ? DT was not different.
Conclusions: Results indicate significant cognitive-motor interfer- ence even in expert table tennis players: the more difficult the
table tennis task becomes, the fewer words are remembered. These data are also supported by the higher PD and MD in MT ? DT compared to all the other sessions.
References: Le Mansec et al. (2018). J. Sports Sci
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL LOAD IN YOUNG ITALIAN HIGH-LEVEL SOCCER PLAYERS
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