4 research outputs found
An Overview of Collocations in Saeb Tabrizi's Sonnets
No full textCollocations in literary texts, resulting from the poet and author's creativity in choosing proper words in the paradigmatic axis, along with the presentation of novel images, create a pleasant meaning and word proportionality that is sometimes considered the style of the poet or author. Thus, the study of collocations in literary texts is an interesting subject that provides a basis for a better understanding of the literary works and the style of their authors. In the present study, this linguistic phenomenon has been studied in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets, a prominent poet with Indian style. The main objectives of this descriptive-analytical research are to show the most frequent types of collocations in Saeb's sonnets and their comparisons with today's Persian language collocations. To achieve these goals, the Safavi classification has been used. The research is corpus- based, and the necessary corpus was extracted from 50 Saeb sonnets (from 1400 to 1450) with about 573 verses.Findings indicate that although all kinds of collocations, except verb-verb, verb-adverb, and homonymy-homophony collocations, have been used in his sonnets, the meaning of associative collocations and their subtypes, such as hyponymy, is the most frequent. Results show that Saeb's collocation can be divided into three groups: 1: colloctions that apply with the same form and meaning in today's Persian language 2: collocations that are used in our utterances today with little change in form but with the same meaning; and 3: obsolete collocations that are not used today.Keywords: Collocations, Syntagmatic Collocation, Associative Collocation, Saeb's Sonnets. IntroductionCollocations in literary texts, resulting from the poet and author's creativity in choosing proper words in the paradigmatic axis, along with the presentation of novel images, create a pleasant meaning and word proportionality that is sometimes considered the style of that poet or author. In this way, collocation has a decisive role in rhetoric. Since this phenomenon is the result of specific lexical selection and also one of the methods for expressing meaning, knowing the best ways to use it, especially in literary works, leads to the formation of different styles. Therefore, by studying the collocations in literary works, it is possible to achieve different styles of expression in the pragmatic use of language elements. Thus, the study of collocationsin literary texts is an interesting subject that provides a basis for a better understanding of the literary works and the style of their authors. In the present study, this linguistic phenomenon has been studied in Saeb Tabrizi's sonnets, a prominent poet with Indian style.Research QuestionsIn this research, we try to answer the following questions:What are the most frequent types of collocations in Saeb's sonnets?Has Saeb used collocations to create new meanings and images?Are the collocations used in Saeb's poetry also used in the Persian language and contemporary poetry today? Literature ReviewCollocations have been reviewed in the Persian language for the first time by Mohammad bin Omar Radovyani. He talks about symmetry and proportionality in his book titled “Tarjuman al-Balagheh”. After that, many scholars studied it. In the contemporary era, Jalal al-Din Homayi presented a new definition for collocations while explaining the opinions of past rhetoricians. According to Sirus Shamisa, collocation is achieved when some words are parts of a whole, and for this reason, there is proportionality and analogy between them. Safavi reviewed the history of collocations and classified collocations in the Persian language into three groups: modular, lexical, and associative collocations. Non-Persian linguists have also studied lexical relations and collocations. Firth (1957) was the first person who proposed the term collocations in his semantic theory and assumed it to be a semantic phenomenon, not a grammatical one. Sinclair (1966) refers to two types of collocations: accidental and meaningful collocations. According to Halliday and Hasan, repetition and collocation are important tools for lexical cohesion. Liones considers substitution and combination relations to be effective in collocations of words. MethodologyThe research was descriptive-analytical. The main goal was to show the most frequent types of collocations in Saeb's sonnets and their comparisons with today's Persian language collocations. In order to achieve these goals, the Safavi classification has been used as a theoretical framework. In his category, this phenomenon has been studied considering the syntactic, structural, phonetic, and semantic levels. The research is corpus-based, and the necessary corpus was extracted from 50 of Saeb's sonnets (from 1400 to 1450). which included about 573 verses. Extracted verses were placed in three categories: modular, lexical, and associative. ConclusionStudying the related corpus revealed that all types of associative, lexical, and modular collocations were found in Saeb's sonnets, with a ratio of 65.1%, 31%, and 3.9%, respectively. In lexical collocations, noun-noun collocation had the highest frequency with 40.69%, and noun-adjective collocation is in second place with 39.53%. In terms of associative collocation, the semantic association with 40.88% had the highest frequency, and the structural association had the lowest frequency was 1.1%. Based on the analysis, it was determined that in Saeb's poetry, according to the classification of collocations as a theoretical framework, all types of collocations have been used, except for "verb-verb", "adverb-verb" and "homophone–homograph" collocations. Also, it was found that in Saeb's sonnets, collocations can be classified into three groups based on their function: 1- collocations that are used with the same word and meaning even today in contemporary language and poetry.2- collocative words that are used today with a slight change in wording but with the same meaning; 3- collocations in one of its words have been completely extinct and are not usedin today's language and poetry. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that Saeb has used collocation to create new meanings in his poems. In Saeb's sonnets, some of the words are placed in two or more types of collocations at the same time and overlap with each other
Preparation, In-vitro, and Ex-vivo Evaluation of Ondansetron Loaded Invasomes for Transdermal Delivery
No full textInvasomes are newly developed types of nanovesicles. A vesicular drug delivery system is considered one of the approaches for transdermal delivery to enhance permeation and improve drug bioavailability. Ondansetron is a serotonin receptor antagonist used for treating vomiting associated with different clinical cases. The study aimed to prepare invasomal dispersions for improving permeation of ondansetron across the skin with a controlled release pattern. Twenty-seven formulas of ondansetron-loaded invasomes were prepared by a modified mechanical dispersion method. These formulas were optimized by studying the effect of variables on entrapment efficiency. Vesicle size, polydispersity, zeta potential, in-vitro release and ex-vivo permeation studies were done for the optimized formulas. The selected formula was )F25( had )88.24%±0.04 (entrapment, (317.7 nm) vesicle size, (0.29) polydispersity, and (-31.5mV) zeta potential. In-vitro release study showed That (F25) had 75% release after (12) hrs., and dissolution followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with anomalous diffusion. Ex-vivo permeation study showed steady-state flux was 340.2 µg/cm2.hr with no lag time using rat skin tissue. A transmission electron microscope was done to visualize the selected formula. Invasomes are considered promising drug delivery systems for transdermal delivery of ondansetron, ensuring efficient permeation with a sustained release pattern
PREPARATION AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF BUTENAFINE HCL NANOSUSPENSION
No full textObjective: One of the significant problems associated with poorly soluble drugs is low bioavailability. Butenafine HCl is classified as BCS Class II by the biopharmaceutical classification system, with low solubility and high permeability. Objectives: Formulation as a nanosuspension is an attractive and promising alternative to solve low solubility problems and low bioavailability
Methods: A nanosuspension of Butenafine HCL was generated utilizing a bottom-up method through the solvents/anti-solvents procedure characterized by particle size analysis, polydisperse index, and entrapment efficacy, and then the selected formula was described by dissolution testing, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR, and FESEM. Nanosuspensions were prepared via the solvent/anti-solvent procedure, using different polymer types and ratios.
Results: Butenafine solubilized in PBS with 1% soluplus, PVP, PEG 400, and poloxamer was 14.32±0.011, 6±0.01, 10.48±0.012, and 2.025±0.001. To form a nanosuspension with particle sizes ranging from 78 to 516 ±0.01 nm, entrapment up to 96%, and a Drug content of 99%. Particle size of optimum formula, consisting of Butenafine HCL and soluplus® in a ratio of drug: stabilizer (Soluplus®):co-stabilizer (PEG400) is (1:8:2.5) measured in nanostructure, and it was equal to 78.3±0.03 with a PDI 0.2511±0.13, which is in the nanosized range, drug content of optimum formula 99.6±0.013, and entrapment was 96±0.012. Osmolarity adjusted to a range of 280 to 310 mOsm/Kg. The release of the drug after 120 min was 95%. FTIR spectra show a distinct peak for the drug, indicating no chemical interaction between BF and Soluplus®. DSC shows a slight shift in the melting point to 220.50 °C due to the presence of cryoprotectants. PXRD shows amorphous formation due to nanosuspension, and FESEM shows the size and shape of the nanosuspension, in which the size of the particle by FESEM was 72.9 nm, which is close to the measured particle size. The stability study of the optimal formula after three months showed a particle size of 78 nm at 5 °C and 80 nm at 25 °C.
Conclusion: Using soluplus as a stabilizer at various concentrations successfully produced a nanosuspension of Butenafine HCl. The best formula, consisting of Butenafine HCL and soluplus® in a ratio of drug: stabilizer (Soluplus®):co-stabilizer (PEG400) is 1:8:2.5
EFFECT OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL MATRIX TABLET PREPARED BY DRY GRANULATION
No full textABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study is to develop a controlled release matrix tablet of candesartan cilexetil to reduce the frequency of administration,enhance bioavailability and improve patient compliance; a once daily sustained release formulation of candesartan cilexetil is desirable.Methods: The prepared tablets from F1 to F24 were evaluated with different evaluation parameters like weight variation, drug content, friability,hardness, thickness and swelling ability. In vitro release for all formulas were studied depends on the type and amount of each polymer, i.e. (16 mg,32 mg and 48 mg) respectively beside to the combination effect of polymers on the release of the drug from the tablet.Results: In vitro release showed that formula 13 had the faster release (100% after 4 h) which contained acacia (1:1) and the lowest sustain releasewas showed for F7 (73% after 8 h) which contained HPMC K100M (1:1). Formula 1 was an 89 % release after 8 h which contain eudragit RS100; F4was a 100 % release after 5 h which contain Na CMC, F10 was a 100% after 8 h which contain xanthan gum and F16 was a 100 % release after 5 hwhich contain tragacanth polymer. Formula 9 had a lower release than F7 and F8 respectively. Formula 7 can be used for sustain oral drug delivery ofcandesartan cilexetil while Formula 13 can be used in contrary as fast release tablets for faster response.Conclusion: Controlled drug delivery system is promising for less dosing and higher patient compliance.Keywords: Angiotensin II receptor antagonist, Hypertension, Matrix system, Control release.</jats:p
