153,182 research outputs found
Synthetic and structural investigations of some lithium thiolates and thiocarboxylates
No full textA series of closely related lithium aryl thiolates with pyridine as a donor ligand have been prepared. X-ray structure determination (Dr. W. Clegg) has shown that [PKSLi.(NC(_5)H(_5))] crystallises as an infinite chain polymer. Insertion of a methylene group between the phenyl ring and sulphur as in (PhCH(_2)SLi .NC(_5)H(_5). ] (_oo) produced an infinitely folded ladder polymer with Li-S rungs, while introduction of an 0-methyl group produces the monomeric complex [o-MeC(_6)H(_4)SLi .(NC(_5)H(_5))(_3)].The unusual symmetrical complex [Li(_14) (SCH(_2)Ph)(_12) S(TMEDA.)(_6)] has been prepared, in which a central sulphur atom is surrounded by a distorted cube of lithium atoms, each edge of which is bridged by a benzyl thiolate group such that the twelve S atoms form a cubo- octahedron: a further six Li atoms form a larger outer octahedron. When TMEDA is present in excess it appears that both PhSLi and PhCH(_2)SLi form dimeric compounds with a central Li(_2)S(_2) ring but structure determination of these complexes is incomplete.[PhOOSLi.TMEDA](_2)has been prepared and crystallises as a centrosymmetric dimer containing a chair shaped central eight membered (OOSLi)(_2) ring with the Li atoms out of the (COS)(-2), molecular plane. Lithiation of the related acids PhOOOH and PhCSSH has been carried out in the presence of TMEDA but crystal growth has so far been unsuccessful. Ab initio m.o. calculations on related model compounds are included. A preliminary study has been carried out on the lithiation of the thio-oxime (Ph(_2) C-NSH). Results were encouraging but detailed investigation is needed. The reaction of S(_4) N(_4) with BI(_3) produces, not the expected adduct, S(_4)N(_4) .BI(_3) , but an intractable polymer, empirical formula, S(_3)N(_3)BI. Other adducts of S(_4).N(_4) and (PhCN_2) S(_2))(_2), were prepared but were unsuitable for further reactions. The reaction of lithium borohydride and sulphur in THF to produce sulphurated lithium borohydride has been modified to give a controllable reaction. Further reaction with TMEDA gives clear orange crystals of a complex the composition of which is still unknown
Recognizing the Mechanism of Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathode Materials for Li-S Batteries and beyond in Al-S Batteries
No full textSulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) is the most promising cathode for next-generation lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries due to the much improved stability. However, the molecular structure and reaction mechanism have not yet been fully understood. Herein, we present a new take on the structure and mechanism to interpret the electrochemical behaviors. We find that the thiyl radical is generated after the cleavage of the S-S bond in molecules in the first cycle, and then a conjugative structure can be formed due to electron delocalization of the thiyl radical on the pyridine backbone. The conjugative structure can react with lithium ions through a lithium coupled electron transfer process and form an ion-coordination bond reversibly. This could be the real reason for the superior lithium storage capability, in which the lithium polysulfide may not be formed. This study refreshes current knowledge of SPAN in Li-S batteries. In addition, the structural analysis is applicable to analyze the current organic cathodes in rechargeable batteries and also allows further applications in Al-S batteries to achieve high performance
Relacje ilościowe między zawartością wybranych pierwiastków śladowych w glebie ekstrahowanych 0,03 M CH3COOH i 1 M HCL a zawartością ich form ogólnych w sałacie i szpinaku
No full textNumeorus analytical methods have been developed for determination of micronutrients, heavy metals and trace elements in soil. However, rapid and easy-to-perform methods are still needed for chemical composition analysis of soil that would be based on simultaneous extraction of multiple elements. Furthermore, it would be beneficial if element concentration in soil using these methods were correlated with its concentration in plants. The aim of the study was to determine the interdependency between soil concentration of: Al, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn extracted using 0.03 M CH3COOH or 1 M HCl and its content in spinach leaves and lettuce heads. In reference to Al, B, Ba, Cd, Mn, Ni and Zn level in spinach as well as Al, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Fe, Li and Ti accumulation in lettuce, higher values of correlation coefficients were calculated for soil and plant content of these elements after extraction with 0.03 M CH3COOH than 1 M HCl. In the case of: Cr, Cu, Fe, Li and Sr in spinach as well as Ni and Pb in lettuce, higher values of this parameter were found for 1 M HCl soil extraction when compared with the other tested method. No significant relation was found between Pb and Ti accumulation in spinach as well as Cu Mn, Sr or Zn content in lettuce and its level in soil irrespective of the extraction method (0.03 M CH3COOH or 1 M HCl).Opracowano wiele metod oznaczania zawartości mikroskładników, metali ciężkich oraz pierwiastków śladowych w glebie. Jednakże nadal istnieje potrzeba poszukiwania szybkich i łatwych do wykonania metod analizy składu chemicznego gleby, które byłyby oparte na wspólnej ekstrakcji wielu składników. Najlepiej, by zawartość składników oznaczona w glebach za pomocą tych metod była skorelowana z ich zawartością w roślinach. Celem badań było określenie zależności pomiędzy zawartością w glebie Al, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V i Zn ekstrahowanych za pomocą 0,03 M CH3COOH (metoda uniwersalna) i 1 M HCl (test Rinkisa), a ich zawartością w liściach szpinaku i w główkach sałaty. W odniesieniu do zawartości: Al, B, Ba, Cd, Mn, Ni i Zn w szpinaku oraz Al, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Fe, Li i Ti w sałacie wyniki badań wykazały wyższą wartość współczynników korelacji pomiędzy zawartością pierwiastków w glebie oznaczonych za pomocą 0,03 M CH3COOH niż w 1 M HCl a zawartością tych pierwiastków w roślinach. W porównaniu z ekstrakcją 0,03 M CH3COOH stwierdzono wyższą wartość współczynników korelacji, po oznaczeniu pierwiastków w glebie w 1 M HCl, z ich zawartością w roślinach w przypadku: Cr, Cu, Fe, Li i Sr w szpinaku oraz Ni i Pb w sałacie. Nie stwierdzono istotnego związku pomiędzy zawartością Pb i Ti w szpinaku oraz Cu Mn, Sr and Zn w sałacie, a zawartością tych pierwiastków w glebie, oznaczanych zarówno w ekstraktach 0,03 M CH3COOH jak i 1 M HCl
Wpływ nawożenia różnymi formami azotu na zawartość szesnastu pierwiastków w główkach kapusty czerwonej
No full textVarious forms of nitrogen fertilizer were applied in the cultivation of red cabbage (in the years 2003–2005), ‘Langendijker’ c.v.: control (unfertilized with nitrogen), Ca(NO3)2 , (NH4)2SO4 , NH4NO3 , CO(NH2)2 applied as solid fertilizers. This experiment aimed at determining the influence of various nitrogen forms on the content of Al, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Zn, V in cabbage heads and the changes in the content of the available form of these elements for plants in soil after cabbage cultivation. The heads of plants fertilized with calcium nitrate and urea were characterized by the highest content of Al, Mn, Sr, Zn, Cd and Mo. Urea caused a significant increase in the content of Cu, Li and V, while ammonium nitrate resulted in an elevated level of Fe and Co accumulation in cabbage heads. Fertilization with (NH4)2SO4 led to a substantial decrease in the content of Al, Mo and V, and fertilization with NH4NO3 caused a decline in Sr concentrations in cabbage in comparison with other objects of the experiment. Each nitrogen fertilizer resulted in the decreased concentrations of Ti in cabbage heads. Applied nitrogen fertilizers significantly influenced the contents of readily soluble forms of B, Fe and Pb in soil after cabbage cultivation.Różne formy nawozów azotowych zastosowano w uprawie kapusty czerwonej (w latach 2003–2005), odmiany ‘Langendijker’: kontrola (nienawożona azotem), Ca(NO3)2, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, CO(NH2)2 stosowane jako nawozy stałe. Celem badań było określenie wpływu różnych form azotu na zawartość Al, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Zn, V w główkach kapusty oraz na zmiany zawartości fitodostępnych form tych pierwiastków w glebie po uprawie kapusty. Najwyższą zawartością Al, Mn, Sr, Zn, Cd i Mo charakteryzowały się główki roślin nawożonych, zarówno saletrą wapniową, jak i mocznikiem. Mocznik powodował także znaczny wzrost zawartości Cu, Li i V, a saletra amonowa podwyższenie poziomu akumulacji Fe i Co w główkach kapusty. Nawożenie (NH4)2SO4 powodowało istotne obniżenie zawartości Al, Mo i V, a nawożenie NH4NO3 obniżenie zawartości Sr w kapuście stosunku do pozostałych obiektów doświadczenia. Każdy z użytych nawozów azotowych powodował obniżenie zawartości Ti w główkach kapusty. Zastosowane nawozy azotowe w istotny sposób wpłynęły jedynie na zawartość łatwo rozpuszczalnych form B, Fe i Pb w glebie po uprawie kapusty
Relacje ilościowe między zawartością wybranych pierwiastków śladowych w glebie ekstrahowanych 0,03 M CH3COOH i 1 M HCL a zawartością ich form ogólnych w korzeniach spichrzowych marchwi
No full textThere is an existing need for the development of rapid and easy-to-perform methods for analyzing chemical composition of soil basing on simultaneous extraction of many elements in a single solution. Furthermore, it is desirable that mineral concentration determined in soil using these methods should be significantly correlated with its content in plants. Many researches indicated that soil concentration of heavy metals and trace elements after extraction using 0.01 M CaCl2 did not reflect its content in vegetable plants.. The aim of the research was to determine the relation between soil content of: Al, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn extracted in 0.03 M CH3COOH as well as 1 M HCl and its content in carrot storage roots. In 2008–2009 studies were carried out on soil samples after carrot cultivation (from 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm and 60–90 cm layers) as well as on carrot storage roots grown on the same soil site. In total, analysis of chemical composition (with respect to the content of tested elements) comprised: 112 samples of carrot storage roots, 112 soil samples from 0–30 cm layer as well as 48 soil samples from 30–60 cm and 60–90 cm layers. Higher applicability of soil extraction with 0.03 M CH3COOH (commonly used for macro element chlorides and boron determination) in comparison to extraction with 1 M HCl was demonstrated in reference to the estimation of the relation between soil and carrot content of: Al, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Li, Ni, Sr, Ti and Zn. Application of 1 M HCl gave relatively better results when compared to the extraction with 0.03 M CH3COOH with respect to calculated values of correlation coefficient for Co, Fe, Mn, Mo and Pb content in soil and carrot. Content of Co, Mo, Pb and V in soil after extraction using 0.03 M CH3COOH was below the limits of its detection using ICP-OES spectrometer. No relation was found between vanadium content in soil (analyzed after extraction with 1 M HCl) and its content in carrot storage roots.Istnieje potrzeba poszukiwania szybkich i łatwych do wykonania metod analizy zawartości składników w glebach, opartych na wspólnej ekstrakcji wielu składników. Zawartość składników oznaczona w glebach za pomocą tych metod korelowała z ich zawartością w roślinach. Liczne badania wykazały, że zawartość mikroelementów, metali ciężkich oraz pierwiastków śladowych w glebie oznaczana za pomocą 0.01 M CaCl2 nie odzwierciedla zawartości tych składników w warzywach. Celem badań było określenie zależności pomiędzy zawartością w glebie Al, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V i Zn ekstrahowanych za pomocą 0,03 M CH3COOH i 1 M HCl, a ich zawartością w korzeniach spichrzowych marchwi. W latach 2008–2009 badaniami objęto próby gleby (z warstw 0–30 cm, 30–60 cm i 60–90 cm) po uprawie marchwi oraz próby korzeni spichrzowych marchwi z uprawy polowej prowadzonej na tym samym stanowisku glebowym. Łącznie analizie składu chemicznego (pod względem zawartości badanych pierwiastków) poddano 112 prób korzeni spichrzowych marchwi i 112 prób gleby z warstwy 0–30 cm oraz po 48 prób gleby z warstw 30–60 cm i 60–90 cm. Badania wykazały większą przydatność ekstrakcji gleby 0,03 M CH3COOH (standardowo służącej do określania zawartości makroskładników chlorków i boru) niż ekstrakcji 1 M HCl do oceny związku pomiędzy zawartością Al, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Li, Ni, Sr, Ti i Zn w glebie a zawartością tych pierwiastków w korzeniach spichrzowych marchwi. Zastosowanie ekstrakcji 1 M HCl dało stosunkowo lepsze rezultaty niż ekstrakcja 0,03 M CH3COOH w zakresie wielkości współczynników korelacji pomiędzy zawartością Co, Fe, Mn, Mo i Pb w glebie i marchwi. Zawartość Co, Mo, Pb i V w glebie po ekstrakcji 0,03 M CH3COOH była niższa od limitu detekcji spektrometru ICP-OES. Nie wykazano związku pomiędzy zawartością wanadu w glebie (oznaczanego w 1 M HCl) a zawartością V w korzeniach spichrzowych marchwi
Li-S battery recycling
No full textLithium-ion batteries are not situable for electric vehicles with high millage, military power supplies and fixed power networks. Therefore, the Li-S batteries have been intensively investigated, due to the high capacity, low cost, widespread source, and nontoxicity. The development of Li-S batteries causes increasing need to find the methods for their recycling. Some of them are discussed in the paper. The recycling of Li-S cell relates to its anode, cathode, electrolyte, binder and separator. The Li-S battery should be fully charged before recycling. There are potential methods for recycling of lithium from anodes, especially by re-melting. It is also possible to recycle some materials from the cathodes, especially sulfur by re-melting and graphite by dry crushing, Eco-bat Technologies method or the method investigated by Xiang et al. There is no effective recycling methods for electrolytes, binders and separators. It is necessary to carry out further studies on them
Wpływ biostymulacji roślin nawozem ‘Pentakeep V’ oraz nawożenia azotem na zawartość czternastu pierwiastków w szpinaku
No full textFoliar application of growth regulators or fertilizers containing biostimulators can influence the uptake and accumulation of mineral elements by plants. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of foliar application of ‘Pentakeep V’ and diverse nitrogen fertilization on the content of: Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ga, Li, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, Ti and V in spinach leaves. In 2006–2007 pot experiment with spinach Spinacia oleracea L. ‘Spinaker F1’ cultivation on silty medium loam was carried out. The experiment design included two sub-blocks: with and without foliar nutrition. Plants with foliar nutrition were sprayed twice with 0.02% w/v ‘Pentakeep V’ fertilizer (3000 dm3 water per 1 ha). In each sub-block soil nitrogen fertilization (in the form of ammonium nitrate) was applied in following combinations: 1 – control (without N), 2 – 50% N dose prior to seed sowing (25 mg N∙dm-3 of soil), 3 – 100% N dose prior to seed sowing (50 mg N∙dm-3 of soil). Foliar application of ‘Pentakeep V’ resulted in (compared to not treated plants): a) significant reduction of the Ag, Al, Ba, Ga, Sr and Ti concentration in plants not fertilized with nitrogen, b) increase in Sr content in spinach fertilized with 100% of N dose, c) relatively weak tendency to lower V accumulation in control plants. The lowest concentration of cobalt was found in plants fertilized with 50% of N dose and not treated with ‘Pentakeep V’. No interaction between foliar nutrition and nitrogen fertilization was found in reference to Cd, Cr, Li, Ni, Pb and Sb content in spinach plants.Dolistna aplikacja regulatorów wzrostu lub nawozów zawierających biostymulatory mogą wpływać na pobieranie i akumulację składników mineralnych przez rośliny. Celem badań było określenie wpływu dokarmiania dolistnego nawozem ‘Pentakeep V’ oraz zróżnicowanego pod względem dawki nawożenia azotem na zawartość: Ag, Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Ga, Li, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, Ti i V w szpinaku. W latach 2006–2007 przeprowadzono doświadczenie wazonowe z uprawą szpinaku Spinacia oleracea L. ‘Spinaker F1’. Szpinak uprawiano w glinie średniej pylastej. Badaniami objęto dwa podbloki z dolistnym i bez dolistnego dokarmiania roślin. Rośliny dokarmiano dolistnie dwukrotnie nawozem ‘Pentakeep V’ w dawce 0,02% m/o, stosując w przeliczeniu 3000 dm3 wody na hektar. W obrębie podbloków zastosowano doglebowe przedsiewne nawożenie azotem (w formie saletry amonowej): 1 – kontrola (nienawożona azotem), 2 – 50% dawki N (25 mg N∙dm-3 gleby), 3 – 100% dawki N (50 mg N∙dm-3 gleby). Dolistna aplikacja ‘Pentakeep V’ w porównaniu do roślin niedokarmianych dolistnie powodowała: a) istotne zmniejszenie zawartości Ag, Al, Ba, Ga, Sr i Ti w roślinach kontrolnych nienawożonych azotem, b) zwiększenie zawartości Sr w szpinaku nawożonym 100% dawki N, c) stosunkowo niewielką tendencję do obniżenia zawartości wanadu w roślinach kontrolnych. Najniższą zawartością kobaltu charakteryzowały się rośliny nawożone 50% dawki N i niedokarmiane dolistnie. Nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu współdziałania dokarmiania dolistnego Pentakeep V i nawożenia azotem na zawartość Cd, Cr, Li, Ni, Pb i Sb w szpinaku
Swelsta bicurvata Li, W. L. & Li, W. H. 2021, sp. nov.
No full textSwelsta bicurvata Li, W.L. & Li, W.H., sp. nov. (Figs. 1a, 1c–1e & 2) Adult habitus (Figs. 1a, 1e). General body color pale in ethanol. Head with a large, rectangular median dark brown marking covering ocellar area and frons; compound eyes dark, ocelli with dark rings, anterior ocellus paler; antennae pale, distal flagella slightly darker (Fig. 1a). Pronotum with dark brown medial portion narrowly surrounded by elongate rugosities, rugosities with a paler background, and wide, pale lateral margins. Wing membrane transparent; legs pale. Abdominal tergum 1 with anterior and lateral margins brown, terga 2–7 with a wide median stripe, stripe generally yellow brown but darker from tergum 5, posteromedial portion of terga 6–7 darker brown. Cerci 6- segmented. Setae of dorsal surfaces and inner margins of segments 1–3 are of subequal length, and longer than the length of each segment; distal setae of segments 4–6 longer than the basal setae of each segment. (Fig. 1e). Male (Figs. 1c–1e & 2). Forewing length 8.1 mm; hindwing length 6.7 mm. Tergum 9: transverse ridge strongly sclerotized and band-shaped in dorsal aspect, the ridge elevated and triangular in lateral aspect (Fig. 1e). Epiproct long, parallel-sided for most its length with narrower apex in dorsal aspects; in lateral aspect, epiproct recurved and S-shaped, nearly parallel-sided in outline and slightly widened apically (Figs. 1c–1d & 2). Female. Unknown. Type Material. Holotype: male (CAU), CHINA: Zhejiang Province, Longquan City, Fengyangshan, N 27°53.52’, E 119°9.95’, 1450 m, malaise trap, 2007.VII.3, Yajun Zhu. Etymology. The specific name refers to the lateral profile shape of the epiproct. Distribution. China (Zhejiang Province). Remarks. Sweltsa bicurvata sp. n. is similar to the Tibet Autonomous Region species, Sweltsa tibetensis Li, Pan & Liu, 2017 in sharing the similar shape of the epiproct in dorsal and lateral aspects. However, S. bicurvata can be easily separated from S. tibetensis by the following features: head with a large, rectangular median dark brown marking, terga 2–7 with wide, median stripe. In S. tibetensis, the body color is darker than the new species and covered with short, robust hairs. The pronotum bears a large pigmented area which is much wider than in S. bicurvata, and there is no defined dorsal stripe on the abdomen (figs. 2–3, 5, 9–11 in Li et al. 2017).Published as part of Li, Wenliang, Wang, Yingying, Li, Weihai & Li, Mengyu, 2021, Two new species of Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae) from China, pp. 145-150 in Zootaxa 5057 (1) on pages 145-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5057.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/558550
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