3,160 research outputs found
Muško-ženski odnosi u prozama Milana Kundere
Get PDFTema ovog rada su muško-ženski odnosi u djelima Milana Kundere napisanim u originalu na češkom jeziku. Muško-ženski odnosi analizirani su kroz tri kategorije: odnosi moći, odnosi prema tijelu i seksualni odnosi. Odnosi moći u Kunderinim romanima odgovaraju odnosu dominacije muškaraca i subordinacije žena, što odgovara odnosima moći u patrijarhalnom društvu. Dualizam duše i tijela usko je vezan uz ženske likove. Žene su najčešće opsjednute svojim tijelom, u pozitivnom ili negativnom smislu i odnos prema tijelu definira njih i njihov odnos s muškarcima. U seksualnim odnosima junaci žele apsolutnu moć nad ženama ili ljubavnicama što postižu nasiljem ili naređivanjem. Muški užitci su kratki i prolazni, dok žene mogu uživati čitavim svojim bićem.Tématem této práce je vztah mužů se ženami v dílech Milana Kundery napsaných v češtině. Vztah mužů se ženami analyzuje se třemi kategoriemi: rovnováhou moci, vztahem k tělu a sexuálními vztahy. Rovnováha moci v dílech Kundery týká se dominancí mužů a podřízeností žen, což odpovídá patriarchální společnosti. Dualismus duše a těla je úzce spojen s ženskými postavami. Protože jsou ženy tělem posedlé, jak pozitivně, tak i negativně, jejichž vztah k tělu určí je a její vztah s mužem. V sexuálních vztazích hrdina je dominantou, která chce mít moc nad ženou nebo milenkou. Tohoto dosahuje násilím a nařízením. Muže to uspokojí jen krátce a je to dočasné, ale ženy se těší celou svou bytostí
Libětice - ohrazení 1 - Hradiště (u Sousedovic, u Strakonic)
No full textStav: 3Označení: 820 (DB ohrazení)Popis: Vrch Hradiště (603,7 m n. m.), někdy známo jako Hradiště u Sousedovic. Areál je valem rozdělený na akropoli a předhradí, s pramenem na jejich rozhraní. V místech snadnějšího přístupu od JZ, bylo opevnění zesíleno příkopy. Areál byl intenzivně osídlen, doložena přítomnost elit. V době halštatské bylo opevněno jen vnitřní hradiště, pozdější akropole
Obračunske jedinice u međunarodnom i unutrašnjem prijevoznom pravu
Get PDFMeđunarodne konvencije uređuju odgovornost prijevoznika za štete učinjene putnicima, njihovoj prtljazi i na teretu u međunarodnome transportu, dok Zakon o obveznim odnosima, 2005., i posebni zakoni određuju njegovu odgovornost u domaćem prijevozu. Krajnji iznos koji prijevoznik mora platiti kada ograničeno odgovara zove se granica odgovornosti a postoji za svaku granu prijevoza (more, zrak, rijeka, cesta, željeznica). Danas su posebna prava vučenja (SDR) globalno prihvaćena kao pravni standard i međunarodna vrijednost za obračunsku jedinicu za sve članice MMF. Pretvorba iznosa u nacionalne valute obavlja se sukladno vrijednosti tih valuta u odnosu prema SDR (košarica valuta: euro, dolar, britanska funta, jen). U prošlosti su kao obračunske jedinice služile britanska zlatna funta sterling i francuski zlatni Germinal i Poincaré franak. Cilj ovoga rada je napraviti analizu obračunskih jedinica tijekom povijesti prijevoznog prava s posebnim osvrtom na uređenje ovoga pitanja u hrvatskom pravu. Predlažu se de lege ferenda zahvati koje treba obvezno uraditi u zaštiti prijevoznika kao i radnje u svezi s ujednačavanjem našeg prava s međunarodnim
The political role of the people's liberation army 1949-1973
Get PDFThis thesis is to study the political role of the People's Liberation Army from the approach of structure and function. The framework of the thesis consists of three major parts, first, the influence of Chinese traditional political culture on, and the formation of, the political role of the PL A; second, the influence of domestic political struggles and external military conflicts on the development of the political role of the PLA; and the third, the analysis of the transition of the PLA's political role from the structure and personnel arrangements of the CCPCC Within the above-mentioned three scopes, this thesis make a thorough discussion on the following: (1) The relationship between the structure of the PRC and the formation of the PLA's political role; (2) How has ideology influenced the army's political role; (3) What is Mao's viewpoint and his influence on the development of the army's political role; (4) What is the link between the army and the party, and how has this developed; (6) What accounts for the expansion of the PLA's political functions; (7) What is the influence of political factional struggles on the PLA's political role; (8) Is it political institution or military institution that controls the recruitment of the military elite; (9) What are the disparities between the military elite in handling international conflicts and what are their political considerations; (10) What is the Party's position in the army; (11) How have the Party’s important meetings and personnel arrangements influenced the rise and fall of the PLA's political role
Supravodivost a magnetické vlastnosti slitin y-U a jejich hydridů
Get PDFNázev práce: Supravodivost a magnetické vlastnosti slitin γ-U a jejich hydridů. Autor: Ilya Tkach Katedra / Ústav: Katedra fyziky kondenzovaných látek Vedoucí doktorské práce: Doc. RNDr. Ladislav Havela, CSc. Abstrakt: Byly prostudovány nízkoteplotní elektronové vlastnosti splatů U-Mo a U- Zr, ve kterých byla zachována struktura bcc (γ-U), stabilní za vysokých teplot. Magnetická studia pro U-Mo slitin prokázala Pauliho paramagnetické chování. U- Mo a U-Zr splaty přecházejí do supravodivého stavu pod teplotou Tc, která může dosáhnout až 2.1 K a vykazují kriticiká pole až 5-6 T. Supravodivost u -U může být považována za objemový efekt a je posána teorií BCS, zatímco supravodivost u -U skutečný objemový efekt není. Bcc slitiny U-Mo and U-Zr alloys absorbují vodík jen za výšených tlaků (p ≥ 4.5 bar) a vytvářejí hydridy se stechiometrií analogickou k UH3. Tyto hydridy s Mo vykazují amorfní strkturu, zalořenou na struktuře typy β-UH3, zatímco hydridy s Zr mají krystalickou struktury typu -UH3 type. Hydridy (UH3)1-xMox jsou feromagnetické s hodnotami Curievy teploty TC a magnetických momentů zvýšenými (přes 200 K a do okolí 1.1 μB/U) ve srovnání s čitým β-UH3 (165 - 175 K; 0.9 μB/U). Jsou to patrně první amorfní feromagnetika na bázi uranu s tak vysokými TC. Hodnoty koercitivního pole u (UH3)1-xMox a (UH3)1-xZrx...Title: Superconductivity and electronic properties of γ-U alloys and their hydrides. Author: Ilya Tkach Department / Institute: Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Doc. RNDr. Ladislav Havela, CSc., Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, The Czech Republic Abstract: Low-temperature electronic properties for U-Mo and U-Zr splats stabilized in γ-U were investigated. Magnetic measurements revealed Pauli paramagnetic behavior with temperature independent susceptibility for U-Mo alloys. U-Mo and U- Zr splats become superconducting at low temperatures with Tc up to 2.1 K and critical field 5-6 T. The superconductivity of -U can be considered as a bulk effect and can be described by the BCS theory, while -U superconductivity is not a real bulk effect. U-Mo and U-Zr alloys absorb hydrogen at high pressures (p ≥ 4.5 bar) and form hydrides with stoichiometry analogous to UH3. The hydrides with Mo have an amorphous structure based on β-UH3 phase, while hydrides with Zr have a crystalline structure of the -UH3 type. (UH3)1-xMox hydrides are ferromagnetic with enhanced TC up to 202 K and magnetic moments 1.1 μB/U in comparison with pure β-UH3 (175 K; 0.87 μB/U)....Katedra fyziky kondenzovaných látekDepartment of Condensed Matter PhysicsMatematicko-fyzikální fakultaFaculty of Mathematics and Physic
Újezd (u Zdeslavic) - sídlo 1
No full textStav: 3Označení: 710 (DB sídla)Popis: Datace sídla: 13. st. 3. čt. - 15. st. 1. čt. (vznik i zánik nejistý). Stav terén: zbytky. Stav zástavba: zaniklé - nálezy. Označováno jako: tvrz. Pravděpodobnost existence: 100 %.
V písemných pramenech není tvrz uváděna. Do 60. let 20. století se dochoval její příkop a val. Po roce 2000 byl v terénu patrný jen náznak příkopu. Lokalita bývá v literatuře zaměňována s lokalitami Újezd (u Zdeslavic) - sídlo 2 (C-N0100002) a Újezd (u Zdeslavic) - sídlo 3 (Bahýnko) (C-N0100003). Fotografie tvrziště Josefa Antonína Zavadila z roku 1912 a plán lokality Františka Beneše z roku 1840, které někdy bývají přiřazovaný k této lokalitě, patrně náleží lokalitě Újezd (u Zdeslavic) - sídlo 3 (Bahýnko) (C-N0100003)
Remuneration and employee benefits in Pfizer, spol. s r.o.
No full textV současné době musejí firmy uvažovat zejména vliv rostoucích mzdových nákladů poboček na jejich výkonnost, potřebu motivovat zaměstnance celosvětově a ne jen hlavní představitele společnosti, v souvislosti s nárůstem počtu vysílaných zaměstnanců také utvoření jednotné politiky odměňování expatriantů, outsourcing administrativy spojené s odměňováním expatriantů a vliv národní a firemní kultury na systém odměňování a benefitů. Jak jsem uvedla již výše, většina lokálních zaměstnanců je odměňována dle místních standardů. U mezinárodních zaměstnanců je potom odměňování ovlivněno těmito faktory
Indo-European vocabulary in Old Chinese : a new thesis on the emergence of Chinese language and civilization in the late Neolithic age
No full textThis study is a much expanded version of the paper I read at the XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies on August 28, 1986 in Hamburg (Germany). Contents 1. Recent developments in the field of historical linguistics 2. Monosyllabic structure of Chinese words and Indo-European stems 3. Tonal accents of Middle Chinese 4. Preliminaries on the comparison of consonants and vowels 5. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of entering tone 6. Middle Chinese tones and final consonants of IE stems 7. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of rising tone 8. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of vanishing tone 9. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of level tone 10. Reconstruction of Middle Chinese vocalism according to Yün-ching 11. Old Chinese vocalism 12. Vocalic correspondences between Chinese and IE 13. Initials of Old Chinese 14. Initial consonant clusters in Old Chinese as seen from IE-stems 15. Proximity of Chinese to Germanic 16. Relation of Old Chinese to neighboring languages 17. Emergence of Chinese Empire and language in the middle of the third millennium B.C. Appendix * Abbrevations * Bibliography * Rhyme Tables of Early Middle Chinese (600) * Rhyme Tables of Early Mandarin (1300) * Word Index o English o Pinyin In 1786, just over two hundred years ago, comparative historical linguistics was born, when Sir William Jones (1746-1794) discovered the relationship between Old-Indian Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Since then, the emerging Indo-European philology has thrown much light on the early history of mankind in Eurasia. During the past two hundred years, many suggestions were also made in regard to relationships of Indo-European to other languages such as Semitic, Altaic, Austronesian, Korean etc., but Indo-Europeanists commonly rejected such attempts for want of convincing evidence. As to Chinese, Joseph Edkins was the first to advance the thesis of its proximity to Indo-European. In his work China's Place in Philology. An Attempt to show that the Language of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin (1871) he presented a number of Chinese words similar to those of Indo-European. In his time, Edkins' thesis seemed bold and extravagant. But today, more than a hundred years later, we are in a much better position to carry out a comprehensive and well-founded comparative study. Since the end of the nineteenth century, many Sinologists have been engaged in reconstruction of the mediaeval and archaic readings of Chinese characters. Among them, Karlgren (1889-1978) was the most successful, and in 1940 he published a comprehensive phonological and etymological dictionary entitled Grammata Serica. In the meantime, the Indo-Europeanists Alois Walde (1869-1924) and Julius Pokorny (1887-1970) were devoting themselves to the compilation of a useful etymological dictionary. The result was the Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch by Pokorny (1959) which provides a solid basis for our lexical comparisons. Soon thereafter, some Sinologists made use of the two dictionaries by Karlgren and Pokorny to compare Chinese and Indo-European words. In 1967, an unaffiliated German scholar, Jan Ulenbrook, published an article "Einige Übereinstirnrnungen zwischen dem Chinesischen und dem Indogermanischen", in which he claimed that 57 words are related. Shortly afterwards, Tor Ulving of the University of Goteborg, Sweden, wrote a review of this article framing the title as a question: "Indo-European elements in Chinese?" While working on his thesis on word families in Chinese, Ulving compiled for his own use two dictionaries: "Archaic Chinese - English" and "English - Archaic Chinese", and discovered thereby 238 Chinese words similar to Indo-European roots. In spite of this considerable number of word equivalents, however, Mr. Ulving became discouraged and, as he told me in his letter of April, 1986, has given up his researches in this field. The skepticism, common among Indo-Europeanists in regard to comparative studies with other languages, is largely based on the dogmatic opinion that only morphology is relevant but not vocabulary. Since the typology of Chinese seems to preclude a cognate relation to Indo-European, they are inclined to discard any lexical correspondences as merely accidental or onomatopoetic. Besides, prehistorical contacts and mixtures between these languages seem not conceivable, as the Indo-Europeans are supposed to have originated in Northern Europe or at best in the Central Asian steppe, thousands of miles away from East Asia. Hence, any research into a relationship between Old Chinese and Indo-European languages would be but futile from the outset. Yet there are also opposing views among Indo-Europeanists. Investigations into Germanic languages and the oldest Indo-European language, Hittite, led some of them to a critical revision of the prevailing conception about a Proto-Indo-European. Hermann Hirt (1934) for instance states: "Inflexion of Indo-European languages is due to a relatively late development, and its correct comprehension can be achieved only by proceeding from the time of non-inflexion." And Carl Karstien (1936) holds the opinion that "Chinese corresponds most ideally to the hypothetic prototype of Indo-European." Regarding vocabulary, there are striking similarities in the monosyllabic structure of the basic words. In modern German and English, all the words of everyday speech are monosyllabic and their stereotypical structure is: initial consonant(s) + vowel(s) + final consonant(s). The same word structure is valid for Chinese as well. It is fundamentally different from the disyllabic structure of Altaic words and from the triconsonantal-disyllabic structure of Semitic words. Characteristic of the monosyllabic word structure is, besides, the complexity of the syllable nucleus, which consists of different vowels and vowel clusters in contrast to the monophthongal vocalism of polysyllabic words. Another objection raised to comparisons between Chinese and Indo-European is the existence of tonal accents in Chinese. Since most modern Indo-European languages have only expiratory accents, Chinese is considered to be a highly exotic language. Yet, even in Chinese, the use of tonal accents as a means of lexical differentiation is a result of comparatively recent development in the long history of Chinese language, the earliest monuments of which date back to 1300 B.C. (cf. Chang 1970, p.21). Unknown to Old Chinese, the existence of tonal accents was for the first time mentioned in the 5th century by Shen Yüeh (441-513). In Middle Chinese (Mch.) there were four tone categories: A P'ing-sheng 平 a level tone (which developed into Mandarin tone 1 or 2). B Shang-sheng 上 a rising tone (Mandarin tone 3). C Ch'u-sheng 去 a vanishing, i.e. falling tone (Mandarin tone 4). D Ju-sheng 入 an entering tone with a staccato effect, the word being abruptly stopped by a final consonant -p, -t, -k. (In Early Mandarin the words of this tone lost their final consonant and were distributed among the tones 2, 3 and 4, respectively according to the phonation of initials). In Middle Chinese, words of the entering tone were the only group which still preserved the final stops and therefore a close syllabic structure. So they are most appropriate for convincing comparisons with monosyllabic Indo-European word stems. The final stops -p, -t, -k of the entering tone are nowadays still extant in daily speech of several dialects in South China as well as in Chinese borrowings in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean. As a speaker of a Taiwan dialect of Minnan origin, I could immediately identify some Indo-European stems with corresponding Chinese words. Besides, the command of Japanese and German was also a great help for this study. In the following lists I have chosen a number of Indo-European stems which are phonetically and semantically equivalent to Chinese words. Correspondences in initial and final consonants refer to the points of articulation, thus we have equations: IE labials = Old Chinese labials, IE dentals = dentals, IE l, r = dentals (cf. p. 31); Ø, i (final and medial) IE velars = velars and laryngeals, and occasionally (the so-called "satem"-forms) IE velars = dental sibilants and affricates. Regarding the manner of articulation, there are no regular correspondences between Indo-European and Chinese consonants like Grimm's law which is valid among Indo-European dialects to a certain extent. But this is not astonishing, since in Old Chinese the alternation of initials in voicing was a conventional means of creating new words from one basic form. The rules of vocalic correpondences among Indo-European dialects are quite complex. Vowels permanently change their qualities from one language to another, and from time to time within one language also, as is well known from the history of English pronunciations. Generally, the vocalism of Old Greek is taken as the standard for Proto-Indo-European. Old Chinese vowels corresponds nearly (cf. p. 30), but the details about the reconstruction of Middle and Old Chinese vocalism will be treated later (pp. 26-30). For the moment, it is necessary to notice in advance that the stem of ablauting Germanic verbs is the form of preterite or noun, rather than that of infinitive as assumed hitherto. Therefore, in some cases I must slightly modify the basic vowel of verbal stems given in Pokorny, in order to get better basis for comparison. As Old Chinese verbs were non-flexional, they might probably have preserved the original vowel the best
Miskoncepce z pedologie u studentů učitelství přírodních věd
No full textTato studie se zabývá analýzou miskoncepcí z pedologie u budoucích učitelů přírodopisu, kteří studují na Pedagogické fakultě Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích. Nejčastější miskoncepce byly zjišťovány pomocí 10 testových úloh s otevřenou odpovědí. Soubor respondentů tvořilo celkem 35 studentů bakalářského studia. V rámci této studie byly zjištěny četné miskoncepce u budoucích pedagogů. Nejčastěji zjištěné miskoncepce byly tyto: půda není „živá“, půdní druh a půdní typ je jedno a to samé, půda se řadí mezi obnovitelný zdroj, rostliny si z půdy berou vše pro svůj růst a vývoj, humus jsou jen rozložené rostliny. Až 37 % respondentů se potýká s jedním nebo dokonce s více miskoncepty z učiva pedologie. Půda, její vznik, význam a vlastnosti jsou důležité pro pochopení souvislostí mezi živou a neživou přírodou a patří mezi jedno z nejdůležitějších integrovaných přírodovědných témat. V didaktickém výzkumu je proto potřeba se zaměřit na moderní výukové strategie a snažit se odstranit tyto miskoncepce ve výuce o půdě
Opakování pseudoslov u bilingvních dětí. Liší se výsledky ve srovnání s dětmi s vývojovou poruchou jazyka?
Get PDFTato práce se zabývá výkonem bilingvních dětí a dětí s vývojovou poruchou řeči v testech opakování pseudoslov. Předchozí výzkum ukázal podprůměrné výsledky jak u bilingvních dětí, tak dětí s vývojovou poruchou řeči. Opakování pseudoslov se běžně užívá jako diagnostický nástroj pro odhalení vývojové poruchy řeči u dětí. Metodou opakování pseudoslov je tak možné odhalit vývojovou poruchu řeči u bilingvních dětí jen s obtížemi. Tato práce se pokusí o hlubší analýzu výkonu bilingvních dětí a dětí s vývojovou poruchou řeči v běžně užívaném testu - The Children's Test of Nonword Repetition (CNRep). Prozkoumány byly tři skupiny dat. První skupinu tvořily monolingvní anglicky mluvící děti s diagnózou vývojové poruchy řeči. Druhá skupina sestávala z bilingvních dětí (čeština/angličtina), které se učí angličtinu od narození (tj. simultánně bilingvních). Třetí skupinu tvořily bilingvní děti (čeština/angličtina), které se začaly učit angličtinu po jednom roce života (tj. sekvenčně bilingvní). Položky testu CNRep byly rozděleny do kategorií a následně analyzovány. Byly vytvořeny dva modely pro statistickou analýzu. Pro první model byly položky rozděleny do čtyř kategorií na základě délky pseudoslova (2, 3, 4 a 5 slabičná pseudoslova). Pro druhý model byla 4 a 5 slabičná slova dále rozdělena na položky obsahující a...This study investigates the patterns in nonword repetition performance of children with a developmental language disorder and bilingual children. It has been shown by previous research that both children with developmental language disorder and bilingual children tend to perform poorly in nonword repetition tasks. As these tasks are one of the tools often used for diagnosing markers of DLD in young children, diagnosing bilinguals with DLD proves to be difficult, since both of the groups exhibit a poor performance. An analysis of the patterns found in NWR performance of bilingual children and children with DLD might shed more light onto the issue. The study focuses on analysing the performance in a widely used assessment task - The Children's Test of Nonword Repetition. Three samples of data were analysed. The first sample of data consisted of monolingual English-speaking children diagnosed with a developmental language disorder. The second sample of data consisted of Czech-English bilingual children from international schools in Prague who started acquiring English at the time of birth, i.e. simultaneous bilinguals. The third and final sample consisted of Czech- English bilingual children from international schools in Prague who started acquiring English after one year of age, i.e. sequential bilinguals....Ústav anglického jazyka a didaktikyDepartment of the English Language and ELT MethodologyFaculty of ArtsFilozofická fakult
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