251,493 research outputs found
Factors Influencing Physical Risk Taking in Rock Climbing
No full textThis study was designed to investigate factors influencing physical risk taking in the sport of rock climbing. Specifically, the relationships between physical risk taking, sensation seeking, spheres of control, and desirability of control were examined. One hundred five rock climbers from the United States completed a series of surveys measuring each of the above-mentioned psychological variables. As predicted, physical risk taking demonstrated significant positive relationships to both total sensation seeking and thrill/adventure seeking (TAS). The expected relationships between physical risk taking, personal control and desirability of control were not supported. As hypothesized, no substantive patterns were revealed between physical risk taking and interpersonal control or sociopolitical control. Finally, comparisons between high and low physical risk taking rock climbers revealed significant group differences for total sensation seeking, TAS, and disinhibition. The identification of predictors of physical risk taking is a key step toward identifying individuals likely to engage in high physical risk behavior, and under what circumstances they are likely to do so
Overconfidence and risk taking in foreign policy decision making: The case of Turkey’s Syria policy
No full textThis book introduces a new perspective on risk seeking behaviour, developing a framework based on various cognitive theories, and applying it to the specific case-study of Turkey’s foreign policy toward Syria. The author examines why policy makers commit themselves to polices that they do not have the capacity to deliver, and develops an alternative theoretical model to prospect theory in explaining risk taking behaviour based on the concept of overconfidence. The volume suggests that overconfident individuals exhibit risk seeking behaviour that contradicts the risk averse behaviour of individuals in the domain of gain, as predicted by prospect theory. Using a set of testable hypothesis deduced from the model, it presents an empirical investigation of the causes behind Turkish decision makers’ unprecedented level of risk taking toward the uprising in Syria and the consequences of this policy. © The Editor(s) and The Author(s) 2017
One small step outside the here and now: what stories can tell us about children’s perspective-taking
No full textThe enjoyment of fiction and narrative depends on our ability to step outside our own perspective and take that of another person in a different spatial and temporal reference frame. Readers form rich and vibrant representations of events or scenes described in text, which have many of the same properties as events that are encountered in the real world. Zwaan (1999; Zwaan & Radvansky, 1998) in reviewing the literature on adult readers’ mental models presented evidence that situation models share properties with the situation they represent in the dimensions of time, space, causation, intentionality and protagonists. By comparison to the wealth of adult literature, the study of children’s mental models in narrative has been relatively neglected. This seems particularly surprising given the enjoyment children gain from stories and fiction (Harris, 2000), the importance narrative has for their social development (Carpendale & Lewis, 2004) and the opportunity for researchers to use narrative to learn about children’s ability to create situation models that are grounded in the ability to simulate. Indeed, narrative comprehension and social interactions both often depend on the ability to take someone else’s perspective, and narratives therefore offer the opportunity to study children’s perspective-taking in a playful and familiar context.Here I present evidence from a series of studies using different experimental paradigms with children to show that perspective taking in stories and narrative is present even when the protagonist is an inanimate object, but it is not as strong as it is for protagonists who are people. This suggests a dual process of perspective taking that is partly empathic, but also partly driven by pragmatic cues of language. Perspective taking is therefore strongest when the cues of language combine with the opportunity to imaginatively project into the space occupied by the protagonist through an empathic process.</p
One small step outside the here and now: what stories can tell us about children’s perspective-taking
No full textThe enjoyment of fiction and narrative depends on our ability to step outside our own perspective and take that of another person in a different spatial and temporal reference frame. Readers form rich and vibrant representations of events or scenes described in text, which have many of the same properties as events that are encountered in the real world. Zwaan (1999; Zwaan & Radvansky, 1998) in reviewing the literature on adult readers’ mental models presented evidence that situation models share properties with the situation they represent in the dimensions of time, space, causation, intentionality and protagonists. By comparison to the wealth of adult literature, the study of children’s mental models in narrative has been relatively neglected. This seems particularly surprising given the enjoyment children gain from stories and fiction (Harris, 2000), the importance narrative has for their social development (Carpendale & Lewis, 2004) and the opportunity for researchers to use narrative to learn about children’s ability to create situation models that are grounded in the ability to simulate. Indeed, narrative comprehension and social interactions both often depend on the ability to take someone else’s perspective, and narratives therefore offer the opportunity to study children’s perspective-taking in a playful and familiar context.Here I present evidence from a series of studies using different experimental paradigms with children to show that perspective taking in stories and narrative is present even when the protagonist is an inanimate object, but it is not as strong as it is for protagonists who are people. This suggests a dual process of perspective taking that is partly empathic, but also partly driven by pragmatic cues of language. Perspective taking is therefore strongest when the cues of language combine with the opportunity to imaginatively project into the space occupied by the protagonist through an empathic process.</p
A cross-linguistic study on turn-taking and temporal alignment in verbal interaction
No full textKousidis S, Schlangen D, Skopeteas S. A cross-linguistic study on turn-taking and temporal alignment in verbal interaction. In: Proceedings of Interspeech 2013. 2013
Corporate Risk Taking and Ownership Structure
No full textThis paper investigates the determinants of corporate risk taking. Shareholders with substantial equity ownership in a single company may advocate conservative investment policies due to greater exposure to firm risk. Using a large cross-country sample, I find a positive relationship between corporate risk taking and equity ownership of the largest shareholder. This result is entirely driven by investors holding the largest equity stakes in more than one company. Family shareholders avoid corporate risk taking as their ownership increases unlike mutual funds, banks, financial and industrial companies. Stronger legal protection of shareholder rights is associated with more risk taking, while stronger legal protection of creditor rights reduces risk taking.Financial markets; International topics
Taking My Skin
No full text16mm film which tracks a dialogue between the artist and her mother, exploring the pleasures of maternal embodiment as a model for a different kind of imagined spectatorship. Directed, written, produced, performed, shot and edited by Pucill. Won Marion MacMahon Award for best women's autobiographic experimental film at Toronto (April 2007). ‘Taking My Skin’ tracks a dialogue between Pucill and her mother. Their exchange ranges from narrating the filming process ‘in
the moment’ to relations in an earlier time – ‘how long do you think it takes for a child to become separate?’ Throughout the
journey film spaces continuously dissolve and collapse only to separate again. Sometimes the artist is behind the camera,
sometimes the mother, sometimes both simultaneously behind and in front, or neither. Both perform, film, and alternately
instruct, position and direct the other. Formally and thematically, the film is an exploration of closeness, of synching, and the
threat this poses to the self. The film touches lightly upon the pleasures of maternal embodiment as a model for a different kind
of imagined spectatorship, presenting a carefully staged experiment in the physical and ethical relationship between camera
and subject.
The filming process was integral to the film, eliding distinctions between filming and performing. Pucill and her mother, who had
never used a camera before, arranged the filming themselves. The use of synch sound and dialogue marked a significant
development in Pucill’s filmmaking process.
The film won the Marion MacMahon Award for best women's autobiographic experimental film at Images Festival of Film and
Video, Toronto (April 2007). Other festival screenings include Cork (2006), European Media Art Festival, Osnabruck, (28.04.07).
Gallery screenings include ‘Intervention’, Fieldgate Gallery, London (14.09.07 – 15.10.07); Millenium Film Workshop, New York,
(November 2006); 'Mother Cut', New Jersey University Gallery (forthcoming 2008, co-exhibitors include Mary Kelly and Mona
Hatoum); Greenwich Picture House (2007) as part of Pucill’s ‘Subjective Camera’ curation. The project won funding from ACE
(£10,000) and AHRC (£17,000). It is distributed by Lux, BFI, and distributors in Paris, Toronto and USA. Reviews include
Vertigo (Spring 07)
Understanding perspective taking and its role in relation to teamworking and diversity
No full textIn the current thesis I focus on perspective taking as a fundamental social process guiding productive and cooperative interactions within and between work teams. I define perspective taking as the effortful and effective understanding of diverse cognitions, emotions, and identities tied to particular targets in particular situations.
Little attention has been given to perspective taking as a situational or state concept that can vary across groups, time, and contexts. Previous research has typically treated it as a stable personality difference or a temporary mindset induced in laboratory settings. In this thesis, I conduct three studies with data collected from Masters of Business Administration (MBA) study teams and one final study with military teams to examine how perspective taking supports effective teamwork interactions.
In the first study, I use data collected from MBA team members to develop and validate three self-report, state indicator measures of active perspective taking: effort, empathic concern, and positive attributions. In the second study, I demonstrate positive reciprocal relationships over time between the three perspective taking indicators and cooperative team member outcomes. In the third study, I show that entire MBA teams can exhibit shared perspective taking at the team level of analysis. The results also confirm that team perspective taking indicators mediate between team diversity and team states of potency and reflexivity. In the final study, I develop a self-report measure of team perspective taking effectiveness or understanding and show that it is positively related to perceived performance, helping, and morale in military teams. I show that team perspective taking effectiveness is supported by elaboration of task perspectives and effective perspective taking for the external targets of other teams.
The practical and research implications of the studies for understanding situational perspective taking, team effectiveness, and finding value in team diversity are discussed
How does competition impact bank risk-taking?
No full textA common assumption in the academic literature and in the actual supervision of banking systems worldwide is that franchise value plays a key role in limiting bank risk-taking. As the underlying source of franchise value is assumed to be market power, reduced competition has been considered to promote banking stability. Boyd and De Nicolo (2005) propose an alternative view where concentration in the loan market could lead to increased borrower debt loads and a corresponding increase in loan defaults that undermine bank stability. Martinez-Miera and Repullo (2007) encompass both approaches by proposing a nonlinear relationship between competition and bank risk-taking. Using unique datasets for the Spanish banking system, we examine the empirical nature of that relationship. After controlling for macroeconomic conditions and bank characteristics, we find that standard measures of market concentration do not affect the ratio of non-performing commercial loans (NPL), our measure of bank risk. However, using Lerner indexes based on bank-specific interest rates, we find a negative relationship between loan market power and bank risk. This result provides evidence in favor of the franchise value paradigm.Bank competition
Monetary Policy and Risk Taking
No full textIn this paper Bruegel Visiting Scholar Ignazio Angeloni (European Central Bank), Ester Faia (Goethe University Frankfurt, Kiel IfW and CEPREMAP) and Marco Lo Duca (European Central Bank) examine the links between monetary policy, financial risk and the business cycle, combining data evidence and a new DSGE model with banks. The model includes banks (modeled as in Diamond and Rajan, JF 2000 and JPE 2001) and a financial accelerator (Bernanke et al., 1999 Handbook). A monetary expansion increases the propensity of banks to assume risks. In turn, financial risks affect economic activity and prices. This "risk-taking" channel of monetary transmission, absent in pure financial accelerator models, operates via the leverage decisions of banks. The model results match certain features of the data, as emerged in recent panel data studies and in our own time series estimates for the US and the euro area.
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