1,721,443 research outputs found
More investment, less returns? : changing returns to education in Italy across three decades
No full textEducational expansion has often been discussed in terms of possibly declining returns to education. Declining returns would not only menace individual investment strategies but also put under pressure the merit based legitimisation of existing social inequalities. In recent years also Italy witnessed a strong increase in education participation beyond compulsory schooling – though this country still lags behind most of Europe with regard to access to higher education. At the same time, the occupational structure did not show any noteworthy upward shift. The theoretical debate provides arguments supporting both expectations about declining as well as increasing return to education. In this paper we empirically investigate these changes over time.
We describe the association between educational attainment and the returns to education in terms of both employment and occupational position based on national labour force survey data covering the period from 1985 to 2010, separately for men and women aged 30-39. Our results show a clear decline of the returns to education, in particular concerning the occupational position accessed by the upper secondary educated. Also the university educated, however, have seen on average their occupational condition become worse, especially in the last years
Maternal employment : enabling factors in context
Full text linkMaternal employment is still below the overall EU recommended level of 60% in many European
countries. Understanding the individual, household and contextual circumstances under which
mothers of children of different ages are likely to be employed is crucial to develop strategies
capable of increasing maternal employment. This article takes a comparative approach to
investigating the characteristics associated with maternal employment in the presence of children
aged 0–2, 3–5, 6–9 and 10–12 years. We model the probability of being employed full-time, parttime
or being a homemaker using EU-SILC data (2004 to 2007) from Germany, Italy, Norway
and the United Kingdom – four countries belonging to different gender and welfare regimes. The
results indicate that individual and household characteristics are more relevant in determining
mothers’ employment in countries where the state is less supportive towards maternal
employment: Italy and to a lesser extent Germany and the UK – for the period observed
New rehabilitation opportunities for persons with multiple disabilities through the use of microswitch technology
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