998 research outputs found
Investigation of compression behavior of PE/EVA foam injection molded parts
No full textThe main objective of the presented work is to evaluate the compression behavior of a polymeric foam blend by using a robust framework for the testing sequence of foaming injection molded parts, with the aim of establishing a standard testing cycle for the evaluation of new matrix material. The research purpose is to assess parameters influencing compression behavior and give useful suggestions for the implementation of a finite element analysis. The polymeric blend consisted of a mixture of low density polyethylenes (LDPEs), a high- density polyethylene (HDPE), an ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA) and an azodicarbonamide (ADC). The thermal, rheological and compression properties of the blend are fully described, as well as the injection molding process for two specimen types
Material saving by means of CWR technology using optimization techniques
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2017 Author(s).Material saving is currently a must for the forging companies, as material costs sum up to 50% for parts made of steel and up to 90% in other materials like titanium. For long products, cross wedge rolling (CWR) technology can be used to obtain forging preforms with a suitable distribution of the material along its own axis. However, defining the correct preform dimensions is not an easy task and it could need an intensive trial-and-error campaign. To speed up the preform definition, it is necessary to apply optimization techniques on Finite Element Models (FEM) able to reproduce the material behaviour when being rolled. Meta-models Assisted Evolution Strategies (MAES), that combine evolutionary algorithms with Kriging meta-models, are implemented in FORGE® software and they allow reducing optimization computation costs in a relevant way. The paper shows the application of these optimization techniques to the definition of the right preform for a shaft from a vehicle of the agricultural sector. First, the current forging process, based on obtaining the forging preform by means of an open die forging operation, is showed. Then, the CWR preform optimization is developed by using the above mentioned optimization techniques. The objective is to reduce, as much as possible, the initial billet weight, so that a calculation of flash weight reduction due to the use of the proposed preform is stated. Finally, a simulation of CWR process for the defined preform is carried out to check that most common failures (necking, spirals,.) in CWR do not appear in this case.The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union´s Seventh Framework Program, managed by REA-Research Executive Agency (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 606171 FP7-SME-2013-1 (CoVaForm). The research leading to these results received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Program, managed by REA-Research Executive Agency (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 606171 FP7-SME-2013-1 (CoVaForm).Peer reviewe
Laser welding of polypropylene using two different sources
No full textIn this paper, laser weldability of neutral polypropylene has been investigated using fibre and carbon dioxide lasers. A design of experiment (DoE) was conducted in order to establish the influence of the main working parameters on the welding strength of the two types of laser. The welded samples were characterized by carrying out visual and microscopic inspection for the welding morphology and cross-section, and by distinguishing the tensile strength. The resulting weld quality was investigated by means of optical microscopy at weld cross-sections. The tensile strength of butt-welded materials was measured and compared to that of a corresponding bulk material
Development of a numerical methodology for flowforming process simulation of complex geometry tubes
No full textPublisher Copyright: © 2017 Author(s).Nowadays, the incremental flowforming process is widely explored because of the usage of complex tubular products is increasing due to the light-weighting trend and the use of expensive materials. The enhanced mechanical properties of finished parts combined with the process efficiency in terms of raw material and energy consumption are the key factors for its competitiveness and sustainability, which is consistent with EU industry policy. As a promising technology, additional steps for extending the existing flowforming limits in the production of tubular products are required. The objective of the present research is to further expand the current state of the art regarding limitations on tube thickness and diameter, exploring the feasibility to flowform complex geometries as tubes of elevated thickness of up to 60 mm. In this study, the analysis of the backward flowforming process of 7075 aluminum tubular preform is carried out to define the optimum process parameters, machine requirements and tooling geometry as demonstration case. Numerical simulation studies on flowforming of thin walled tubular components have been considered to increase the knowledge of the technology. The calculation of the rotational movement of the mesh preform, the high ratio thickness/length and the thermomechanical condition increase significantly the computation time of the numerical simulation model. This means that efficient and reliable tools able to predict the forming loads and the quality of flowformed thick tubes are not available. This paper aims to overcome this situation by developing a simulation methodology based on FEM simulation code including new strategies. Material characterization has also been performed through tensile test to able to design the process. Finally, to check the reliability of the model, flowforming tests at industrial environment have been developed.Peer reviewe
shkhem ahad al ha-nitzahon
No full textPoster. shkhem ahad al ha-nitzahon. Soldier w. helmet with star of David. woman with hat and automatic. 3 other figures. dad Oft-a d =)=t ==dO8 =a)t e8 . F e)G8 :d)fd ;a-d= S)dt =)sp (dfus halom Tel Aviv; Lionel: Makhon zs Z. Bergman hotza'atha-harvut al tzvah-haganah l'Yisrael)Digital imagedigitize
Redefining Khabar Al-Ahad Based on Rashid Rida’s Rational Approach in Al-Manar
No full textThis paper discusses the Rida controversy with hadith scholars. The controversy stems from Rida’s a priori to the traditions that are popular and well-known among hadith scholars, especially the category of khabar al-ahad hadith. The root of their problem lies in Rida’s rational critique of the categories and implications of khabar al-ahad. He considers dilalah (connotation) of khabar al-ahad to be nothing more than just zanni al-dilalah (presumption and uncertainty). The implication is that hadith in this category cannot be used as a basis for belief because belief is based on qat’i al-dilalah (certainty of proposition). The research method used was descriptive-analytic method. This method was combined with a historical-philosophical approach. Therefore, analyzing and describing Rida’s thoughts as a whole is the main work in this article. The next step was to combine the analytical-philosophical approach to the roadmap from the genuine part of Rida’s line of thought. This activity is expected to help the author in finding answers on how Rida rationalizes khabar al-ahad and its implications. Finally, this article finds the conclusions, including: a) Rida’s efforts in rationalizing khabar al-ahad are based on the views of the mutakallimūn (theologians), manat}iqah (logic experts) and falasifah (philosophers), b) Rida has been trapped in his own over a priori thinking on khabar al-ahad, c) Rashid Rida’s rationalization of khabar al-ahad actually leads to ambiguity and uncertainty
Geochemistry and sedimentology of the Corallian sediments of Southern England
No full textCorallian rocks from outcrop on the Dorset cast, from boreholes at Baulking and Ufflngton in Berkshire and from Wallngham in Surrey were subjected to petrographtal, mineralogical, and geochemical investigation. Pronounced mineral variation exists between the studied localities: well crystallized montmoritonite shows highest concentrations In the Lower Calcareous Grit Group of Berkshire with reduced crystallinity and concentration In Dorset and at Wadingham, where it h subordinate to Wits and kaolinite. In the Baulking and Ufflmgton borehole, authigenic recites of cWoptilollte/hauluWite type, low trldymitscristobalite, cathedral biotite and apatite accompany the Montmorilbdte. This association s thought to be genetically related, of volcanic origin, formed from the decomposition of air-fall ashes both on adjacent landmasses and In the area of deposition. Upward decrease in the montmoWonhe content suggests that volcanicity took place in the early phases of Coallisn sedimentation. The volcanic phase appears to hero been contemporaneous with the shoaling which Initiated CoralWn sedimentation in Southern England suggesting a common tectonic control. The westward increase In montmorulonite content locate the volcanoes In this direction; Jun-dc -early Cretaceous volcanic rocks, reported from the South Western Approaches (1fatrison a & L, 1979) provide the probable soume Geochemtal investigation of 27 elements was mainly by X.R.F. analysis. Variation occurs both between localities and within localities, mostly reflecting clay mineral-variation. Highest concentration of most of the elements occur at Walngham, suggesting that dement-concentration was mainly controlled by the detrital clays which dominate this area. Upward increase In element concentration In all three areas, Implying an upward-incredng dominance of detrital days anda lessening volcanic clay influence. A small group of elements (Cr, Me, Ni, Pb, S, V, Zn), known to be associated with organic carbon, reach their maxima in the Dorset coast outcrops rather than at Wallagham. This may result from an analytical artefact, sampling concentrating on mud rocks which are poorly represented at Wadingham. The difference between Dorset and Berkshire relate to the greater preservation of organic carbon In the former area, where reducing conditions prevailed; Berkshire samples show abundant sips of reworking and little of postburial reducing conditions. The Upper Calcareous Grit Group is distinct from the lower Groups: It s enriched in various elements (Al, Fe, TI, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cu, V, P. Ce, Y. As, 2n), attributable to intense chemical weathering during the protracted period of deposition (It span about three ammonite zones compared to the two zones spanned collectively by the lower three Group). Coralian limestone are mostly shoal calcarenites and lagoonal micrites; alchudha are few, thin and occur with the alcaenhea Coral patch reefs are common in Berkshire. Bloturbatfon s widespread, leading at Its most intense to rubbly limestones. The Corallian Limestone display the textures of phratio disposals and lack signs of compaction, indicating that each limestone unit was almost fully Etbifed before successively younger sediments were deposited. The variation in Sr-content from subreef collie shoes to patch reefs in Berkshire Is primarily related to permeability and diagonals, including the relative timings of lithifatlon of oollta and reefs. Post reef exposure and uplift s Indicated by the development of vuggy porosity in the Coral Rag. Exceptional concentrations of Iron in the Red Beds of the Trigonla davellata Beds of the Dorset coast s a consequence of penetration of son-rich fresh waters from the Sandsfoot Clay, in the form of a phreatlc lens. Geochemlcal studies confirm a Iagoonal origin for the Sandsfoot Clay and further attests to the lagoon containing fresh warts. Element-concentration vary with rock type, Sr most notably.Detailed analysis of the tectonic and depositional events of the Mesozoic Era reveals that the was of deposition consisted of fault-bounded blocks, each showing repetition of nacre or leu similar tectonic and depostional events from at least Lower tornado time onwards. Groups of blocks associated to form persistently elevated Madf or persistently cob siding troughs, die two usually separated by other groups of blocks ailed Shelves which tended to lie close to sea-level, either above or below and subject to Intermittent accumulation and lots of sediment. The Oxford Clay, which underline Coralian rocks, s dominated by a detrital Illlte Kaolinite assemblage and demise uniform marine conditions over both Troughs and Shelves. The Corallian rocks show sharp contrasts between clay-dominated Troughs and Caboate/Quartz sands dominated Shelves, with marked shoaling in the latter are accompanied by evidence of volcanic activity to die west. Within the Shelves, individual fault-bounded blocks moved independently. For example, the Berkshire Shod coven the Oxford Block whereas deeper muddy environments occurred on the adjacent Aylesbury Block Uplifts extended to the Marls, particularly those in the west, which supplied the abundant quartz sands and occasional pebble horizon. These desital sands spread rapidly eastwards across adjacent shelves to lodge in the neared Trough. They did not teach Watling nor the East Kent Shelf. Earlier authors have Identified cycles of sedimentation, either three or four, but have never satisfactorily applied diem in Kent. Tectonic uplifts generating pulses of detritus can readily captain these cycles, far better than austatic movements of N & -level. Then tectonic movements resulted in the release of siisric h connate water which encouraged abundant sponge populations in Dorset and along the Wheatley Fault which separate die Oxford and Aylesbury Blocks; they also caused local uplifts such as the one which elevated the Oxford Block after Coral Rag was deposited and the one which warped the Winchester and Portsdown areas, preventing deposition of the Berkshire and Osmlagton Oollte Groups. A final tectonic movement downwarped the entire area and permitted deposition of the Kimmeridge Clay.</p
Tylencholaimus ladakhiensis Ahad & Ahmad, 2016, sp. n.
No full textTylencholaimus ladakhiensis sp. n. (Figs. 15 & 16) Measurements: See Table 8. Description. Female: Slender nematodes of small size, under 1 mm long; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities, slightly ventrally curved upon fixation. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 2 Μm thick at midbody and 2.5 –3.0 Μm on tail. Outer cuticle thin, finely striated; inner layer thick with distinct radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 33–38 % of the midbody diameter. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by slight constriction, 2.3–2.5 times as wide as high or less than one-third of the body diameter at neck base. Lip region truncate, lips amalgamated, with their inner part somewhat elevated; the submedian lips appear as two round bulges (fig 16 A). Amphids cup-shaped with aperture located at the level of cephalic constriction and occupying about one-third of lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle 1.0– 1.1 times the lip region diameter long, with very narrow but distinct lumen and its aperture more than onefourth of the odontostyle length. Odontophore rod-like with faint basal knobs, 1.0– 1.2 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.6 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consists of a slender and weakly muscular anterior part, expanding abruptly into a cylindrical basal bulb, with thick-walled lumen, occupying about 38–45 % of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifices are located as follows: DO = 61–63, DN = 63–66, S 1 N 1 = 76–80, S 1 N 2 = 82–84, S 2 N = 95–96, S 2 O = 96–97. Nerve ring located at 38–44 % of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded, conoid, somewhat less than one-third to one-half of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 46–55 µm (anterior) and 37–58 µm (posterior) long, not reaching the oviduct-uterus junction; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 54–70 µm (anterior) and 62–82 µm (posterior), its proximal and distal parts not differentiated. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by well developed sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 20–23 µm (anterior) and 19–20 µm (posterior). Vagina cylindrical; pars proximalis vaginae 4–6 µm long, its wall encircled by muscles; pars distalis vaginae short, with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.7–3.4 and rectum 0.7–1.1 anal body diameter long. Tail cylindrical, rounded-conoid, 1.1–1.3 times anal body diameter long, with a distinct terminal caudal pores. Male: Not found. Type habitat and locality. Soil around the roots of the Populus sp. near the bank of Suru River, Bulbul Bagh, Kargil, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir state, India. Type specimens. Holotype female on slide Tylencholaimus ladakhiensis sp. n. / 1; paratypes females on slides Tylencholaimus ladakhiensis n. sp. / 2–5; deposited with the nematode collection of the Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, India. Etymology. The new species is named after its type locality, Ladakh. Diagnosis and relationships. Tylencholaimus ladakhiensis sp. n. is characterized by having a small slender body (L = 0.56–0.73 mm, a ratio = 23–36); lip region truncate, set off by a slight constriction; the submedian lips appears as two round bulges; amphid aperture slit-like; odontostyle slender, 7–9 µm long, with comparatively narrow lumen; odontophore 8–9 µm long; pharynx with slender anterior part which expands abruptly into the cylindrical basal bulb, occupying about 38–45 % of total neck length; female genital system didelphicamphidelphic and rounded-conoid tail, with distinct terminal caudal pore. In the nature of its pharyngeal expansion, amphidelphic gonad and tail shape, the new species comes close to T. cosmos Dhanam & Jairajpuri, 1999 and T. cynodonti Nasira, Erum & Shahina, 2005 but differs from the former in its shape of lip region, comparatively slender odontostyle with narrow lumen (vs comparatively robust odontostyle, with wider lumen); amphid aperture one-third of lip region diameter (vs amphidial aperture almost pore-like) and also in the presence of terminal caudal pore (vs terminal caudal pore absent). From T. cynodonti, the new species differs because of its longer and slender odontostyle with narrow lumen, and the absence of characteristic circle of large cells around vagina which is present in T. cynodonti. The new species further differs from T. cynodonti in having longer prerectum (vs 21–32 µm) and the presence of a terminal caudal pore. On the basis of body size, pharyngeal expansion and amphidelphic gonad, the new species also comes close to T. savaryi Loof & Jairajpuri, 1968. However, it differs from it in having lip region offset by a slight constriction (vs offset by a deep constriction); lips rounded and amalgamated (vs lips moderately separated with the inner part elevated and protruding); odontostyle slender, 7–9 µm long, with comparatively narrow lumen (vs odontostyle relatively robust, 5–6 µm, with clear lumen and aperture); vaginal cells absent (vs large cells present in the vaginal region), and tail rounded-conoid (vs convex-conoid). In all probability, the single specimen of Tylencholaimus described by Ahmad et al. (2009) from Korea, for which no species name was given as the description was based on single specimen, belongs to this new species.Published as part of Ahad, Sumaya & Ahmad, Wasim, 2016, Description of two new and six known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) with a diagnostic compendium and key to species, pp. 451-490 in Zootaxa 4107 (4) on pages 477-481, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26774
Tylencholaimus arakii Ahad & Ahmad, 2016, sp. n.
No full textTylencholaimus arakii sp. n. (Figs. 13 & 14) Measurements: See Table 7. Description. Female: Small sized nematodes, 0.56–0.65 mm long, slightly curved upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards both extremities. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 2 Μm thick at midbody and 3–4 Μm on tail. Outer cuticle finely striated; inner layer thick with distinct radial refractive elements. Lateral chords occupying about 32–38 % of the midbody diameter. Lateral body pores present, but their actual number cannot be ascertained because of dust particles attached on the body surface. Lip region cap-like, offset by a constriction, 1.7–2.3 times as wide as high or about one-fourth to one-third of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded and amalgamated, with inner part elevated forming a perioral disc. Amphids cup-shaped with aperture located at the level of cephalic constriction and occupying about one-half of lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle 1.0– 1.1 times the lip region diameter long, its aperture about one-seventh to one-fifth of the odontostyle length. Odontophore 0.8–1.1 times the odontostyle length with asymmetrical basal knobs, lobe of the ventral arm always bigger than the dorsal one. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.5–0.8 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consists of a slender and weakly muscular anterior part, expanding abruptly into a cylindrical basal bulb, with thick-walled lumen, occupying about 45–47 % of the total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei and their orifice are located as follows: DO = 56–57, DN = 59–60, S 1 N 1 = 70–76, S 1 N 2 = 72–78, S 2 N = 89–90, S 2 O = 89–90. Nerve ring located at 27–35 % of neck length from anterior end. Cardia hemispherical, about one-fourth to one-third of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system monoprodelphic. Ovary reflexed, measuring 57–91 µm long, not reaching the oviduct-uterus junction; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 72–81 µm, its proximal and distal parts not differentiated; oviduct-uterus junction marked by weak sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 30–34 µm. Posterior genital branch completely absent. Vagina cylindrical; pars proximalis vaginae 7–8 µm long, its wall encircled by muscles; pars distalis vaginae short, 1.5 –2.0 µm long with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.8 –4.0 and rectum 0.6–0.8 anal body diameter long. Tail short, hemispheroid, 1.0– 1.1 times anal body diameter long, with two caudal pores on each side, terminal caudal pore prominent. Male: Not found. Type habitat and locality. Soil around the roots of grasses (unidentified) from Koibuchimachi, Mito C., Ibaraki, Japan. Collected by Dr. M. Araki on December 2011. Type specimens. Holotype female on slide Tylencholaimus arakii sp. n. / 1; paratypes females on slides Tylenchoalimus arakii n. sp. / 2–5; deposited with the nematode collection of the Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, India. Etymology. The new species is named after Dr. Masaki Araki of the National Institute for Agro- Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan in recognition of his contribution to Nematology in Japan. Diagnosis and relationships. Tylencholaimus arakii sp. n. is characterized by having 0.56–0.65 mm long body; labial disc present; lip region cap-like, set off by a shallow constriction; odontostyle 7–8 µm long; odontophore 7–8 µm long, with well developed asymmetrical basal knobs; total stylet length 15 Μm; pharynx with slender anterior part which expands abruptly into the cylindrical basal bulb occupying about 45–47 % of total neck length; female genital system monoprodelphic; transverse vulva and short, hemispheroid tail. In the presence of characteristically enlarged asymmetrical basal knobs of the odontophore, the new species comes close to T. confusus Ahmad & Araki, 2003 and T. porosus Vinciguerra & Zullini, 1980. From T. confusus, it differs in having smaller body size (vs L = 0.8–0.9 mm); lip region with perioral labial disc (vs lip region without labial disc); lower a (vs a = 29–33), b (vs b = 3.8–4.4) and c’ ratios (vs c `= 1.3–1.4); shorter odontophore (vs 11–11.5 µm); slightly posterior vulva (vs V= 61–65); posterior genital branch completely absent (vs 8–10 µm long posterior uterine sac present); shorter prerectum (vs 100–153 µm) and smaller and differently shaped tail (vs tail conoid, 25–28 µm long). From T. porosus, the new species distinctly differs in having smaller body size (vs L= 0.7–1.1 mm); in the presence of labial disc (vs absence); comparatively longer odontostyle (vs 6 µm); odontophore with enlarged asymmetrical basal knobs (vs odontophore with large globe-shaped basal knobs); posterior genital branch completely absent (vs post-vulval branch 5 times the corresponding body diameter long); posterior vulva position (vs V = 55–56), and shorter tail (vs 25 µm long, c = 25.7–32.6 vs 37.2). T. vigil Andrássy, 1959 also has comparatively strong odontophore knobs but it distinctly differs from the new species in the shape of its lip region which is sharply offset and without labial disc. In the presence of a slightly offset lip region, perioral region with labial disc, abruptly enlarging pharyngeal expansion, absence of post-vulval uterine sac and short rounded tail, the new species also comes close to T. minimus de Man, 1876 and T. minutus Vinciguerra, 1986. However, it differs from T. minimus in having a slightly longer odontostyle (7–8 µm vs 5.5–6 µm); odontophore with enlarged asymmetrical basal knobs (vs odontophore with symmetrical small basal knobs); lower b value (2.8–3.1 vs 3.4–3.9); and longer pharynx (192–204 vs 152–169 µm) and pharyngeal bulb (88–96 vs 63–72 µm). From T. minutus, the new species differs in having longer odontostyle (7–8 µm vs 4–5 µm); odontophore with enlarged asymmeterical basal knobs (vs odontophore with small basal knobs); longer pharynx (192–204 vs 121–161 µm); larger basal bulb (88 – 9 vs 46–68.5 µm); in having hemispheroid tail (vs tail conical, somewhat digitate) and lower c’ value (1.0– 1.1 vs 1.3–1.9).Published as part of Ahad, Sumaya & Ahmad, Wasim, 2016, Description of two new and six known species of the genus Tylencholaimus de Man, 1876 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) with a diagnostic compendium and key to species, pp. 451-490 in Zootaxa 4107 (4) on pages 474-477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26774
Proleptonchus japonicus Ahad & Ahmad, 2016, n. sp.
No full textProleptonchus japonicus n. sp. (Figs. 6, 7) Measurements. See Table 3. Description. Female: Medium sized nematodes, 0.91–1.04 mm long; body cylindroid, tapering slightly towards both extremities, generally straight or slightly curved ventrally. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 2–3 µm thick at midbody and 3–4 µm on tail. Outer layer thin; inner layer with irregular outline and loose; radial refractive elements abundant. Lateral chords occupying about 31–33% of the midbody diameter. Dorsal, ventral and lateral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by slight constriction, 2.5–2.6 times as wide as high or about one-third of the body diameter at neck base; lips slightly raised, rounded and amalgamated. Amphids cup-shaped with aperture located at the level of cephalic constriction, occupying about 0.6–0.7 times the lip region diameter. Stoma inverted flaskshaped, with sclerotized walls. Odontostyle attenuate, 0.5–0.6 times the lip region diameter long, with very fine lumen, aperture not seen. Odontophore slightly arcuate, 2.0–2.2 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.6–0.7 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consists of a slender and non-muscular anterior part, separated from basal bulb by a constriction. Pharyngeal bulb short, pyriform with thickened lumen in posterior region, occupying about 18–20% of total neck length. Cardia rounded, hemispherical, about one-sixth of the corresponding body diameter long. Nerve ring at 47–52% of neck length from the anterior end. Genital system mono-prodelphic. Ovary reflexed, 139–209 µm long, not reaching the oviduct-uterus junction; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 200–215 µm, consisting of a slender portion and a poorly developed par dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by a sphincter. Uterus short, tubular, measuring 42–56 µm. Posterior genital branch 0.6–0.7 times the midbody diameters long. Vagina cylindrical; pars proximalis vaginae 8–9 µm long, its wall encircled by muscles; pars distalis vaginae short, 2 µm long with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 4.1 and rectum 1.3–1.4 times anal body diameter long. Tail short and rounded-conoid, 0.7–0.8 anal body diameter long. Male. Not found. Type habitat and locality. Soil around the roots of grasses (unidentified) from Koibuchimachi, Mito C., Ibaraki, Japan. Collected by Dr. M. Araki on December 7, 2011. Type specimens. Holotype female on slide Proleptonchus japonicus n. sp. / 1; paratype female on slide Proleptonchus japonicus n. sp. / 2; deposited with the nematode collection of the Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, India. Etymology. The new species is named after its type locality Japan. Diagnosis and relationship. Proleptonchus japonicus n. sp. is characterized by having 0.91–1.04 mm long body; lip region cap-like, set off by a slight constriction; odontostyle 5 µm and odontophore 10–11 µm long; pharynx consists of a very slender, non-muscular anterior part, separated from pyriform basal bulb by a constriction, with thickened lumen in posterior region, occupying about 18–20% of total neck length; female genital system mono-prodelphic; posterior uterine sac small, 20–24 µm long; transverse vulva and short, roundedconoid tail. The new species is distinctive in having a non-muscular, very slender anterior part of pharynx and pharyngeal bulb having thickened lumen in posterior region. In presence of a short posterior uterine sac, the new species comes close to P. t e re s Jairajpuri, 1964 and P. brevisaccus Goseco, Ferris & Ferris, 1974. However, it differs from the former in having lower a and b ratio (a = 30.5–32.7 vs 36; b = 5.9–6.1 vs 4.3–5.6); odontostyle straight (vs odontostyle arcuate); odontophore not sclerotized (vs odontophore slightly sclerotized); vulva comparatively anterior (V = 50.8 vs 57%); smaller posterior uterine sac (0.6–0.7 vs 2.5 times the midbody diameter) and in the absence of male (vs presence). From P. brevisaccus, it differs in having slightly smaller body (L = 0.91–1.04 vs 1.22–1.64 mm); amphid simple (vs amphid duplex); smaller odontostyle (5 vs 7 µm); odontophore not sclerotized (vs sclerotized); pharyngeal bulb short pyriform (vs pharyngeal bulb cylindroid); slightly longer posterior uterine sac (20–24 vs 13– 19 µm) and tail rounded-conoid (vs hemispheroid). Character n L a b c ć V Lrd ods Neck ph.bulb prerect. tail Spicule vms geo.distru reference (mm) (µm) length Length length Length length Length (µm) (µm) (µm) (µm) (µm) (µm) aestivus 5 0♀♀ 1.2—1.5 3 2—3 5 6.0—7.5 7 0—7 5 5 2—5 8 Brazil Lordello, 1 9 5 5 10♀♀ 1.3—1.5 30—35 6.0—7.3 70—78 - 52—60 - - - - - - India Jairajpuri, 1964 2♀♀ 1.1—1.2 24—30 5.8 76—93 0.6—0.8 59—61 7.5—8 5—6 195— 20 7 40?—60 13—15 Vietnam Nguyen et al, 2012 amphidius 1♀ 1.3 37 6.2 74 0.9* 58 10* 6* 180* 30* - 20* 1Ƌ 1.2 42 6.0 59 1.0* - - - - - - 25* 32 5 India Jairajpuri, 1964 attenuatus 7♀♀ 1.6—1.8 55—62 7.2—7.7 98—113 0.6—0.7 49— 54 8—9 7.5—8.5 228—26 0 48—52 152 — 20 4 15—18 9ƋƋ 1.5—1.8 53— 61 7—8 84—103 0.7—0.9 - 8—9 7.5—8.5 213—25 0 46—50 164— 25 5 17—21 32— 35 3—6 New Zealand Ahmad et al., 2003 … …continued on the next page = Lip region diameter ods = Odontostyle ph. bulb = Pharyngeal bulb prerect. length = Prerectum length = Ventromedian supplements geo. distru = Geographical distribution (*) = Calculated measurements from illustrations The new species further differs from the above two species in the nature of its pharynx, i.e. very slender anterior part of pharynx and in the nature of the pharyngeal bulb.Published as part of Ahad, Sumaya & Ahmad, Wasim, 2016, Three new and a known species of the genus Proleptonchus Lordello, 1955 (Nematoda: Leptonchidae) with a diagnostic compendium of the genus, pp. 115-133 in Zootaxa 4189 (1) on pages 126-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4189.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/16569
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