2,053 research outputs found
Crinipellis minima S. A. Sharafudheen, Manim. & K. P. D. Latha 2023, sp. nov.
No full textCrinipellis minima S. A. Sharafudheen, Manim. & K. P. D. Latha, sp. nov. Fig. 2A–L MycoBank no.: MB 847917 Etymology:— minima (L.), small; refers to the very small basidiocarps of this species. Diagnosis:—Differs from C. kisanganensis in having a smaller (up to 20 mm long) stipe covered with orange white, recurved squamules, a hymenium with pleurocystidia, and the lamellar trama with a dextrinoid central region. Type:— INDIA. Kerala State: Thiruvananthapuram District, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, 8°33’24.7” N 77°09’33.0” E, 22 October 2017, A. S. Shahina SA324 (holotype CALI!). GenBank accessions: nrITS: OQ617341 and nrLSU: OQ617343. Description:— Basidiocarps small. Pileus 3–4.5 mm diam., initially convex, becoming convex with a shallow central depression; surface initially dark brown (7F5/OAC700) all over with a darker center (7F8/OAC733), becoming dark brown (7F7/OAC720) at the center, light brown (7D5/OAC701) around it, grayish orange (5B3 to 5B5/OAC813 to OAC814) towards the margin, with brown (7E8/OAC700 or OAC701), radially appressed fibrils extending to the margin; margin straight, appendiculate. Lamellae free or at times adnexed, up to 1 mm wide, light orange white (5A2/OAC900), subclose, with lamellulae of 1 tier; edge torn under a lens, concolorous with the sides. Stipe 11−20 × 0.5–0.75 mm, central, terete, equal; surface initially pale yellow (4A3/OAC805) at the base and the apex and yellowish white (4A2/OAC900) in the middle, becoming light brown (6D4/OAC700) all over except at the apex where it is concolorous to the lamellae when mature, with orange white (5A2/OAC815), recurved squamules all over, densely so towards the base; base insititious. Rhizomorphs not observed. Context thin. Basidiospores 9–10.5 × 4–5 (9.63 ± 0.51 × 4.4 ± 0.48) µm, Q = 1.9–2.5, Qm = 2.20, fusoid to ovo-ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, rarely slightly thick-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. Basidia 21–28 × 6–8 µm, clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata up to 3 µm long. Pleurocystidia scattered to rare, not observed in some lamellae, 19–31 × 5–9 µm, fusoid or clavate with a mucronate apex, at times with constrictions in the body, hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled. Lamella-edge heteromorphous with abundant cheilocystidia. Cheilocystidia 16–26 × 5–9 µm, resembling Siccus - type broom cells: broadly clavate to subcylindrical, hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled; apical appendages up to 8 µm long, often branched, subacute to obtuse, hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, sometimes appendages reduced or with lobes. Lamellar trama subregular; hyphae 4–14 µm wide, thin- to slightly thick-walled (up to 1 µm thick), hyaline, central part of the trama weakly dextrinoid. Pileus trama subregular; hyphae 2–15 µm wide, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. Pileipellis a hypotrichium composed of closely septate, inflated hyphae giving rise to suberect terminal hairs; hypotrichial hyphae 11–16 µm wide, thin- to slightly thick-walled, hyaline or pale yellow, hyphae brown at the central part of the trama in water and 5% KOH, sometimes with hyaline encrustations; hairs 46–438 × 4–7 µm, cylindrical or flexuous with subacute to obtuse apices, rarely with septa, often with a swollen base, light brown to brown or somewhat grayish in water and 5% KOH, dextrinoid, thick-walled (up to 1.5 µm thick). Stipitipellis similar to the pileipellis but with narrow hypotrichial hyphae and short hairs; hypotrichial hyphae 2.5–7 µm wide, thick-walled (up to 1 µm thick), yellowish brown to brown in water, turning greenish in 5% KOH. Stipitipellis hairs 55.5–252 × 5–11 µm, tapering towards the apex, hyaline or yellowish brown, septa not observed. Stipe trama dextrinoid. Clamp connections observed on all hyphae. Habitat: — Scattered, on decaying dicotyledonous leaves and twigs. Geographical distribution range:—Known only from the type locality in Kerala State, India. Comments:—Small basidiocarps, a pileus with a central depression, a stipe without rhizomorphs, a hymenium with cheilo- and pleurocystidia, a weakly dextrinoid middle region of lamellar trama, pileipellis hyphae (hypotrichium) lacking discoloration in KOH and stipitipellis hyphae (hypotrichium) turning greenish in KOH are the characteristic features of this species. Pleurocystidia were found to be scattered or rare or absent in different specimens of the same collection. Crinipellis kisanganensis Antonín & Buyck (in Antonín 2012: 402), a species described from Congo and Zimbabwe (Antonín 2012), is comparable to C. minima in having small basidiocarps, a pileus with a dark brown depressed center, basidiospores of almost similar size (8–10 × 3.5–4.75 µm), cheilocystidia of almost similar size ((12) 15–26 × 4.5–9 µm) and morphology and the pileipellis hairs not changing color in KOH. However, C. kisanganensis is distinct from C. minima in having a longer (up to 35 mm long) and laterally compressed stipe covered with dark brown hairs or grayish brown hairs, the absence of pleurocystidia and a dextrinoid middle region in the lamellar trama. There is no mention of the reaction of stipitipellis (hypotrichium) with KOH in that collection. Crinipellis dipterocarpi Singer (1942: 496), a species originally described from Vietnam and later from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand (Kerekes & Desjardin 2009) and Japan (C. dipterocarpi f. cinnamomea Kerekes, Desjardin & Lumyong, (in Kerekes & Desjardin 2009: 120)), is also similar to C. minima in having small basidiocarps, a convex pileus with a brown center, cheilocystidia with apical appendages, the pileipellis hairs not turning green in KOH and the stipitipellis hyphae turning green in KOH. However, C. dipterocarpi has adnate to adnexed lamellae, a longer stipe (up to 50 mm long), the occasional presence of rhizomorphs, inamyloid lamellar trama, a hymenium devoid of pleurocystidia and the pileipellis hyphae with reddish brown encrustations (Kerekes & Desjardin 2009). A pairwise comparison of the nrITS sequences of various GenBank accessions of C. dipterocarpi (FJ167656, FJ167651, FJ167655, FJ167648, FJ167653, FJ167652, FJ167650, FJ167654, FJ167649) with that of C. minima showed only less than 91% sequence similarity. Crinipellis minima is also similar to C. pseudostipitaria var. pseudostipitaria Singer (1942: 470), documented from the neotropics (Singer 1976), in having a pileus with a depressed center, subclose lamellae, basidiospores of almost similar size and shape, presence of cheilocystidia with apical appendages and the pileipellis hairs with scattered septa. However, C. pseudostipitaria var. pseudostipitaria differs from C. minima in having a larger (up to 13 mm broad), fibrillose-woolly pileus in almost uniform color, longer and broader stipe (9–30 × 0.3–2 mm), a hymenium devoid of pleurocystidia and inamyloid lamellar trama. A BLASTn search using the nrITS sequence (626 bp) of C. minima showed Crinipellis nigricaulis var. macrospora Antonín, Ryoo & H.D. Shin (2009: 431) (FJ573197) as the closest taxon with 89.92% similarity. While using nrLSU (896 bp) sequence, C. nigricaulis Har. Takah. (2000: 178) (MK277894: 99.44%) resulted as the closest hit. Similar to C. minima, C. nigricaulis has narrow lamellae up to 1 mm broad, the presence of cheilocystidia with apical appendages and a dextrinoid stipe trama. But C. nigricaulis can be distinguished from C. minima in having a longer stipe (50 mm long) with rhizomorphs, the absence of pleurocystidia, and longer pileipellis hairs (up to 1500 µm long) with numerous secondary septa forming ladder-structure (Takahashi 2000). Crinipellis nigricaulis var. macrospora also has a longer (up to 200 mm long) stipe and a hymenium devoid of pleurocystidia (Antonín et al. 2014).Published as part of Sharafudheen, Shahina A., Manimohan, Patinjareveettil & Deepna Latha, K. P., 2023, Two new species of Crinipellis (Marasmiaceae, Agaricales) from Kerala State, India, pp. 219-229 in Phytotaxa 600 (4) on pages 223-225, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/809395
Crinipellis fibrillosa S. A. Sharafudheen, Manim. & K. P. D. Latha 2023, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Crinipellis fibrillosa</i> S. A. Sharafudheen, Manim. & K. P. D. Latha, <i>sp. nov.</i> Fig. 3A–N <p>MycoBank no.: MB 847918</p> <p> Etymology:— <i>fibrillosa</i> (L.), with fibrils; refers to the fibrillose pileus surface of this species.</p> <p> Diagnosis:—Differs from <i>C. tucumanensis</i> in having a pileus with radial rows formed by appressed fibrils, a longer stipe (up to 64 mm long), longer and narrow basidiospores (11–12 (–13) × 3–4 µm) and shorter cheilocystidia (up to 27 µm long).</p> <p> Type:— INDIA. Kerala State: Thrissur District, Kalasamala sacred grove, 10°40’18.7” N 76°05’18.8” E, 10 June 2017, <i>A. S. Shahina SA199</i> (holotype CALI!). GenBank accessions: nrITS: OQ617333 and nrLSU: OQ617342.</p> <p> Description:— <i>Basidiocarps</i> small. <i>Pileus</i> 5–10 mm diam., convex when young, becoming plano-convex to almost applanate with an occasional papilla visible in dried specimens under a lens; surface dark brown (7F8/OAC635) at the center, brown (7E8/OAC621) around it, reddish gray (7B2/OAC620) to grayish red (7B3/OAC634) towards the margin, with dark brown (7F8/OAC622) radially appressed fibrils, densely so at the center, often forming tufts in radial rows towards the margin and hanging from the margin; margin straight, appendiculate. <i>Lamellae</i> free, up to 2 mm wide, orange-white (5A2/OAC900) close; edge entire to the naked eye, finely torn under a lens, initially concolorous with the sides but in mature specimens the edge becomes dark brown (7F4/OAC737) on drying starting from the part close to the stipe and gradually spreading to the entire edge. <i>Stipe</i> 28–64 × 1 mm, central, terete, equal, solid; surface dark brown (6F8/OAC635), appressed-fibrillose all over; base insititious. <i>Rhizomorphs</i> not observed. <i>Context</i> very thin.</p> <p> <i>Basidiospores</i> 11–12 (–13) × 3–4 (11.83 ± 0.47 × 3.43 <i>±</i> 0.37) µm, Q = 2.75–4.0, Qm = 3.49, lanceolate, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. <i>Basidia</i> 22.5–27 × 7–8.5 µm, clavate, 4-spored; sterigmata up to 5.5 µm long. <i>Pleurocystidia</i> 34–43 × 7.5–10 µm, scattered, clavate, elongate-clavate or subcylindrical, hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled. <i>Lamella-edge</i> heteromorphous. <i>Cheilocystidia</i> 17–27 × 4–9 µm, versiform: broadly fusiform, subcylindrical, obclavate, vesiculose or flexuous, often with a mucronate apex or bifurcating apical appendages up to 12 µm long, hyaline in young specimens, but with dark brown plasmatic pigment in mature specimens, turning greenish gray in 3% KOH, thin- to slightly thick-walled. <i>Lamellar trama</i> subregular; hyphae 3–17 µm wide, thin- to slightly thick-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. <i>Pileus trama</i> a duplex; upper half with narrow, parallelly interwoven 3–17 µm wide hyphae; lower half with inflated 32–74 × 11–22.5 µm wide, closely septate hyphae, thin- to slightly thick-walled, hyaline to pale yellow, inamyloid. <i>Pileipellis</i> a hypotrichium composed of closely septate, inflated hyphae giving rise to suberect terminal hairs; hypotrichial hyphae 6–13 µm wide, thin- to slightly thick-walled, hyaline or with a brownish wall pigment, turning grayish to grayish green in 3% KOH; hairs 80–555 × 4–8 µm, cylindrical or flexuous, with subacute to obtuse apices, often with septa, brown to light brown or hyaline, turning grayish to grayish green in 3% KOH, dextrinoid, thick-walled (up to 2.5 µm thick). <i>Stipitipellis</i> similar to the pileipellis but with narrow hypotrichial hyphae measuring 2–6 µm wide, hyaline or yellowish brown in water and 3% KOH, thick-walled (up to 1 µm thick); hairs 75–415 × 6–10.5 µm, narrowly cylindrical or at times tapering towards the apex, often branched, septate, hyaline or yellowish brown, turning grayish to grayish green in 3% KOH, thick-walled (up to 2 µm thick). <i>Stipe trama</i> dextrinoid. <i>Clamp connections</i> observed on all hyphae except at the base of basidia, cheilo- and pleurocystidia.</p> <p> Habitat: <i>—</i> Scattered on leaf litter, partially buried in the soil.</p> <p>Geographical distribution range:—Known only from the type locality in Kerala State, India.</p> <p> Comments:— <i>Crinipellis fibrillosa</i> has a pileus with dark brown appressed fibrils, free lamellae, a lamella-edge with cheilocystidia, a hypotrichium-type pileipellis giving rise to long, thick-walled, dextrinoid hairs turning grayish to grayish green in 3% KOH and a habitat on partially buried leaf litter. An exhaustive literature survey showed that the lamella-edge of no other described species of <i>Crinipellis</i> turns dark brown on drying or has the greenish gray coloration of dried lamella-edge in KOH.</p> <p> <i>Crinipellis tucumanensis</i> Singer (1976: 40), a species originally described from Argentina (Singer 1976), shows some similarities to <i>C. fibrillosa</i> in having a pileus of similar size (4–13 mm diam.), free lamellae, pleurocystidia of similar size and shape, a lamella-edge with cheilocystidia and the pileipellis hairs turning greenish in KOH. However, <i>C. tucumanensis</i> can be readily distinguished from <i>C. fibrillosa</i> as the former has a pileus lacking radial rows formed by appressed fibrils, a shorter stipe (up to 36 mm long), shorter and broader basidiospores (5.5–8.5 × 4–6 µm) and longer cheilocystidia (up to 40 µm long). <i>Crinipellis brunneoaurantiaca</i> Bandala, Montoya & Ryoo (in Bandala <i>et al.</i> 2012: 734), described from Mexico, is another species that shows the characteristic greenish color change of pileus hairs in KOH (Bandala <i>et. al.</i> 2012). That species shares some features such as pileus of similar size (2–9 mm diam.) and shape with an appendiculate margin, free lamellae, presence of cheilocystidia, septate pileipellis hairs and a dextrinoid stipe trama with <i>C. fibrillosa</i>. However, <i>C. brunneoaurantiaca</i> has a pileus with a conical to subacute central papilla, subdistant to distant lamellae, a shorter stipe (4–14 mm long) and a hymenium devoid of pleurocystidia.</p> <p> <i>Crinipellis fibrillosa</i> shows some features similar to <i>C. calderi</i> Pegler (1966: 106), a species described from Uganda (Pegler 1977), in having an initially convex and finally expanded-plane pileus with hairs sparser towards the margin, basidiospores of somewhat similar size (9–11.7 × 3.2–4.5 µm), a heteromorphous lamella-edge with cheilocystidia and septate pileipellis hairs. However, <i>C. calderi</i> is distinct from <i>C. fibrillosa</i> in having a radially sulcate pileus, distant and intervenose lamellae, a shorter stipe (up to 35 mm long), lamellae devoid of pleurocystidia and hypotrichial hyphae with incrusting pigments. <i>Crinipellis fibrillosa</i> is also similar to <i>C. malesiana</i> Kerekes, Desjardin & Vikinesw. (in Kerekes & Desjardin 2009: 125), a species from Southeast Asia, having a pileus of similar size (2–13 mm diam.) and shape, a hymenium with pleuro- and cheilocystidia, and a pileipellis with hyaline or brown hyphae turning greenish in KOH. However, this species differs from <i>C. fibrillosa</i> in having a pileus often with one or two raised concentric ridges surrounding a central papilla and a brown to brownish orange margin, adnexed to adnate lamellae, a shorter stipe (4–22 mm long), broader (4–6.5 µm) basidiospores, longer ((11–) 21–40 µm) cheilocystidia and a stipitipellis with caulocystidia (Kerekes & Desjardin 2009). A pairwise comparison of the nrITS sequence (NR_ 119706) of <i>C. malesiana</i> with that of <i>C. fibrillosa</i> showed only 83.59% similarity</p> <p> A BLASTn search of the GenBank nucleotide database using the nrITS sequence (661 bp) of <i>C. fibrillosa</i> showed an unnamed <i>Crinipellis</i> species, <i>Crinipellis</i> species RAK 391 (MN930626) as the closest hit with 88.75% sequence similarity. <i>Crinipellis pseudosplachnoides</i> (Hennings 1901: 47) Pat. ex Singer (1942: 510) (MK277895: 98.78%) resulted as the closest hit using nrLSU (903 bp) sequence. <i>Crinipellis pseudosplachnoides</i> is similar to <i>C. fibrillosa</i> in having a pileus with a brown center, an insititious stipe, a hymenium with cheilo- and pleurocystidia and the pileipellis hairs with septations. But <i>C. pseudosplachnoides</i> has a shorter stipe (up to 40 mm long), shorter and broader (6.3–10 × 3.5–5.7 µm) basidiospores and longer cheilo- (up to 45 µm long) and pleurocystidia (65 µm long) (Pegler 1977).</p>Published as part of <i>Sharafudheen, Shahina A., Manimohan, Patinjareveettil & Deepna Latha, K. P., 2023, Two new species of Crinipellis (Marasmiaceae, Agaricales) from Kerala State, India, pp. 219-229 in Phytotaxa 600 (4)</i> on pages 225-227, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.600.4.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/8093955">http://zenodo.org/record/8093955</a>
BELIEF IN WITCHCRAFT AS A MITIGATING FACTOR IN SENTENCING S v Latha 2012 (2) SACR 30 (ECG)
No full textSupernatural belief does not sit easily with the law. Squaring such belief with legal concepts such as the reasonable person is a particularly vexing task. Nevertheless, it is necessary for the courts to take account of such belief as a fact of the South African society. Belief in witchcraft is an ongoing and widespread phenomenon, giving rise to the question whether such belief can play a role in exculpating, or mitigating the punishment of those who engage in criminal conduct as a consequence of such belief. A recurring problem for the courts is how to deal with the situation where a genuine belief in witchcraft provides the motivation for the killing of a suspected witch or wizard in order to protect or defend the interests of the accused or another person. Can such a belief mitigate punishment? This problem arose in the case of S v Latha (2012 (2) SACR 30 (ECG))
A Novel Colour Image Embedded QR Code Generation Technique for Chip Less RFID Labelling
No full textIn recent years, chip less RFID mark located based on genetic algorithm GA optimization system is used. The genetic algorithm is fit and facility to arrangement a band of frequency domain chippers card like QR display. The resultant card supports an extend 30 mm × 30 mm and reside of lattice limited metallic pieces arranged randomly over a 60 × 60 bit design frame a collection of advanced structured. The frequency signature of the GA based mark is optimized to consistent with an FSK based ciphering process and a magnitude of 8 segments is acquired. The construct of the resultant mark is proven. Optimum mark model made in silver ink, marked down flexible bases, serigraphy, which is a large consistent performance procedure. The possibility of this optimization system for the pattern of chip less RFID label is affirmed. Dr S Hemalatha | R latha | S Mythili "A Novel Colour Image Embedded QR Code Generation Technique for Chip-Less RFID Labelling" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Active Galaxy , June 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14560.pdf Paper URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/14560/a-novel-colour-image-embedded-qr-code-generation-technique-for-chip-less-rfid-labelling/dr-s-hemalath
Multiple displacement amplification as an adjunct to PCR-based detection of Staphylococcus aureus in synovial fluid
No full textAbstract Background Detection of bacterial nucleic acids in synovial fluid following total joint arthroplasty with suspected infection can be difficult; among other technical challenges, inhibitors in the specimens require extensive sample preparation and can diminish assay sensitivity even using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. To address this problem a simple protocol for prior use of multiple displacement amplification (MDA) as an adjunct to PCR was established and tested on both purified S. aureus DNA as well as on clinical samples known to contain S. aureus nucleic acids. Findings A single round of MDA on purified nucleic acids resulted in a > 300 thousand-fold increase in template DNA on subsequent quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. MDA use on clinical samples resulted in at least a 100-fold increase in sensitivity on subsequent qPCR and required no sample preparation other than a simple alkali/heat lysis step. Mixed samples of S. aureus DNA with a 103 - 104-fold excess of human genomic DNA still allowed for MDA amplification of the minor bacterial component to the threshold of detectability. Conclusion MDA is a promising technique that may serve to significantly enhance the sensitivity of molecular assays in cases of suspected joint infection while simultaneously reducing the specimen handling required.</p
The effective use of virtualization for selection of data centers in a cloud computing environment
No full text
Mode Matching Method for the Analysis of Cascaded Discontinuities in a Rectangular Waveguide
No full textAbstractThe generalized scattering properties of cascaded H-plane discontinuity in a rectangular waveguide operating in X- band using Mode Matching Technique (MMT) is obtained from the respective field equations for two different junctions. The S-parameters obtained are cascaded to obtain the S-parameters for the whole system. The results obtained using MMT are compared with Equivalent circuit approach and 3-Dimensional (3-D) Electromagnetic (EM) simulation software package, Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio (CST-MWS) and High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) which are based on Finite Integration Technique (FIT) and Finite Element Method (FEM) respectively, based on accuracy and simulation time
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene A Review
No full textWASH is related to any country's concern in relation to the health of their people. It becomes the right of the citizen to acquire safe water, sanitation and hygiene measures. WASH are among the most crucial for human to create healthy life. WASH interventions aim to prevent and control transmission of bacteria, viruses and parasites. The poor and unsafe access to WASH plays a key role in transmission of various diseases. Since independence India is struggling to prevent OFD, and provide good sanitation. Many policies and programmes are on the way to promote wash, as the pride of the nation SWACHH Bharat Mission was initiated by the government in engaging public private partnership. WASH interventions such as safe water, storage for portable water, latrines for sanitation and soap for hygiene, bath and hand washing. Ms. S. Gomathi | Ms. P. Latha Theresa | S. Jasmine Debora "WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) : A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7012.pd
Comparative studies of dye sensitized solar cells fabricated with triazine coordinated ruthenium (II) complexes using different electrodes
No full textDye sensitized solar cells fabricated using tridentate ligand coordinated ruthenium (II) complexes [Ru(dcbpy)(tptz)X]X , (where dcbpy = 4, 4’ – dicarboxy 2, 2’- bipyridine, tptz = 2, 4, 6, Tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, X = Cl–, SCN–, CN–) attached to sol-gel processed TiO2 electrodes. With the above, the cells were fabricated using I– / I3– as redox electrolyte and different photocathodes like platinum coated FTO (F doped SnO2) conducting glass and conducting carbon cement coated FTO were used and compared.\ud
Keywords: Triazine, Dye-sensitized solar cells, Semiconductors.\u
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