16,120 research outputs found
Multidentula reducta Ruud, Menkhorst & Neubert, 2016, spec. nov.
No full textMultidentula reducta spec. nov. (Fig. 19) Type locality & type specimens. – Turkey, Vilayet Sivas, Zara, 16 km towards Imranlı, 1400 m (39.8606°N 37.8765°E), H.P.M.G. Menkhorst leg., 15.vii.1988. Holotype NMBE 544681, paratypes NMBE 544682/1, HMK/12, RBA/1, RMNH/1. Diagnosis. – A middle-sized, oval Multidentula species with fine oblique striae, a missing suprapalatalis and a weakly developed or missing basalis, an oblique infrapalatalis, a non-fused subangularis, and a parietalis that is only slightly curved. Description. – Shell dextral, oval in outline, with a rather wide, open, slit-like umbilicus. The 6.0-7.2 whorls are convex with a rather deep suture. Teleoconch with irregular, sparse, oblique striae which are mostly rather fine; there are no spiral striae. Shell rather solid, slightly translucent, yellowish to horny yellowish, with a whitish band behind the peristome. The last whorl has no or only an indistinct impression and only the infrapalatalis is visible outside as a blurred white stripe. Peristome well reflected, thickened by a prominent labial callus, the columellar and palatal insertion connected by a clearly visible callus (but the callus is not extra thickened near the insertions). The subangularis is vertically pointing downwards, and is connected (but not fused) with the palatal peristome by a callus. The subangularis and parietalis are connected by a thin callus. Parietalis prominent, slightly curved and deeply recessed. A spiralis is missing. Columellaris ± oblique to the columellar peristome, deeply recessed. The basalis is absent, or present as an indistinct thickening only. Infrapalatalis well developed, oblique, and always stronger developed than the non-oblique palatalis superior. There is no suprapalatalis; a small suturalis is present. Measurements (n = 6). – H = 5.3-6.9 (mean 6.1); LWH = 3.2-3.8 (mean 3.5); MH = 2.1-2.4 (mean 2.2); LWD = 2.7-2.8 (mean 2.8); LWM = 2.7-3.0 (mean 2.8); MD = 1.7-1.9 (mean 1.8); NW = 6.0-7.2 (mean 6.6). Localities. – Known from the locus typicus only (see above). Derivatio nominis. – The name refers to the reduced apertural armature. Differentiation. – The armature of M. reducta is generally reduced: a basalis is absent or only weakly developed, a suprapalatalis is missing, and the parietalis is not as prominent and less curved as in M. squalina or M. pupoides. The palatal folds are, compared to M. squalina, also less deep in the aperture, but are placed closer to the peristome.Published as part of Ruud, A. Bank, Henk P. M. G Menkhorst & Eike Neubert, 2016, Descriptions of new and little-known land snail taxa from Turkey, and establishment of a new genus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata: Lauriidae, Enidae and Vitrinidae), pp. 5-30 in Basteria 80 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.43974
Amphiscopus moolenbeeki Ruud, Menkhorst & Neubert, 2016, spec. nov.
No full textAmphiscopus moolenbeeki spec. nov. (Fig. 14) Type locality & type material. – Turkey, Vilayet Tokat, Reşadiye, 8 km towards Çekerek, 770 m (40.1523°N 35.6320°E), H.P.M.G. Menkhorst leg., 19.vii.1990. Holotype NMBE 544668, paratypes NMBE 544669/2, HMK/>50, RBA/3, RMNH/3, ZMH/3. Diagnosis. – A large, highly turreted Amphiscopus species without a parietalis or palatalis superior. Description. – Shell dextral, highly turreted, with an open, slit-like umbilicus. The 10.4-13.2 whorls are convex with a moderately deep suture. Teleoconch with widely spaced, fine, oblique striae; there are no spiral striae. Shell solid, not translucent, glossy, uniformly horny yellow coloured, with a prominent whitish band behind the peristome. Peristome not or hardly reflected (with the exception of the columellar part), thickened by a labial callus, the columellar and palatal insertion connected by a clearly visible callus which is quite thickened near the columellar peristome. The edge of the palatal insertion forms a wide arc. The dot-like to tear-like subangularis is connected with the palatal peristome by a thin callus. There is no parietalis, spiralis, palatalis superior, infrapalatalis, basalis or columellaris. The columellar ledge reaches halfway or above the middle of the columellar side of the aperture. Measurements (n = 8). – H = 10.0-14.4 (mean 12.3); LWH = 4.0-4.8 (mean 4.3); MH = 2.6-2.9 (mean 2.7); LWD = 3.0-3.3 (mean 3.1); LWM = 2.9-3.3 (mean 3.1); MD = 1.9-2.2 (mean 2.1); NW = 10.4-13.2 (mean 11.9). Localities. – Vilayet Tokat: type locality (see above); Reşadiye, 7.5 km towards Çekerek (HMK/1). Derivatio nominis. - Named after our friend Rob(ert) Moolenbeek, who made numerous important malacological contributions and who curated the molluscan collection of the formerly Zoologisch Museum Amsterdam for decades (now integrated in the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden). Remarks. – This taxon has been assigned to Amphiscopus because of the overall shape of the shell, the small aperture and the thickened peristome. So far, only the species sturmii and substurmii has been assigned Amphiscopus; therefore moolenbeeki is now the third known Amphiscopus species. It can be easily recognized from A. sturmii and A. substurmii by the characters mentioned in the diagnosis.Published as part of Ruud, A. Bank, Henk P. M. G Menkhorst & Eike Neubert, 2016, Descriptions of new and little-known land snail taxa from Turkey, and establishment of a new genus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata: Lauriidae, Enidae and Vitrinidae), pp. 5-30 in Basteria 80 (1) on pages 20-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.43974
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Grievance Mechanisms in World Bank-Financed Projects
No full textThis paper explores which factors influence the success of a GM and under what circumstances GMs trigger, or fail to trigger, improvements in project design, changes in power dynamics, or community relations. By doing so, it aims to produce clearer insights into the roadblocks as well as the dynamics of positive change achieved through GMs (Aslam, Grandvoinnet, and Raha 2015: 70). Although the World Bank offers several avenues for grievance redress to project beneficiaries, this paper focuses on project-level GMs in IPF, which are the responsibility of the World Bank’s clients, that is, public sector agencies and ministries. The key research question explored is: What factors influence the effectiveness of project-level GMs? This paper relies on a mixed-methods approach. Fifteen qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted over a six-week period in February and March 2020 by the author with World Bank practitioners specializing in social safeguards policies and the supervision of social aspects, including GM implementation, in World Bank-financed projects. In April 2020, an online survey of 94 GM focal points in implementing agencies was conducted in 24 countries; its 23 questions probed the design, track record, strengths, and weaknesses of project-level GMs (World Bank 2021a). Follow-up discussions were then held with eight project implementation unit (PIU) members from two projects. Finally, the paper also relies on extensive case study analysis
Leiostyla eikenboomi Ruud, Menkhorst & Neubert, 2016, spec. nov.
No full textLeiostyla eikenboomi spec. nov. (Fig. 3) Type locality & type specimens. – Turkey, Vilayet Karabük, Suçatı Tüneli 9 km ESE. Yenice, 190 m (41.1897°N 32.4349°E), H.P.M.G. Menkhorst leg., 22.x.2008. Holotype NMBE 544682, paratypes NMBE 544644/2. Diagnosis. – A conic, densely ribbed Leiostyla species with a prominent angular lamella, as well as a prominent parietalis, palatalis inferior, and columellaris; a basalis and supracolumellaris is missing and there is a prominent two-peaked thickening between the columellar insertion of the peristome and the angular lamella. Description. – Shell dextral, conic in outline, with closely, distinctly and regularly, oblique ribbing; there are no spiral striae. The 6.7-7.2 whorls are convex and separated by a deep suture. Shell rather solid, not or hardly translucent, dark horn-coloured. The last whorl has a lengthy but shallow gutter, corresponding in its position to the palatalis inferior on the outer wall, but there is no distinct basal keel. Umbilicus open, deep and narrow. Peristome strongly reflected at right angles to form a flat, thickened, somewhat yellowish coloured lip. Columellar and palatal insertion connected by a clearly visible parietal callus. Angular lamella prominent, high, without appendages; it almost reaches the border of the parietal callus. The angular lamella is fused with a sharp, triangle-like subangularis that faces the palatal wall and that on its turn is fused with the palatal insertion of the peristome. The subangularis creates a small sinulus. A small sinulus at the columellar insertion of the peristome is created by a two-peaked prominent thickening situated below the border of the parietal callus. Parietalis prominent, high, rather deep inside the aperture; it is not connected with the angular lamella. Palatalis inferior very long and well developed; it just stops in front of the lip (i.e. it does not fuse with it). A very small, dot-like palatalis superior is present just above the anterior end of the palatalis inferior, close to the thickened lip. The columellaris is horizontally projected above the middle of the columellar side of the aperture. There is a marked thickening below the parieto-palatal angle of the peristome. Measurements (n = 2). – Holotype: H = 3.4; LWH = 1.8; MH = 1.4; LWD = 1.9; LWM = 2.0; MD = 1.2; NW = 7.2. Paratype: H = 3.3; LWH = 1.8; MH = 1.4; LWD = 1.9; LWM = 2.1; MD = 1.3; NW = 6.7. Localities. – Known from the locus typicus only (see above). Derivatio nominis. – Named after Joop C.A. Eikenboom, a well-known Dutch malacologist and for forty years an inspiring friend of the second author. Differentiation. – Leiostyla superba differs from L. eikenboomi by its more densily packed and finer ribbing, the less conical outline, the denticulate peristome, the presence of a basalis and supracolumellaris, the more prominent palatalis superior, the more prominent tooth-like thickening of the palatal peristome just above the palatalis superior, and the missing of a two-peaked thickening below the border of the parietal callus. Leiostyla zilchi differs from L. eikenboomi by the presence of a basalis and supracolumellaris, the more developed palatalis superior, and the missing two-peaked thickening below the border of the parietal callus.Published as part of Ruud, A. Bank, Henk P. M. G Menkhorst & Eike Neubert, 2016, Descriptions of new and little-known land snail taxa from Turkey, and establishment of a new genus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata: Lauriidae, Enidae and Vitrinidae), pp. 5-30 in Basteria 80 (1) on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.43974
Notes on Enidae, 9. Conchological revision of the eastern Mediterranean genus Pene Pallary, 1929, with description of a new species (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)
No full textDescriptions, distribution maps and figures are given for all taxa of the genus Pene Pallary, 1929. The distribution area of the genus ranges from the southern part of Turkey (provinces Mersin to Diyarbakir) in the north to the West-Bank in the south; most of the species are restricted in their distribution to the mountainous coastal area. In total 9 species are recognized: Pene syriaca (L. Pfeiffer, 1846), Pene louisi (Germain, 1911), Pene kotschyi (L. Pfeiffer, 1854), Pene naegelei (O. Boettger, 1898), Pene ponteripa spec. nov., Pene brunnea (P. Hesse, 1914), Pene bulimoides (L. Pfeiffer, 1842), Pene galilaea Heller, 1972, and Pene provecta (Westerlund, 1897). Full synonymy is given, based on the study of most of the original types. None of the species live sympatrically. The distribution maps show that especially the mountainous area of western Syria is still largely unexplored with respect to its malacofauna
Amphiscopus sturmii subsp. marmoratus Ruud, Menkhorst & Neubert, 2016, subspec. nov.
No full textAmphiscopus sturmii marmoratus subspec. nov. (Fig. 15) Type locality & type material. – Turkey, Vilayet Kütahya, Örencik, western part, 950 m (39.4426°N 29.0662°E), B. Hausdorf leg., 21.ix.1987. Holotype NMBE 544670/1, paratypes NMBE 54467/5, HMK/2, RBA/*2, ZMH/33. Diagnosis. – A subspecies of A. sturmii characterized by the whitish/ marbled colour of the shell, the less well-developed parietal callus and the absence of an impression at the last whorl. Description. – Shell dextral, turreted, with a relative wide, open, slit-like umbilicus. The 8.3-10.1 whorls are rather convex with a moderately deep suture. Teleoconch with densely packed, rather pronounced, oblique striae; there are no spiral striae. Shell solid, not translucent, glossy, upper part of the teleoconch horny yellow coloured, the remaining part of the teleoconch whitish/ marbled coloured, but below the periphery (i.e. the part of the whorl below the insertion of the palatal peristome) again more horny yellow; there is a prominent white band behind the peristome. The last whorl does not have an impression near the palatalis superior. Peristome not or hardly reflected (with the exception of the columellar part), robustly thickened by a labial callus, the columellar and palatal insertion connected by a clearly visible callus which is often more thickened near the columellar peristome. The subangularis is tear-like and vertically pointing downwards; it is connected with the palatal peristome by a thin callus. The subangularis and parietalis are not connected. The parietalis is well developed, and only moderately deeply recessed. Palatalis superior well thickened, but not deeply recessed. There is no spiralis, infrapalatalis, basalis or columellaris. The columellar ledge reaches halfway or above the middle of the columellar side of the aperture. Measurements (n = 11). – H = 6.7-9.0 (mean 7.8); LWH = 3.0-3.5 (mean 3.3); MH = 1.9-2.2 (mean 2.1); LWD = 2.3-2.7 (mean 2.4); LWM = 2.3-2.8 (mean 2.6); MD = 1.5-1.8 (mean 1.6); NW = 8.3-10.1 (mean 9.2). Localities. – Vilayet Kütahya: type locality (see above); 4 km E. Köprüören, 1020 m (39.5115°N 29.8137°E) (ZMH/>50). Derivatio nominis. – Named after the marble-like colour of the shell. Differentiation. – Amphiscopus sturmii sturmii has a uniform dark-brown coloured shell, more convex whorls, a more prominent parietal callus, and the last whorl has a more or less faint impression at the position of the palatalis superior. Amphiscopus substurmii is sinistral and has the same colour pattern as A. sturmii sturmii.Published as part of Ruud, A. Bank, Henk P. M. G Menkhorst & Eike Neubert, 2016, Descriptions of new and little-known land snail taxa from Turkey, and establishment of a new genus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata: Lauriidae, Enidae and Vitrinidae), pp. 5-30 in Basteria 80 (1) on page 20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.43974
Private Infrastructure-A Bibliography : A Guide to World Bank Publications on Private Participation in Infrastructure
No full textThe World Bank has well over 100
projects involving private participation in infrastructure
(PPI) in its pipeline, the IFC has participated in 100 more
PPI projects, and MIGA provides guarantees in support of
such projects. In the course of this work, the Bank Group is
amassing information on the legal, regulatory,
institutional, and transactional issues confronting PPI
projects in developing countries. The author provides a
guide to the English-language publications and documents on
PPI issues that the Bank Group has produced since 1992
Microenterprise Development Review: Volume 7 : No. 2 : December, 2004
No full textThe first article of this issue of Microenterprise Development Review discusses activity based costing (ABC) systems. Activity-based costing (ABC) inserts an additional, intermediate step in the traditional costing process by first assigning the costs (direct and indirect) to various activities, which are then allocated to the individual products and branches. The author argues that when properly designed, an ABC system can highlight a wide range of issues within a microfinance institution. The second article explores the alternative ways small and medium sized enterprises finance themselves in Latin America. This article includes case studies from across the region as well as recommendations
Microenterprise Development Review: Volume 2 : No. 2 : January, 2000
No full textThe first article of this issue of the Microenterprise Development Review highlights four key issues that credit unions in Latin America must grapple with today to become effective financial institutions: rehabilitation, supervision, governance, and consolidation. The second article discusses the lack of reliable information about borrower credit in the region and the methods employed by financial institutions to offset risk. The author argues that credit bureaus can solve this problem by providing the necessary information to evaluate a borrower\u27s ability and willingness to repay their debts
Turanena (Turanena) elegantula Ruud, Menkhorst & Neubert, 2016, spec. nov.
No full textTuranena (Turanena) elegantula spec. nov. (Fig. 5) Type locality & type specimens. – Turkey, Vilayet Van, 4 km SE. Göründü, 1650 m (38.3271°N 42.9331°E), H.P.M.G. Menkhorst leg., 21.viii.1992. Holotype NMBE 544664, paratypes NMBE 544665/1, HMK/>50, RBA/2, RMNH/2, ZMH/2. Diagnosis. – A slender, spindle-shaped light hornyyellowish coloured Turanena species with a well developed parietal callus, a slightly thickened, not reflected, peristome, and a juxtaposed columellar and palatal insertion of the peristome. Description. – Shell dextral, elongated spindle-like in outline, with an open, relatively wide, slit-like umbilicus. The 6.5-7.6 whorls are quite convex with a deep suture. Teleoconch with irregular, fine, oblique striae; there are no spiral striae. Shell moderately solid, somewhat translucent, glossy, yellowish to horny-yellowish coloured; there is no whitish band behind the peristome. Aperture elliptical-rounded, peristome not reflected (only slightly at the columellar part) and only slightly thickened. Columellar and palatal insertion connected by a well developed callus (which is often thickened near its ends). A subangularis is not present (the thickened parietal callus does not form a subangularis but normally fuses with the palatal insertion of the peristome). The somewhat oblique columellar ledge reaches halfway to above the middle of the columellar side of the aperture. Measurements (n = 6). – H = 7.3-9.1 (mean 8.4); LWH = 4.1-4.7 (mean 4.4); MH = 2.2-2.7 (mean 2.4); LWD = 2.9-3.1 (mean 3.0); LWM = 3.0-3.4 (mean 3.2); MD = 1.7-1.9 (mean 1.8); NW = 6.5-7.6 (mean 7.1). Localities. – Known from the locus typicus only (see above). Derivatio nominis. – Derived from elegans (graceful, elegant), which relates to the slenderness of the shell. Differentiation. – Turanena elegantula differs from T. cochlicopoides by its larger size, the more elongated shape, the higher number of whorls, the more prominent parietal callus, and the more clearly thickened peristome. T. conelongata is less slender, the whorls are more convex, the peristome is sharp, the parietal callus is weaker, and the peristome is clearly more reflected at its columellar insertion. Remarks. – Only a single locality is known for T. elegantula, which is located at the southern shore of Van Gölü. From the same area, T. conelongata and T. zilchi has been described, originally also from a single locality. However, the latter two species have now been recorded from a wider area: T. conelongata from Kozluk (vil. Batman), Baykan (vil. Siirt) and Tatvan (vil. Bitlis) (Schütt, 2010: 87, 89 fig. e), and T. zilchi from Baykan and Siirt (vil. Siirt), as well as Silvan, Ergani, Eğil, Çatakköprü and Kulp (vil. Diyarbakır) (Şeşen & Schütt, 2000: 80, fig. 8; Schütt, 2010: 88, 89 figs j+k). We can now add another record of T. zilchi, namely Vilayet Hakkâri, 7 km S. Hakkâri, along the road D400, 1230 m. We here provide a picture (Fig. 6) of this littleknown species, so as to become acquainted with its variability.Published as part of Ruud, A. Bank, Henk P. M. G Menkhorst & Eike Neubert, 2016, Descriptions of new and little-known land snail taxa from Turkey, and establishment of a new genus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata: Lauriidae, Enidae and Vitrinidae), pp. 5-30 in Basteria 80 (1) on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.43974
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