1,721,137 research outputs found
Intelligenza Artificiale e trattamento dei dati tra diritto internazionale e ordinamenti interni
No full textThis article examines the legal implications of using both personal and non-personal data
in the training of artificial intelligence (AI) systems, focusing in particular on the role of international
law and its interaction with domestic legal systems. While legal frameworks have traditionally
centred on the protection of personal data, the author highlights the inadequacy of this paradigm
in the context of machine learning, which primarily relies on non-personal data and inferential
techniques targeting indistinct groups of individuals. The article stresses the growing need
to recognize collective forms of protection, moving beyond the individual-centric approach of data
regulation. After surveying recent unilateral regulatory developments – especially in the European
Union, the United States, China, Japan, and Canada – as well as multilateral initiatives
promoted by the United Nations, G7, and the Council of Europe, the author underscores the importance
of interpretive strategies and the principle of technological neutrality. These tools are
seen as essential for adapting existing legal categories to the new challenges posed by AI. The
central thesis is that specific new rules are not always required; rather, a dynamic and technologically
agnostic application of existing legal frameworks may suffice
La crisi di legittimazione dei sistemi internazionali di soluzione delle controversie economiche nel contesto della “crisi” delle organizzazioni internazionali
No full textThe loss of legitimacy of international economic disputes settlement systems in the context of the
“crisis” of international organizations
The paper aims at framing the legal mechanisms that underlie the current crisis of
legitimacy of international economic disputes settlement systems in the context of the
broader crisis of international organizations, caused, among other factors, by the reemergence
of nationalism. To this end, the author analyses the stall of the World Trade
Organization Appellate Body; the jurisdiction of the EU Court of Justice as one of the factors
of Brexit; some features of the Court of the South African Development Community; the
South American crisis of the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes;
the mechanisms provided by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement; the Court of the
Economic Community of West African States and the East African Court of Justice. Then
he proceeds to analyse some elements that counter runs the previous ones, such as the
dispute settlement system of the Trans-Pacific-Partnership and the Investment Court System
of the European Union, before drawing his conclusions
... a little hate, worldwide! Di libertà d’opinione e discorsi politici d’odio on-line nel diritto internazionale ed europeo.
No full textSOMMARIO: 1. Premessa (quasi una giustificazione) e piano dell’indagine. – 2. Libertà d’opinione ed espressione on-line, neutralità tecnologica, partecipazione politica. – 3. Le norme internazionali sull’hate speech nel contesto dei social network. – 4. Ruolo e responsabilità dei fornitori di servizi di hosting. Alcuni elementi recenti di prassi italiana. – 5. Il caso dell’Oversight Board di Facebook come meccanismo privato di soluzione delle controversie. – 6. Conclusioni: il regime “alleggerito” di tutela della libertà d’espressione on-line nel caso di attori politici e l’informalizzazione dell’ordinamento internazionale.ABSTRACT. ... A Little Hate, Worldwide! On Freedom of Opinion and On-Line Political Hate
Speech in International and European Law
This paper aims at framing, with particular regard to its on-line occurrence and especially on social
networks, the phenomenon of hate speech and the related issue of fake news in the context of international
and European law obligations that affect both States and private operators. The pandemic
of COIVD-19 has seen the spread of fake news on the origin of the virus, on the mechanisms
of spread of the infection, on the responsibilities of some States in its spread; such news have given
rise to episodes of hatred. The Author opens reviewing the international rules on freedom of opinion
and expression, and then studies the regulation of the activity of providers and suppliers of
online services in the context of the obligations imposed on States regarding the control of respect
for rights human by information and communications technology companies. The latter aspect
highlights the importance that private corporations – and, in particular, social networks as Facebook,
which is nowadays drafting its internal review mechanism, the Oversight Board, which is analysed
as a case study – have regarding the enforcement of these obligations. In the end, the issue is
framed in what, in the Author’s opinion, is a more general trend of the international legal order.
Keywords: international law; European law; social networks; hate speech; fake news; Facebook
Oversight Boar
La cooperazione tra Stati e la tendenza alla procedimentalizzazione di alcuni obblighi internazionali
No full textL’articolo analizza il ruolo della cooperazione tra Stati nell’ordinamento internazionale contemporaneo, con particolare attenzione alla progressiva “procedimentalizzazione” di alcuni obblighi. Dopo aver richiamato esempi recenti di controversie internazionali, l’autore esamina il concetto di cooperazione nel diritto internazionale, distinguendolo da nozioni affini come l’interdipendenza. Viene ricostruita l’evoluzione del principio di cooperazione all’interno della Carta delle Nazioni Unite, dell’Atto finale di Helsinki e di altri strumenti giuridici, evidenziandone la natura prevalentemente procedurale, fondata sugli obblighi di informazione, consultazione e negoziazione. L’articolo sottolinea inoltre il legame con il principio di buona fede e con la due diligence, mostrando come in vari regimi internazionali (dall’ambiente al commercio, fino ai global commons) si assista a una sostituzione o integrazione delle norme sostanziali con obblighi procedurali. Tale tendenza alla “procedimentalizzazione”, presente anche nell’ordinamento dell’Unione europea, contribuisce a rafforzare la cooperazione interstatale attraverso meccanismi verificabili e condivisi.Cooperation between States and the progressive “proceduralisation” of certain international obligations
The paper analyses the role of cooperation between States in the contemporary international legal order, with particular attention to the progressive “proceduralisation” of certain obligations. After referencing recent examples of international disputes, the author examines the concept of cooperation in international law, distinguishing it from related notions such as interdependence. The evolution of the principle of cooperation is reconstructed through the United Nations Charter, the Helsinki Final Act, and other legal instruments, highlighting its predominantly procedural nature, based on obligations of information, consultation, and negotiation. The article also emphasises the connection with the principles of good faith and due diligence, showing how in various international regimes – from environmental protection to trade and even the global commons – substantive rules are increasingly being replaced or complemented by procedural obligations. This trend toward “proceduralisation”, also present in the legal system of the European Union, contributes to strengthening interstate cooperation through verifiable and shared mechanism
Yesterday everything was going too fast: in merito agli effetti di Brexit sugli accordi internazionali dell’Unione europea
No full textYesterday everything was going too fast: about the effects of Brexit on the international agreements of the European union.
This paper aims at clarifying the impact produced by the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union on the effects of the international agreements already signed by the latter. The work deploys its analysis by distinguishing the agreements within the exclusive competence of the Union from those with mixed competence, in order to identify the differences that follow. It concludes with an analysis of the pertaining provisions contained in the Draft Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community of march 2018
IL CASO UBER NEL MERCATO UNICO DIGITALE
No full textThis paper analyzes, through the study of both the relevant case-law of the Court of Justice and the national practice, the legal regime applicable, in the context of the digital single market, to the services offered on the territory of the EU Member States by the company Uber through his smartphone app
Per aspera ad astra (zeneca). Libertà di circolazione intra-ue e diritto d’accesso ai vaccini nella campagna anti covid-19.
No full textDigital Services Act e Digital Markets Act tra responsabilità dei fornitori e rischi di bis in idem
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