1,720,979 research outputs found
Commentary on T1-Weighted Hypersignal in the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei After Repeated Administrations of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Healthy Rats: Difference Between Linear and Macrocyclic Agents
Get PDFSafety of the Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Focusing in Part on Their Accumulation in the Brain and Especially the Dentate Nucleus.
Get PDFThe established class of intravenous contrast media for magnetic resonance imaging is the gadolinium chelates, more generally referred to as the gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). These can be differentiated on the basis of stability in vivo, with safety and tolerability of the GBCAs dependent upon chemical and biologic inertness. This review discusses first the background in terms of development of these agents and safety discussions therein, and second their relative stability based both on in vitro studies and clinical observations before and including the advent of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. This sets the stage for the subsequent focus of the review, the current knowledge regarding accumulation of gadolinium in the brain and specifically the dentate nucleus after intravenous administration of the GBCAs and differentiation among agents on this basis. The information available to date, from the initial conception of these agents in 1981 to the latest reports concerning safety, demonstrates a significant difference between the macrocyclic and linear chelates. The review concludes with a discussion of the predictable future, which includes, importantly, a reassessment of the use of the linear GBCAs or a subset thereof
Dechelation (Transmetalation): Consequences and Safety Concerns With the Linear Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents, In View of Recent Health Care Rulings by the EMA (Europe), FDA (United States), and PMDA (Japan).
Get PDFThe issue of dechelation (transmetallation) in vivo after administration of the linear gadolinium-based contrast agents, and potential safety concerns, is considered on the basis of an extensive, focused literature review. Early indications of potential problems included the high level of excess ligand used in the formulation of 2 agents (indeed the 2 least stable thermodynamically) and interference with laboratory tests when blood was drawn from patients relatively soon after administration of these same agents. The advent of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis in the late 2000s raised additional major concerns.The correlation in 2014 of dentate nucleus hyperintensity on precontrast T1-weighted scans with multiple prior injections of linear gadolinium chelates, in patients with normal renal function, has driven subsequent research concerning dechelation of these agents in vivo. Unexpectedly high levels of gadolinium in the bone, skin, and liver have been found long term after administration, in animal models and in humans, although the latter data are limited. Bone may serve as a long-term reservoir, with a residual excretion phase for gadolinium after intravenous injection of the linear agents due to a subsequent slow release from bone. Many different patient populations could be vulnerable and potentially later develop clinical symptoms, although at this stage there are only limited data and small retrospective uncontrolled studies. Possible vulnerable populations include children, menopausal women, patients with osteoporosis (who are predisposed to fractures and often slow to heal or heal poorly), those receiving multiple doses, those with proinflammatory conditions, moderate renal dysfunction, or an undefined genetic predisposition. Of particular concern would be nephrogenic systemic fibrosis-like symptoms-including particularly pain and skin/joint symptoms, or disease related to the incorporation of gadolinium in hydroxyapatite in bone, in small subgroups of patients with a not yet defined propensity and/or cofactor. These concerns have led to withdrawal of the linear agents from the largest clinical market, Europe, with the exception of the hepatobiliary agents for delayed liver imaging, an indication that cannot be fulfilled by the current macrocyclic gadolinium chelates (for which these concerns do not apply)
Clinical Safety of Gadoteridol, Representative of the Macrocyclic Class of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents.
No full textCritical Questions Regarding Gadolinium Deposition in the Brain and Body After Injections of the Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents, Safety, and Clinical Recommendations in Consideration of the EMA's Pharmacovigilance and Risk Assessment Committee Recommendation for Suspension of the Marketing Authorizations for 4 Linear Agents.
Get PDFFor magnetic resonance, the established class of intravenous contrast media is the gadolinium-based contrast agents. In the 3 decades since initial approval, these have proven in general to be very safe for human administration. However, in 2006, a devastating late adverse reaction to administration of the less stable gadolinium-based contrast agents was identified, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. The result of actions taken by the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration, stratifying the agents by risk and contraindicating specific agents in severe renal dysfunction, has led to no new cases being identified in North America or Europe. Subsequently, in 2014, long-term deposition in the brain of gadolinium was first shown, after administration of 2 nonionic linear chelates, gadodiamide, and gadopentetate dimeglumine. This has led to an intense focus on the question of in vivo distribution, possible dechelation, and subsequent deposition of gadolinium, together with substantial clarification of the phenomenon as well as stratification of the agents on this basis. This review focuses on 8 critical questions regarding gadolinium deposition in the brain and body, with the answers and discussion therein important for future regulatory decisions and clinical practice. It is now clear that dechelation of gadolinium occurs in vivo with the linear agents and is responsible for this phenomenon, with key experts in the field recommending, except where there is no suitable alternative, a shift in clinical practice from the linear to macrocyclic agents. In addition, on March 10, 2017, the Pharmacovigilance and Risk Assessment Committee of the European Medicines Agency recommended suspension of the marketing authorization for 4 linear gadolinium contrast agents-specifically Omniscan, Optimark, Magnevist, and MultiHance (gadodiamide, gadoversetamide, gadopentetate dimeglumine, and gadobenate dimeglumine)-for intravenous injection. Cited in the report was convincing evidence of gadolinium deposition in the brain months after injection of these linear agents. Primovist/Eovist (gadoxetic acid disodium) will remain available, being used at a lower dose for liver imaging, because it meets an important diagnostic need. In addition, a formulation of Magnevist for intra-articular injection will remain available because of its very low gadolinium concentration
Motion in Magnetic Resonance: New Paradigms for Improved Clinical Diagnosis.
Get PDFRecent innovations in magnetic resonance, involving both hardware and software, that effectively deal with motion-whether inadvertent on the part of the patient or due to respiration and cardiac contraction-are reviewed, emphasizing major current advances. New technology involving motion sensing (kinetic, respiratory, and beat) is enabling simpler, faster, and more robust monitoring of the sources of motion. This information is being integrated, with new innovative imaging approaches, to effectively manage motion and its impact on image quality. Additional impact has been made by the use of compressed sensing and simultaneous multislice imaging, with these techniques maturing and being adopted to decrease scan time and thus the effect of motion. Guidance in terms of clinical use for techniques that effectively combat motion is provided, focusing on enabling faster and improved clinical scans. Magnetic resonance imaging is on the cusp of a major new leap forward in terms of image quality and clinical utility enabled by these technological advances
Speed in Clinical Magnetic Resonance.
Get PDFThe relevant clinical accelerated magnetic resonance techniques that are available currently for routine patient examinations are reviewed, presenting and discussing the benefits therein when compared with more conventional scans. The focus is on clinical use and practicality, with the review divided into 3 sections. Improvements in 3-dimensional acquisition are first discussed, specifically controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration, related radial techniques, and CAIPI-Dixon-TWIST-VIBE. Simultaneous multislice imaging is then reviewed, focusing on current implementation for 2-dimensional imaging, including both echo-planar and fast spin echo techniques. The final topic is that of sparse reconstruction (data sparsity), discussing the principles therein, challenges, and current applications. Guidance in terms of clinical use for accelerated techniques is provided, focusing on enabling faster and improved clinical scan results
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