12,087 research outputs found
Evolution of cooperation among tumor cells
No full textThe evolution of cooperation has a well established theoretical framework based on game theory. This approach has made valuable contributions to a wide variety of disciplines, including political science, economics, and evolutionary biology. Existing cancer theory suggests that individual clones of cancer cells evolve independently from one another, acquiring all of the genetic traits or hallmarks necessary to form a malignant tumor. It is also now recognized that tumors are heterotypic, with cancer cells interacting with normal stromal cells within the issue microenvironment, including endothelial, stromal, and nerve cells. This tumor cell???stromal cell interaction in itself is a form of commensalism, because it has been demonstrated that these nonmalignant cells support and even enable tumor growth. Here, we add to this theory by regarding tumor cells as game players whose interactions help to determine their Darwinian fitness. We marshal evidence that tumor cells overcome certain host defenses by means of diffusible products. Our original contribution is to raise the possibility that two nearby cells can protect each other from a set of host defenses that neither could survive alone. Cooperation can evolve as byproduct mutualism among genetically diverse tumor cells. Our hypothesis supplements, but does not supplant, the traditional view of carcinogenesis in which one clonal population of cells develops all of the necessary genetic traits independently to form a tumor. Cooperation through the sharing of diffusible products raises new questions about tumorigenesis and has implications for understanding observed phenomena, designing new experiments, and developing new therapeutic approaches.Author manuscript. Published in final edited form as: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 September 5; 103(36): 13474-13479.The final published version of this article is located at: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0606053103NIH U56 CA113004; to David E. AxelrodR.A. was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant SES-0240852. D.E.A. was supported by NSF Grant IIS-0312953, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant U56 CA113004, and New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research Grant 1076-CCR-SO. K.J.P. is an American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor and is supported by NIH Grants CA69568, CA102872, and CA093900.NIH CA69568; to Kenneth J. PientaNIH CA102872; to Kenneth J. PientaNIH CA093900; to Kenneth J. PientaNSF SES-0240852; to Robert AxelrodNJ Commission on Cancer Research 1076-CCR-SO; to David E. AxelrodAlso available in PubMed Central. PMCID: PMC155738
The Arts Interview. Dr. David Pitt : The Truant Years, E. J. Pratt
No full textHost Fred Hollingshurst interviews Dr. David Pitt of Memorial University, who discusses the life and work of Newfoundland poet E. J. Pratt. Pitt is the author of E. J. Pratt: The Truant Years, 1881-1927
A review of homelessness and homelessness services in East Dorset
No full textThis report reviews the nature and extent of homelessness in East Dorset. In particular it focuses on:
- Existing levels of homelessness;
- The causes of homelessness within the local authority area;
- Current service provision for homeless people/households;
- Identifying gaps in the provision of current services.
Reflecting the local authority’s desire to develop a more pro-active and preventative approach to addressing housing need, this report identifies a number of strategies that it may wish to adopt in ensuring that this
particular aspect of housing need is tackled effectively, with targeted resources aimed at preventing and addressing homelessness issues
Fly about round me coursing, swallow sweet birds come near [first line]
No full textstrophicpiano and voiceCover is duplicated in 125.115b.Johns Hopkins University, Levy Sheet Music Collection, Box
125, Item 115aTranslated From the French of Volney L'Hotelier by Samuel J. Gardner, Esq. The Music by Felicien David (Author of "Le Desert").E.G. Warren, Engr
Fly about round me coursing, swallow sweet birds come near [first line]
No full textstrophicpiano and voiceCover is duplicated in 125.115b.Johns Hopkins University, Levy Sheet Music Collection, Box
125, Item 115aTranslated From the French of Volney L'Hotelier by Samuel J. Gardner, Esq. The Music by Felicien David (Author of "Le Desert").E.G. Warren, Engr
A review of homelessness and homelessness services in Weymouth and Portland
No full textThis report reviews the nature and extent of homelessness in the Borough of Weymouth and Portland. In particular, it focuses on: Existing levels of homelessness; The causes of homelessness within the local authority area; Current service provision for homeless people/households; Identifying gaps in the provision of current services. Reflecting the local authority’s desire to develop a more pro-active and preventative approach to addressing housing need, this report identifies a number of strategies that it may wish to adopt in ensuring that this particular aspect of housing need is tackled effectively, with targeted resources aimed at preventing and addressing homelessness issues
Interview with David Dunn on the subject of bark beetle sounds
No full textAnimaliaArthropodaInsectaColeopteraCompressed from .wav format into .mp3 delivery formatComposer and recording engineer David Dunn describes his recordings of bark beetles in New Mexico, and some of the possible causes and consequences of bark beetle infestations devastating pine forests throughout the WestSounds were recorded using a modified transducer inserted into the bark of the tree, and are taken with permission of the author from the compact disc "The Sound of Light in Trees" produced by David Dunn in collaboration with the Acoustic Ecology Institute. Scientists say that bark beetle populations are increasing in large part because of increased drought and milder winters due to global warming
Responding to homelessness in North Dorset: A snapshot of current service provision and an estimate of service needs
No full textThis report reviews the nature and extent of homelessness in NorthDorset. In particular, it focuses on:
- Existing levels of homelessness;
- The causes of homelessness within the local authority area;
- Current service provision for homeless people/households;
- Identifying gaps in the provision of current services.
Reflecting the local authority’s desire to develop a more pro-active and preventative approach to addressing housing need, this report identifies a number of strategies that it may wish to adopt in ensuring that this particular aspect of housing need is tackled effectively, with targeted resources aimed at preventing and addressing homelessness issues
Unsung Hero of Gettysburg: The Story of Union General David McMurtrie Gregg
No full textReviewer David J. Eicher writes that Longacre presents a “fine narrative,” in which the author weaves stories of the general’s personal life together with battle scenes that “are interesting and move along at a fast pace.” Longacre “clearly admires his subject,” Eicher writes, but the work “is not without offering criticism.” With Unsung Hero of Gettysburg, the general “has finally received a biography that delivers the details of a soldier’s full and interesting life,” over a century after Gregg’s death
Should i publish in an open access journal?
No full textAn “author pays” publishing model is the only fair way to make biomedical research findings accessible to all, say Matthew Kurien and David S Sanders, but James J Ashton and R Mark Beattie worry that it can lead to bias in the evidence base towards commercially driven results
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