1,721,238 research outputs found
Outgroup projection: il caso degli stereotipi negativi attribuiti a Rom e Rumeni
No full textQuesto contributo considera il fenomeno dell’outgroup projection, ovvero la tendenza a estendere i contenuti negativi del pregiudizio nei confronti di un sottogruppo minoritario (Rom) al gruppo sovrainclusivo (Rumeni). Lo Studio preliminare 1 esamina la rappresentazione stereotipica di Rom e Rumeni. Un secondo studio preliminare valuta la percezione dei due gruppi rispetto ai predittori del contenuto degli stereotipi. Infine, lo Studio principale considera il più generale processo di proiezione del sottogruppo dei Rom sui Rumeni e il suo legame con il pregiudizio verso i Rumeni. Le evidenze raccolte supportano l’esistenza di tale processo di outgroup projection
Categorizzazioni incrociate, salienza dell'identità umana e de-umanizzazione
No full textRicerca su categorizzazione sociale incrociata e identità umana sovraordinata come moderatori della deumanizzazion
Crossed categorisations and superordinate self-categorisations as moderators of dehumanisation
No full textHistorical events of the Nineteenth Century showed how destructive prejudice and discrimination can be, leading social scientists to consider in depth such degenerated intergroup relations. The study presented here was aimed at understanding the processes underlining a particularly dramatic form of prejudice involving the denial of humanness to the Others (i.e., dehumanisation). Thus this contribution was intended to analyse the role of crossed social categorisations and the co-salience of superordinate human identity as moderators of aggravated forms of prejudice such as dehumanisation.
Crossed categorizations were operationalized as two orthogonal category memberships, that is Religion (Christian vs. Muslim) and Skin Colour (White vs. Black) of a generic target. Superordinate level of self-categorisation as human beings was primed asking participants to answer to an identification scale with the human group. Dehumanisation was measured asking participants to attribute uniquely human emotions (i.e., infra-humanisation) to the four targets defined by crossing the two categorisation dimensions. As a more explicit measure of dehumanisation, participants also evaluated the extent to which several human rights were acknowledged to targets.
In the no prime condition, an infra-humanisation effect was found. Participants attributed uniquely human emotions to the target belonging to the double ingroup (i.e., White Christian) to a greater extent than to targets belonging to partial (i.e., Black Christian or White Muslim) or double outgroups (i.e., Black Muslim). As regards the human rights attribution, the same pattern of results was found. In the superordinate categorisation salience condition results showed the hypothesized effect of superordinate categorization salience in moderating both the attribution of uniquely human emotions and human rights to targets accepted within the human ingroup.
Implications regarding the co-salience of qualitatively different levels of self-categorisation as well as simultaneous orthogonal social categorisations will be discussed
RIDUZIONE DELL'UMANITÀ DELL'ALTER, ASTRAZIONE LINGUISTICA E SEVERITÀ DEGLI INSULTI
No full textNelle società contemporanee basate su principi di uguaglianza e democrazia, discriminazione ed ostilità esplicita nei confronti di persone che appartengono a gruppi differenti dal proprio sono comportamenti normativamente osteggiati. Eppure assistiamo ancora oggi a forme di discriminazione aggravate, caratterizzate da deumanizzazione - dalla negazione totale o parziale dell’umanità di individui o interi gruppi sociali. Come sostenuto da Haslam (2006) riportando in auge la nozione di “banalità del male” di Hannah Arendt (1963), la deumanizzazione rappresenta tuttavia un fenomeno pervasivo che si manifesta in forme ordinarie. Appare inoltre necessario riflettere sulle implicazioni dei livelli di categorizzazione intermedio e sovraordinato per spiegare tali forme degenerate di discriminazione.
Alla luce di queste considerazioni, sono stati condotti due studi sperimentali allo scopo di analizzare il ruolo della deumanizzazione nel moderare la discriminazione nei confronti di un target generico caratterizzato da piena o ridotta umanità - operazionalizzata attraverso il possesso o meno di valori prosociali e di emozioni secondarie - ed appartenente all’ingroup o all’outgroup. Sono stati inoltre indagati gli effetti congiunti dei differenti livelli di categorizzazione nel determinare la discriminazione espressa nei confronti del target attraverso misure linguistiche – astrazione linguistica e insulti verbali – in quanto il linguaggio rappresenta un potente veicolo di differenziazione in grado di cogliere la pervasività degli effetti di deumanizzazione.
I dati ottenuti hanno mostrato gli ipotizzati effetti della deumanizzazione nel moderare la discriminazione nei confronti del target espressa attraverso indici linguistici impliciti e più espliciti. Inoltre, l’appartenenza di gruppo del target moderava la discriminazione solo quando il target apparteneva a pieno titolo all’ingroup degli esseri umani.
Sulla base di queste evidenze verrà discusso il ruolo della co-salienza dei differenti livelli di categorizzazione nella discriminazione linguistica e deumanizzazione intergruppi, con attenzione particolare al ruolo delle varie tipologie di insulti verbali nella compromissione della visione olistica dell’essere umano
The complexity of humanness: Strategies to promote social equality
No full textPeople tend to perceive others as less human than them and this legitimizes the most heinous forms of intergroup discrimination. One way to reduce this social inequality is to encourage people to perceive the various affiliations of others or themselves. We demonstrated that three social cognitive strategies used to reduce reliance on heuristic thinking and prejudice have much broader benefits than previously thought. This was accomplished in multiple lines of research. First, increasing the number of the categories simultaneously attributed to outgroup members (multiple categorization) or oneself (social identity complexity) promote the re-humanization of the outgroup. This effect was consistently showed using different measures, including fix format attributions of uniquely human traits, the ability to express uniquely human emotions, and the spontaneous generation of human characteristics to describe the outgroup. Second, besides increased humanness judgments, these two social cognitive strategies enhanced positive behavioral intensions to financially support outgroup members’ health and autonomy. Third, increasing not just the number but the complexity of the interrelation between others’ categories (counter-stereotypic categorization) lead to re-humanization of them. Fourth, this humanization effect was generalized to unrelated outgroup targets and explained by increased cognitive flexibility. Whereas the re-humanization of a specific outgroup target was explained by individualization of it and reduced threat from it. Overall, evidence suggests educational initiatives that challenging social categorization may reduce one of the current world-wide most urgent issue that is social inequality
Le parole delle relazioni sociali: due decadi con il modello delle categorie linguistiche.
No full textThe linguistic category model (LCM) has provided a key impulse to the study of language in social psychology. In the present paper we review the studies that have employed this model as methodological and conceptual tool to analyse the role of language in social-psychological processes. To this aim, we propose an organisation of these studies on the base of intraindividual, interpersonal and intergroup levels. We then show that, transversely to these levels, linguistic categories could be analysed as devises strategically employed to create a representation of reality functional to specific communicative goals. Finally, the potential of the LCM for the study of the interface between cognition, motivation and behaviour is discussed
Is Group-Directed Praise Always Welcome? Reactions to Ingroup and Outgroup Praise Depend on Linguistic Abstraction
Full text linkThis research examined how recipients reacted to group-directed praise formulated by ingroup or outgroup members and varying in linguistic abstraction. Study 1 (N = 81) showed that ingroup praise was perceived as more sincere when formulated in abstract (vs. concrete) terms, whereas outgroup praise formulated in abstract terms was seen as less sincere than concrete praise. In Study 2 (N = 89), recipients of outgroup praise formulated in abstract versus concrete terms attributed more hidden agenda and prejudice to the speaker, and perceived lower congruency between the speaker’s words and beliefs; the opposite pattern occurred for ingroup praise. Perceptions of congruency and hidden agenda mediated the effects of speaker group membership and linguistic abstraction on recipients’ perception of the praising message. This research points out that linguistic abstraction influences the appraisal of group-directed praise as it works as a cue of speakers’ motives. It also suggests important implications for developing successful communications between groups
Le relazioni familiari nell'adolescenza dei figli. Processi d'influenza intergenerazionali e di gruppo [Parents and adolescents: intergenerational and group processes of influence]
No full textQuesta rassegna considera le relazioni familiari durante l’adolescenza dei figli secondo la nozione di influenza sociale. Dapprima si considerano gli studi che pongono enfasi sull’influenza unidirezionale sia dei genitori sui figli sia dei figli adolescenti sui genitori. Vengono poi considerati gli studi sull’influenza bidirezionale, mettendo in rilievo i processi sia espliciti che impliciti della trasmissione e rielaborazione della conoscenza da
una generazione all’altra. Infine, si esaminano gli studi sulla famiglia quale piccolo gruppo, in cui il processo di influenza tra le parti è reciproco e costante.This review addresses familiar relations during adolescence on the basis of the concept of social influence. First, we examine studies which emphasize the role of one-way influence both from parents to children and from children to parents. Then we consider studies on two-ways influence considering both explicit and implicit processes of transmission of knowledge between generations. Finally we analyse studies on the family as a social group characterized by a constant and reciprocal influence between generations
Dehumanisation as a factor triggering linguistic discrimination
No full textocial psychological literature provides the basis to contend that humanity is a crucial dimension in the relationships with the others, leading to severe consequences such as aggression or harm doing.
In this regard, it should be noted that the contributions directly and empirically addressing this role of dehumanisation in aggravating social discrimination are very scarce. In addition, literature on social discrimination has mainly considered prejudice as due to intergroup categorisation without considering that the superordinate human categorisation may also be at stake.
A set of three studies was conducted in order to test whether relative dehumanisation vs. humanity of a target would trigger social discrimination, and also whether group membership would moderate the effects of relative dehumanisation on linguistic discrimination expressed through an implicit linguistic measures - language abstraction used in target descriptions (Study 1and Study 2) - and also a more explicit and derogating one - the language of insults (Study 3).
Drawing from the available literature, in these three studies, relative dehumanisation was manipulated in terms of the target being characterised by prosocial values and expressing him/herself with secondary emotions vs. being characterised by lack of prosocial values and expressing him/herself with primary emotions.
Evidence showed that the relative dehumanised target was discriminated to a greater extent than the human target. Group membership affected linguistic discrimination only towards the human target, with the being discriminated to a lower extent. Moreover, findings also showed that extremely derogating forms of discrimination assuming dehumanising contents, such as animalising insults, were addressed to relatively dehumanised outgroup members, thus revealing that not all outgroup might be dehumanised. The role of perceptions of humanity of the others - besides that of group membership - on discrimination will be discussed, contending that it is worthy to consider the co-salience of intermediate level self categorisations and of the superordinate human categorisation contrasting the human group to less/not human groups in order to human beings to explain discrimination outcomes and dehumanisation consequences on intergroup behaviour. The relevance of linguistic implicit, uncontrolled, measures as well as, of explicit, relatively uncontrollable measures of discrimination will be discussed
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