1,721,129 research outputs found

    Facies analysis of a Upper Cretaceous high-energy rudist dominated carbonate ramp (Matese Mts., central-southern Italy): subtidal and peritidal cycles

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    Upper Cretaceous shallow-water limestones rich in rudists have been studied in the Matese Mountains. They show the preponderance of skeletal components (molluscs and benthic foraminifers) and the lack of non-skeletal grains. The most prominent sediments of the studied stratigraphic interval are rudist-dominated fine- to coarse-grained lithologies. Most of the Senonian successions are characterized by massive neritic limestones rich in molluscs (mostly rudists and subordinate gastropods) and a few corals. The sediments were generated in situ on shelves where rudist bivalves were the primary sediment producers. These sediments were actively moved by storms, waves and swells. The finer fractions were probably winnowed out and deposited in deeper water. Well-bedded dolomitized mudstones/wackestones, microbial laminites and benthic foraminifer wackestones characterize some successions where they rhythmically alternate and testify to deposition in tidal-flat environments. The lithofacies, faunal and taphonomic characters and the sedimentary structures are typical of a ramp-like open shelf with local peritidal deposition. The vertical lithofacies organization consists of numerous decimeter-to-meter-scale shallowing-upward subtidal and peritidal cycles. A complete transition from peritidal to subtidal cycles has been recognized and documented. The peritidal cycles are usually bounded by desiccation surfaces and/or dolomitized crusts followed by shallow-subtidal to peritidal facies of the next cycle. The subtidal cycles are typified by rudist floatstones passing to large-scale cross-bedded bioclastic packstones/grainstones. Current and storm structures are distinctive features; in shallower-water environments the effects of submarine erosion prevail; hardgrounds commonly developed and the resulting cycles are usually truncated. The formation of the peritidal cycles appears to have been controlled by accommodation space in response to fluctuations in relative sea-level. The formation of the subtidal cycles was determined by sedimentation rates in response to fluctuations in the zones of fair-weather and storm-wave reworking, in turn controlled by relative sea-level. This indicates that sediment production and supply were important controlling factors in the cycle formation during the early Senonian stratigraphic interval. The recognition of similar depositional styles in other early Senonian successions cropping out in the southern Apennines suggests that this type of sedimentation is a recurring attribute of the Upper Cretaceous open shelves

    Osservazioni stratigrafiche sul Cretacico della successione di Colle Salva Signore (Matese centro-settentrionale, Appennino centrale).

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    Vengono qui descritte le successioni cretaciche affioranti a Colle Salva Signore, una dorsale facente parte delle propaggini settentrionali del massiccio del Matese. In quest'area affiorano essenzialmente calcari in facies di piattaforma carbonatica compresi per lo più in un intervallo stratigrafico che va dall'Albiano al Campaniano inferiore, con lacune di durata ed entità molto variabili anche su brevi distanze. La continuità degli affioramenti è spesso compromessa da un'intenso reticolo di fratture e faglie e ciò rende talora difficile ricostruire la successione degli eventi che hanno condizionato la sedimentazione. La successione di Colle Salva Signore offre la possibilità di analizzare una sequenza di facies compresa tra l'Albiano e il Senoniano pp. caratterizzata dalla grande diffusione di associazioni a rudiste e nerinee. Lo studio comparato delle associazioni faunistiche e delle caratteristiche sedimentologiche e il confronto con osservazioni effettuate sulle aree circostanti hanno fornito un quadro dell'evoluzione sedimentaria di questo settore di piattaforma durante il Cretacico

    LE LACUNE STRATIGRAFICHE NEL CRETACICO DEL MATESE CENTRO- SETTENTRIONALE

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    L'analisi comparata delle caratteristiche sedimentologiche e paleontologiche condotta sulle facies carbonatiche del Cretacico del Matese centro-settentrionale ha permesso di documentare l'esistenza di due lacune stratigrafiche in un settore dove non si avevano precedenti conoscenze a riguardo: queste lacune comprendono rispettivamente gli intervalli Albiano inferiore-Cenomaniano medio e Cenomaniano superiore-Turoniano superiore. Tale determinazione offre un ulteriore contributo a studi tutt'ora in corso su questi eventi in altri settori del Matese e di aree limitrofe

    Late Cretaceous carbonate shelf-to-slope facies in the central-western Matese

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    Un precedente studio basato sull'analisi dei rapporti stratigrafici tra le formazioni del Trias-Giurassico basale e quelle tardo-mesozoiche, in particolar modo quelle del Cretacico medio-superiore, note in Letteratura come "Calcari Cristallini o Pseudosaccaroidi", ha evidenziato la presenza di facies carbonatiche di margine di piattaforma e di scarpata nei rilievi che costituiscono il settore occidentale del Massiccio del Matese. Al contatto tra questi depositi sono stati evidenziati corpi di brecce poligeniche canalizzati e non, con caratteristiche di accumulo che vanno dal rock-fall al debris flow e con valori di orientazione dei granuli variabili, a seconda del meccanismo di messa in posto. Misure di orientazione dei granuli sono state effettuate su alcune stazioni di misura e la loro elaborazione statistica ha contribuito all'interpretazione dei processi sedimentari che hanno agito nell'area esaminata. I calcari che poggiano sui corpi di brecce sono costituiti da calcareniti e calciruditi organogene che presentano strutture sedimentarie legate anch'esse all'ambiente di scarpata e tipiche di torbiditi calcaree e grain flow; i granuli includono frammenti di benthos di mare basso (principalmente rudiste e secondariamente foraminiferi bentonici, echinidi, briozoi, alghe rosse, rari celenterati ed alghe verdi) e a luoghi foraminiferi planctonici. Le torbiditi calcaree contengono, nei loro componenti, informazioni circa la batimetria, la fisiografia e l'associazione faunistica dell'area sorgente. In più, lungo le scarpate, tali associazioni aiutano a stimare l'entità dei processi erosivi che agiscono sulle aree alimentatrici. Nel caso del tardo Cretacico, quando le rudiste divennero i maggiori colonizzatori delle aree di piattaforma, questi organismi divennero anche i frammenti scheletrici dominanti, se non esclusivi, nel detrito carbonatico bacinale. Ciò è indirettamente confermato anche dagli studi effettuati sulle aree centrali del Matese, ove sono state identificate, infatti, vaste aree colonizzate, nel corso del Cretacico, da associazioni a rudiste, che raggiunsero una diffusione estrema nel post-Cenomaniano giungendo a dominare sull'intero shelf. L'elemento caratterizzante dei depositi di questo periodo, in particolare, è la presenza di corpi sedimentari ricchi in rudiste associate ad una gran quantità di sedimenti bioclastici, il cui arrangiamento spaziale mostra la diffusione di strutture duomiformi più o meno ricche in silt e contenenti materiale bioclastico male assortito proveniente da fenomeni molto intensi di bioerosione che agiscono sui gusci degli organismi. Questi corpi sfumano lateralmente in talus biodetritici costituiti essenzialmente da frammenti organogeni derivanti dalle costruzioni stesse, le quali risultano così dotate di un basso potenziale di preservazione. Il numero di individui integri, infatti, è nettamente subordinato rispetto alla quantità di materiale detritico e oltre il 90% del detrito bioclastico è composto di frammenti di gusci di rudiste più o meno alterati. Il dato più significativo, tuttavia, è costituito dall'osservazione che in tutto il Cretacico superiore la produzione di sedimento è dovuta quasi esclusivamente al disfacimento dei gusci di rudiste, che crescevano pertanto circondate dal loro stesso detrito ridotto, per bioerosione, fino ad un silt sottile. Inoltre si deve rilevare l'assenza di un margine di piattaforma biocostruito in senso classico; sembra piuttosto che questo settore di piattaforma del Cretacico superiore sia caratterizzato da un'ampia area di open shelf completamente dominata da mounds a rudiste. Si giustificherebbe così il grande accumulo bioclastico in aree più marginali e sulla scarpata. I dati stratigrafici inducono a riconoscere, a partire dal Turoniano superiore, una fase di accrescimento verticale (aggradazione), ben documentata nei depositi di mare basso, ed una successiva fase di accrescimento laterale (progradazione), rappresentata da potenti successioni di materiale risedimentato.A previous study evidenced the presence of late Cretaceous carbonate shelf margin to slope facies in the western Matese area. Polygenic breccias, locally channelized, have been recognized at the base of the late Mesozoic limestones, showing rock-fall to debris flow features. Grain orientation varies according to the depositional mechanism that acted on this area; further informations came from the statistical elaboration of orientation measures carried on several observation stations. Bioclastic calcarenites and calcirudites overlie the breccia bodies were emplaced by turbidity current and grain flow processes. Bioclasts are made of shallow water benthos debris (mainly rudists and benthonic foraminifera, echinoderms, bryozoans, red algae, rare coelenterate and green algae) and rare planctonic foraminifera. Geometrical and sedimentological characteristics of these deposits are related to reworking phenomena acting on a rudist dominated open shelf area. In fact, during the Late Cretaceous rudists became widespread over carbonate shelf areas and the sediment production was due almost exclusively to rudist shell breakdown; these organisms thus provided the almost totality of the bioclastic slope-to basin detritus, evidencing the relationship between these deposits and the rudist mounds cropping out in the Central Matese. Here wide sectors colonized by rudist assemblages have been recognized. The spatial arrangement of the related lithofacies reveals lense shaped bodies, more or less rich in silt, which contain a great abundance of badly sorted bioclastic material produced essentially by bioerosive processes acting on the shells. These structures fade in bioclastic talus made up by skeletal fragments and a low preservation potential seem to characterize them. Moreover, no organic rims seem to characterize this carbonate platform; the facies analysis suggests the development of a large complex of carbonate open shelf in which rudist mounds dominated, from which bioclastic detritus could reach the slope throughout resedimentation processes controlled by the lack of finer grained fractions. Stratigraphic data support the evidence of an aggradational phase, well documented in shallow water deposits, and a successive progradational phase, testified by a thick succession of risedimented limestones

    Late Cretaceous open shelf to slope facies in the Matese Mounts (Central Apennines, Italy). Aggradation and progradation sequences

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    Ruberti D. Late Cretaceous open shelf to slope facies in the Matese Mounts (Central Apennines, Italy). Aggradation and progradation sequences. In: Géologie Méditerranéenne. Tome 21, numéro 3-4, 1994. Perimediterranean carbonate platforms. First International Meeting. Marseille – France (5-8 septembre 1994) sous la direction de Jean-Pierre Masse. pp. 159-161

    Microstratigraphy And Taphonomy Of Rudist Shell Concentrations In Upper Cretaceous Limestones, Cilento Area (Southern Italy)

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    Rudist bed type and distribution has been investigated in Upper Cretaceous limestones cropping out in the northern Cilento area (southern Italy). These limestones are dominated by fine-grained, peloidal, silty packstone in which rudist rich beds intercaled. An inner shelf environment may be inferred on the basis of the recognized sedimentary and taphonomic features. The rudist shell beds are characterized by low species diversity, with slight differences in abundance of a few species belonging to the Durania, Bournonia, Sauvagesia, Gorjanovicia and Biradiolites genera, that usually form oligo- or monospecific congregations. The internal fabric of these levels (i.e. orientation, arrangement, packing and sorting of the skeletal elements; internal microstatigraphy) has permitted to distinguish two broad shell bed categories: a) shell beds considered as “Primary Shell Concentration” in which the shell concentration is essentially created by the behaviour of local shell producers, preserved in situ and in growth position; b) shell beds considered as “Hydraulic Shell Concentration”, that were deposited under the influence of hydraulic processes and/or input of surrounding bioclastic sediments. The taphonomic analyses allowed us to highlight the role of some of the biotic and abiotic factors which controlled the distribution of the rudists in the various habitats. The increase of physical disturbance (expecially hydrodynamism) is the primary difference between these shell bed categories. The establishment and development of the densest rudist congregations appear to be related to the accomodation space made available my means of relative sea level rise. The lowering of the sea-level was often accompanied by the increased influence of waves and/or currents on the sea bed and the consequent sediment disturbance and demise of the rudist lithosome, although other factors cannot be excluded

    Land use and landscape pattern changes driven by land reclamation in a coastal area: the case of Volturno delta plain, Campania Region, southern Italy

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    The paper provides documentary evidence of the direct impacts on the coastal setting in the northern Campania (southern Italy) region, crossed by the Volturno River, that have led to dramatic alterations of alluvial channels, floodplain and the deltaic environment, aside from the coastline retreat following four centuries of land reclamation. The Volturno delta plain is characterized by an outer delta formed mainly by beach ridges, and an inner plain containing several depressions of drained marsh regions. Until the beginning of the last century, this area was the site of swamps and ponds bearing a high incidence of malaria. Historical analysis coupled with a cartographic restitution in a geographic information system environment has produced documentary evidence of the geomorphological evolution of the coastal sector and has allowed the reconstruction of relevant landscape and hydrographic changes since the end of the seventeenth century, when - during the Spanish vice-kingdom - it was subjected to major land reclamation. The availability of reclaimed lands along the coastal alluvial plain promoted the development of agriculture and farming, as well as a strong coastal urbanization. As a consequence, a landscape fragmentation increased significantly between the 1960s and the 1990s; built-up land area increased as well, overgrowing to the sea. An overall reduction in high-quality ecosystems (humid coastal setting, lacustrine/marshy back-dune area and beach-dune system) is recorded, resulting in biodiversity loss and a dramatic reduction in environmental quality. The outcomes of this research will be beneficial to society for better decision-making over these coastal area applications, in a sustainable manner, especially in these countries that are still experiencing land reclamation
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