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Ruane, R M (Roy Mark), NX1655
No full textThis record was harvested from a previous catalogue system and will be withdrawn in 2025. Information in this record may be superseded or incomplete. Visit this record in UMA's new catalogue at: https://archives.library.unimelb.edu.au/nodes/view/414639Surname: RUANE. Given Name(s) or Initials: R M (ROY MARK). Military Service Number or Last Known Location: NX1655. Missing, Wounded and Prisoner of War Enquiry Card Index Number: 19083.234146
Item: [2016.0049.46900] "Ruane, R M (Roy Mark), NX1655
Alternative electrical energy sources for Maine
No full textPrepared for the Central Maine Power Company
Summary report.--Appendix A. Glaser, C. and Ruane, M. Conversion of biomass.--Appendix B. Jones, W. J. [et al.]. Conservation.--Appendix C. Waterflow, A. Geothermal energy conversion.--Appendix D. Ruane, M. Ocean thermal energy conversion.--Appendix E. Jones, W. J. Fuel cells.--Appendix F. Geary, J. and Jones, W. J. Solar energy conversion.--Appendix G. Ruane, M. Conversion of solid wastes.--Appendix H. Ruane, M. Storage of energy.--Appendix I. Mays, J. Wave energy conversion.--Appendix J. Mays, J. Ocean and riverine current energy conversion.--Appendix K. Labuszewski, T. Wind energy conversion.--Appendix L. Gruhl, J. Environmental impacts
Stegonotus derooijae Ruane 2017
No full textStegonotus derooijae Ruane et al., 2017:13 Taxonomic status. Valid. Synonyms. None. Original name. Stegonotus derooijae Ruane et al., 2017:13. The species epithet honors Nelly de Rooij (Fig. 17I), who described S. florensis (see above). The species description was presented in English. Type specimens. Holotype: MZB Ophi.3288 (Fig. 32 A–E; Ruane et al. 2017: Fig. 6), an adult male (Table 1). Paratypes: MZB Ophi.3293 (Fig. 32 F–H), listed as possibly female. SAMA R70467 (Fig. 32 I–K), listed as possibly female. Type localities. All type specimens were collected in Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Holotype: Waibya Camp, Salawati Island, elev. 75 m (ca. 0.9564°S, 130.78°E). Paratypes: MZB Ophi.3293, same data as the holotype; SAMA R70467, Warinkabom, Batanta Island, elev. 50 m (ca. 0.8369°S, 130.72°E). Collection. All type specimens were collected by Stephen Richards, Burhan Tjaturadi, and Keliopas Krey between 5 and 28 June 2005. Key characteristics of the type specimens. (1) Holotype, MZB Ophi.3288: 455 mm SVL + 193 mm TL = 648 mm TTL. V ♂ = 181, SC ♂ = 94, SCR ♂ = 0.34, D = 17-17-15, SL E = 3+4, SL = 7, IL = 8, IL G = 5. (2) Paratype, MZB Ophi.3293: 450 mm SVL + 168+ mm TL = 618+ mm TTL. V ? = 178, SC ? = O, SCR ? = O, D = O-17-O, SL E = O, SL = 7, IL = 9, IL G = O. (3) Paratype, SAMA R70467: 290 mm SVL + 108 mm TL = 398 mm TTL. V ? = 178, SC ? = 90, SCR ? = 0.34, D = O-17-O, SL E = O, SL = 7, IL = 8, IL G = O. Key characteristics of the species. According to their specimen list, Ruane et al. (2017: Appendix) included four specimens (three types, one without type status) of S. derooijae in their analysis. Those the authors considered as possibly female we considered as unsexed for the purposes of our analysis and lumped them into a questionable category for the potentially sexually dimorphic values of V, SC, and SCR, as indicated by a subscripted question mark (?). Of the examined series, one unsexed specimen was collected on Batanta, one male and one unsexed specimen on Salawati, and one unsexed specimen on Waigeo. Characteristics include V ? = 178–197 (184 ± 11.0), V ♂ = 181; SC ? = 90–91, SC ♂ = 94; SCR ? = 0.33, SCR ♂ = 0.34; D = O-17-O (100%); SL E most likely 3+4; SL = 7 (n = 3, 75%) or 9 (n = 1, 25%); IL = 8 (n = 2, 50%) or 9 (n = 2, 50%); IL G most likely 5. The range in ventral scales gives us pause, as it is large and with a very high standard deviation. In other species of Stegonotus, standard deviations for ventral scales range from 4–8 scales, and 11 appears to be very high, even if two sexes are lumped together in this data set. Comment. Ruane et al. (2017) considered S. derooijae to be a member of their S. diehli complex.Published as part of Kaiser, Christine M., Kaiser, Hinrich & O'Shea, Mark, 2018, The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4512 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4512.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/260757
Stegonotus melanolabiatus Ruane 2017
No full textStegonotus melanolabiatus Ruane et al., 2017:18 Taxonomic status. Valid. Synonyms. None. Original name. Stegonotus melanolabiatus Ruane et al., 2017:18. The species name is a descriptive adjective formed from the Greek melano and the Latin labia, meaning dark lips. It was selected to highlight the presence of dark coloration on the labial scales. The species description was presented in English. Type specimens. Holotype: AMS R115343 (Fig. 33 A–E, Table 1; Ruane et al. 2017: Fig. 7), an adult male. Paratypes: AMS R 122906 (Fig. 33 F–H), an adult male. AMS R115361 (Fig. 33 I–K), unsexed. Our own examination of this specimen ascertained by the presence of follicles that it is a female. AMS 115320 (Fig. 33 L–N), unsexed. Our own examination of this specimen ascertained by the presence of the m. retractor penis magnus that it is a male. Type localities. Holotype: Doido, Chimbu [now Simbu] Province, Papua New Guinea, elev. 1300 m (ca. 6.5500°S, 144.83°E). Paratypes: AMS R 122906, Waro, Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, elev. 550 m (ca. 6.5333°S, 143.18°E); AMS R115361 and R115320, Noru, Simbu Province, Papua New Guinea, elev. 1150 m (ca. 6.5833°S, 144.65°E). Collection. All type specimens were collected by Stephen C. Donnellan (South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia) and Kenneth P. Aplin (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., USA) in April and May 1984. Key characteristics of the type specimens. (1) Holotype, AMS R115343: 615 (600) mm SVL + 192 (215) mm TL = 807 (815) mm TTL. V ♂ = 197 (200), SC ♂ = 92 (93), SCR ♂ = 0.32 (0.32), D = 17-17-15 (17-17- 15), SL E = 3+4 (3+4), SL = 7 (7), IL = 8 (8), IL G = 5 (5). (2) Paratype, AMS R 122906: 485 (510) mm SVL + 195 (205) mm TL = 680 (715) mm TTL. V ♂ = 186 (190), SC ♂ = 96 (100), SCR ♂ = 0.34 (0.34), D = O-15-O (15-15-15), SL E = O (3+4), SL = 7 (7), IL = 8 (8), IL G = O (5). (3) Paratype, AMS R115361: 630 (652) mm SVL + 210 (222) mm TL = 840 (874) mm TTL. V ♀ = 186 (191), SC ♀ = 89 (89), SCR ♀ = 0.32 (0.32), D = O- 17-O (17-17-15), SL E = O (3+4), SL = 7 (7), IL = 8 (8), IL G = O (5). (4) Paratype, AMS R115320: 648 (638) mm SVL + 235 (243) mm TL = 883 (881) mm TTL. V ♂ = 192 (194), SC ♂ = 94 (95), SCR ♂ = 0.33 (0.33), D = O-17-O (17-17-15), SL E = O (3+4), SL = 7 (7), IL = 8 (8), IL G = O (5). Key characteristics of the species. According to their specimen list, Ruane et al. (2017: Appendix) included ten specimens of S. melanolabiatus in their analysis. These included specimens from a locality in the recently (2012) formed Hela Province (1 ♀, 1 ♂; erroneously listed as from Southern Highlands Province), Simbu Province (2 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂) and Southern Highlands Province (2 ♀♀, 1 ♂). We have examined all of these specimens personally, and while there is general agreement between our data sets, there are three noteworthy differences (those of Ruane et al. are shown in parentheses). Our data show AMS R115360 with 15-15-15 (17-17-15) dorsals, AMS R 122360 with 17-17-15 (15-15-15) dorsals, and AMS R115321 with 7 (8) supralabials and 8 (9) infralabials. The data for supra- and infralabials is readily verified on our photographs of the specimens and is used for the following calculations. The two other data discrepancies are omitted because of their incongruence. Characteristics include V ♀ = 180–191 (184 ± 4.3), V ♂ = 190–201 (196 ± 4.7); SC ♀ = 89–100 (96 ± 4.9), SC ♂ = 93–100 (95 ± 3.3); SCR ♀ = 0.34, SCR ♂ = 0.33; D = 17-17-15 (n = 6, 75%) or 15-15-15 (n = 2, 25%); SL E = 3+4 (100%); SL = 7 (100%); IL = 8 (100%); IL G = 5. Based on the numbers of ventral scales, there appears to be some sexual dimorphism in that character, with females generally possessing a number of ventrals in the 180s (V mean = 184, only one female with V = 191), whereas males have ventral numbers in the 190s or higher (V mean = 196, two males with V ḵ 200). There does not appear to be any sexual dimorphism in the number of subcaudal scales. Comment. Ruane et al. (2017) considered S. melanolabiatus to be a member of their S. diehli complex.Published as part of Kaiser, Christine M., Kaiser, Hinrich & O'Shea, Mark, 2018, The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4512 (1) on page 58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4512.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/260757
Stegonotus iridis Ruane 2017
No full text<i>Stegonotus iridis</i> Ruane <i>et al</i>., 2017:8 <p> <b>Taxonomic status.</b> Valid.</p> <p> <b>Synonyms.</b> None.</p> <p> <b>Original name.</b> <i>Stegonotus iridis</i> Ruane <i>et al</i>., 2017:8. The species epithet comes from the Latin for rainbow, in reference to “the high level of iridescence shown both dorsally and ventrally by this species.” The species description was presented in English.</p> <p> <b>Type specimens.</b> Holotype: MZB Ophi.3306 (Fig. 31 A–E; Ruane <i>et al</i>. 2017: Fig. 5), an adult male (Table 1). Paratypes: SAMA R70466, an adult male. MZB Ophi.3305 (Fig. 31 L–N), an adult male. MZB Ophi.3303 (Fig. 31 I–K), listed as possibly female. MZB Ophi.3311, an adult male. MZB Ophi.3302 (Fig. 31 F–H), an adult male.</p> <p> <b>Type localities.</b> All type specimens were collected in Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia. Holotype: Warinkabom, Batanta Island, elev. 50 m (ca. 0.8369°S, 130.72°E). Paratypes: SAMA R70466, Waire Camp, Batanta Island, elev. 25 m (ca. 0.8397°S, 130.53°E); MZB Ophi. 3303, Yakut Camp, Batanta Island, elevation 55 m (ca. 0.8958°S, 130.64°E); MZB Ophi. 3302, 3311, Waibya, Salawati Island, elev. 75 m (ca. 0.9564°S, 130.78°E); MZB Ophi. 3305, Urbinasopen, Waigeo Island, elev. 45 m (ca. 0.3372°S, 131.26°E).</p> <p>19. The original description states that TL represents 22% of TTL in the holotype. This means that SVL represents 78%, and TL can be calculated as 221 mm. We applied the same calculation to the paratype.</p> <p> 20. This value was established right at the neck, and we confirmed this count. However, within one head length posteriorly, the number of dorsal scale rows reduces to 17. The author noted that this reduction occurred “before level of twelfth ventral.” The same generally applies to species of <i>Stegonotus</i>, with the possible exception of <i>S. muelleri</i>.</p> <p> <b>Collection.</b> All type specimens were collected by Stephen Richards (South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia), Burhan Tjaturadi (Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia), and Keliopas Krey (University of Papua, Manokwari, Indonesian New Guinea) in June 2005.</p> <p> <b>Key characteristics of the type specimens.</b> (1) Holotype, MZB Ophi.3306: 713 mm SVL + 238 mm TL = 951 mm TTL. V ♂ = 201, SC ♂ = 88, SCR ♂ = 0.30, D = 17-17-15, SL E = 4+5, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = 5. (2) Paratype, SAMA R70466: 675 mm SVL + 190+ mm TL = 865+ mm TTL. V ♂ = 204, SC ♂ = O, SCR ♂ = O, D = O-19-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = O. (3) Paratype, MZB Ophi.3305: 790 mm SVL + 235 mm TL = 1025 mm TTL. V ♂ = 198, SC ♂ = 78, SCR ♂ = 0.28, D = O-17-O, SL E = O, SL = “8/9?”, IL = 10, IL G = O. (4) Paratype, MZB Ophi.3303: 870 mm SVL + 265+ mm TL = 1135+ mm TTL. V ? = 203, SC ? = O, SCR ? = O, D = O-19-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = O. (5) Paratype, MZB Ophi.3311: 682 mm SVL + 213 mm TL = 985 mm TTL. V ♂ = 204, SC ♂ = 85, SCR ♂ = 0.29, D = O-17-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 9, IL G = O. (6) Paratype, MZB Ophi.3302: 778 mm SVL + 240 mm TL = 1018 mm TTL. V ♂ = 205, SC ♂ = 85, SCR ♂ = 0.29, D = O-19-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 9, IL G = O.</p> <p> <b>Key characteristics of the species.</b> According to their specimen list, Ruane <i>et al</i>. (2017: Appendix) included seven specimens of <i>S. iridis</i> in their analysis. Of these, three (one unsexed, 2 ♂♂) were collected on Batanta, three (3 ♂♂) on Salawati, and one male on Waigeo. Characteristics include V ♂ = 198–211 (204 ± 4.4); SC ♂ = 78–88 (84 ± 3.7); SCR ♂ = 0.29; D = 17-19-15 (n = 5, 71%) or 17-17-15 (n = 2, 29%); SL E most likely 4+5; SL = 8 (100%); IL = 9 (n = 2, 29%) or 10 (n = 5, 71%); IL G most likely 5.</p> <p> <b>Comment.</b> In their description of <i>S. iridis</i>, Ruane <i>et al</i>. (2017) listed one specimen as possibly female. For the purposes of our discussion, we considered it unsexed and omitted it from parts of the analysis where sexual dimorphism could play a role (i.e., for values of V, SC, and SCR).</p>Published as part of <i>Kaiser, Christine M., Kaiser, Hinrich & O'Shea, Mark, 2018, The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4512 (1)</i> on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4512.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2607575">http://zenodo.org/record/2607575</a>
Dreams of a lifetime: how who we are shapes how we imagine our future/ Karen A. Cerulo, Janet M. Ruane.
No full textIncludes bibliographical references and index."We are told that, in dreaming, anything is possible. Dreams are imaginings that are not supposedly linked to concrete experience or action or inhibited by the social and political disadvantages that may come from one's class position, race, ethnicity, or gender. They do not articulate a roadmap for achievement or a path to a specific end in the way that aspirations or projects do. They are mental exercises that provide a vision of a person's inner self and desired identity. In this book, Karen Cerulo and Janet Ruane interrogate what it means to dream, what our dreams look like, and whether our social location impacts what, when, how, and if we dream. Drawing on data from interviews and focus groups with 272 people from different social backgrounds, the authors argue that while dreams are generally treated as personal and unique, they are quite clearly patterned in very predictable ways. People's dreams differ from age to age, group to group, and context to context, and the chapters focus on different subsets of the study participants. After examining how race, class, and gender impact dreaming, the authors examine different life stages and finally those who have faced "ruptures" in their life stories. In Dreams of a Lifetime, the authors conclude that dreams represent the starting point of our perception of "fit"; they tell the story of where we think we belong, what life paths we consider taking, and what we think we deserve before that story is lived. And that story is built from the cultural lessons to which we are exposed in our daily social interactions and the cultural contexts in which we live"--If You Knew You Couldn't Fail ... -- What Do Dreamers Sound Like? -- Cultural Lessons as Guidelines for Dreaming -- Where You Stand and How You Dream -- Dreaming Through the Times of Our Lives -- Dreaming When Life is Ruptured -- The Importance of Studying Dreams.1 online resource (x, 263 pages)
Stegonotus admiraltiensis Ruane 2017
No full text<i>Stegonotus admiraltiensis</i> Ruane <i>et al</i>., 2017:21 <p> <b>Taxonomic status.</b> Valid.</p> <p> <b>Synonyms.</b> None.</p> <p> <b>Original name.</b> <i>Stegonotus admiraltiensis</i> Ruane <i>et al</i>., 2017:21. The species name references the Admiralty Islands of Manus Province, Papua New Guinea, where the species is thought to be endemic. The description was presented in English.</p> <p> <b>Type specimens.</b> Holotype: LSUMZ 93598 (Ruane <i>et al</i>. 2017: Fig. 8), an adult male (Table 1). Paratypes: LSUMZ 93597, 93599–600 (all paratypes unsexed).</p> <p> <b>Type localities.</b> All type specimens were collected in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea. Holotype: Penchal Village, Rambutyo Island, elev. 58 m (ca. 2.3283°S, 147.77°E). Paratypes: LSUMZ 93597, Peyon Village, Los Negros Island, elev. 10 m (ca. 2.0327°S, 147.43°E); LSUMZ 93599–600, northeast of Penchal Village, Rambutyo Island, elev. 100 m (ca. 2.3405°S, 147.79°E).</p> <p> <b>Collection.</b> All type specimens were collected by Christopher C. Austin (Louisiana Museum of Natural History, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA) between 29 August and 3 September 2001.</p> <p> <b>Key characteristics of the type specimens.</b> (1) Holotype, LSUMZ 93598: 658 mm SVL + 185 mm TL = 843 mm TTL. V ♂ = 208, SC ♂ = 98, SCR ♂ = 0.32, D = 17-19-15, SL E = 4+5, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = 6. (2) Paratype, LSUMZ 93597: 560 mm SVL + 174 mm TL = 734 mm TTL. V ? = 214, SC ? = 94, SCR ? = 0.31, D = O-17-O, SL E = x, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = O. (3) Paratype, LSUMZ 93599: 646 mm SVL + 190 mm TL = 836 mm TTL. V ? = 206, SC ? = 93, SCR ? = 0.31, D = O-17-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 9, IL G = O. (4) Paratype, LSUMZ 93600: 598 mm SVL + 110+ mm TL = 708+ mm TTL. V ? = 202, SC ? = O, SCR ? = O, D = O-19-O, SL E = O, SL = 8, IL = 10, IL G = O.</p> <p> <b>Key characteristics of the species.</b> According to their specimen list, Ruane <i>et al</i>. (2017: Appendix) included four specimens of <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> in their analysis. Of these, one male and two unsexed specimens were collected on Rambutyo, and one unsexed specimen on Los Negros. Given that most of the specimens were not sexed, it is not possible to draw conclusions regarding the distribution of characteristics by sex or about the presence of sexual dimorphism. The characteristics we list here are therefore somewhat limited in their overall description of the species. We consider <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> to be a species with a relatively high ventral scale count (V> 200) with a relatively high number of subcaudal scales (SC> 90; SCR> 0.30). The dorsal count of 17-19-15 is unique among the species of <i>Stegonotus</i>, and its occurrence in a species that also presents dorsal counts of O-17-O (most likely 17-17-15) is unusual. The SL E is most likely 4+5 for the species given that this character tends not to be rarely variable in <i>Stegonotus</i> species. The number of supralabials was eight for all specimens, and among infralabials three specimens had IL = 10, whereas one had SL = 9. Based on the ventral view of the holotype, the sixth infralabial scale barely touches the anterior genial, and we wonder whether this character can be consistently scored as IL G = 6 across all specimens. If so, then this is another unique characteristics of <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> among the species of <i>Stegonotus</i>.</p> <p> <b>Comment.</b> Ruane <i>et al.</i> (2017) compared <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> to <i>S. modestus</i> and <i>S. parvus</i> at length, but without the benefit of having examined the holotype of the former or using the original description of the latter (characteristics of <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> in parentheses): <i>S. modestus</i> has a light neck band (absent), a subcaudal count <90 (> 90), SL E = 3+4 (4+5), and IL G = 4 (6). <i>Stegonotus parvus</i> has a ventral count <180 (> 200), SL E = 3+4 (4+5), and IL G = 4 (6). Furthermore, Ruane <i>et al</i>. (2017) referenced two additional Manus specimens but did not include them in their analysis. We have examined an additional 38 specimens from the Admiralty Islands, which include 15-15-15 (n = 3), 17-17-15 (n = 30), and 17-19-17 (n = 5) dorsal counts, with SL E = 3+4 (n = 16) or 4+5 (n = 20), with subcaudal counts that differ from <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> as defined above. Two specimens have aberrant counts of SL E, with 3+4 on one side of the head and 4+5 on the other. It therefore appears to us as if <i>S. admiraltiensis</i> is not the only species of <i>Stegonotus</i> present in the Admiralty Islands and further research will be needed to ascertain the taxonomy of groundsnakes there.</p> <p> <b> Specimen Type SCR SubC Species Synonym Sex SVL TL TTL V SC Dorsals SCE SL IL ILG Number Status (%) Condition</b> BMNH <i>heterurus</i> LT M 393 89 482 179 80 31 single 17-17-15 3 +4 7 9 4 1946.1.14.95 MZB <i>iridis</i> HT M 713 238 951 201 88 30 paired 17-19-15 4 + 5 8 10 10 Ophi.3306 MSNG <i>keyensis</i> HT M 651 164 815 200 73 27 paired 17-17-15 4 +5 8 9 5 7521 RMNH <i>lividus</i> LT F 444 123 567 197 67 25 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 9 4 RENA.325A AMS <i>melanolabiatus</i> HT M 615 192 807 197 92 32 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 8 8 R115343 RMNH <i>modestus</i> HT M 656 158 814 200 83 29 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 8 4 RENA.324 BMNH <i>modestus greineri</i> HT M 552 162 714 206 86 29 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 8 4 1946.1.13.74 BMNH <i>modestus holochrous</i> HT M 537 182 719 195 83 30 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 8 4 1946.1.11.40 RMNH <i>modestus rosenbergii</i> HT M 582 178 760 203 80 28 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 9 4 RENA.4066 MNHN <i>muelleri</i> HT F 1006 302 1308 217 97 31 paired 17-17-15 4 +5 8 9 4 848 ZMB 9R <i>muelleri samarensis</i> HT M O O O 236 98 29 paired 17-17-15 4 + 5 10 4 4294 8L MTKD <i>parvus</i> ST c O O O O 177 100 36 paired O-17-O 3+ 4 7 O O 876A MTKD <i>parvus</i> ST c O O O O O O O O O 3+4 O O O 876B RMNH <i>parvus</i> NT F 217 75 292 173 87 33 paired 17-17-15 3 +4 7 8 4 RENA.46844 NMW 164 <i>poechi</i> HT F 860 O 200 55+ O paired 19-19-17 4 +5+ 6 9 10 4 23406 + BMNH <i>reticulatus</i> LT F 880 238 1118 201 78 28 paired 17-17-15 4 +5 8 9 4 1946.1.14.87 NMBA <i>sutteri</i> HT M 567 144 711 230 83 27 single 21-21-19 3 +4+ 5 9 10 5 14872 a MTKD 573 is definitely a type specimen of <i>Lycodon magnus</i> Meyer, 1874, which was destroyed in 1945. b ZMB 8794 may be a syntype of <i>L. magnus</i>, but its status is inconclusive at this time. c MTKD 876A and 876B were destroyed in 1945. Values given are from the original description by Meyer (1874).</p>Published as part of <i>Kaiser, Christine M., Kaiser, Hinrich & O'Shea, Mark, 2018, The taxonomic history of Indo-Papuan groundsnakes, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Colubridae), with some taxonomic revisions and the designation of a neotype for S. parvus (Meyer, 1874), pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 4512 (1)</i> on pages 60-62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4512.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/2607575">http://zenodo.org/record/2607575</a>
Globalization, Europeanization and Trade in the 1990s: Export Responses of Foreign and Indigenous Manufacturing Companies
No full textGlobalization, Europeanization and Trade in the 1990s: Export Responses of Foreign and Indigenous Manufacturing Companies
No full textMadagascarophis lolo Ruane, Burbrink, Randriamahatantsoa & Raxworthy, 2016, new species
No full textMadagascarophis lolo, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E94496B3-AC04-4FE2-AFA6- 8CC7DBE3A63A Figures 1̡ 2̡ 3̡ 4̡ 5; Table 1 Holotype.— AMNH 176422 (RAX 12626), adult male (Fig. 1), Madagascar, Antsiranana Province, Diana Region, Ankarana National Park, ~ 4 km northwest of the village of Mahamasina, tsingy karst trail, 102 m elevation, 49.11507°E, 12.94210°S, 9 February 2014, 1930 hours, B. Randriamahatantsoa, C. Raxworthy, S. Ruane. Diagnosis.— A new species of Madagascarophis than can be diagnosed from its congeners by the following combination of characters: an overall gray body color with a black vertebral stripe and alternating light gray blotches down the dorsum, 25 scale rows at midbody, 189 ventral scales and 56 divided subcaudal scales, with extended contact of the posterior inframaxillary scales. Madagascarophis lolo ̗ new species, differs from all other species of Madagascarophis having a gray body color combined with an alternating pattern of pale gray blotches along the vertebral column and the presence of black scales on the vertebral row scales, giving the appearance of a thin black dorsal stripe (Figs. 1, 3, 4). This overall combination of color and pattern is unique among species of Madagascarophis (see Domergue, 1987:fig. 4 for comparison). Madagascarophis lolo ̗ new species, differs from all other species with the exception of M. fuchsi by having extended contact of the posterior inframaxillary scales (Fig. 5). We note the specimen of M. lolo ̗ new species, has a single gular scale that infringes on the posterior end of the posterior inframaxillaries. However, with the exception of M. fuchsi, the posterior inframaxillary contact of M. lolo ̗ new species, is still much greater than for the other species of Madagascarophis (Fig. 5; see Glaw et al., 2013a for additional examples). Madagascarophis lolo ̗ new species, differs from M. fuchsi by having a lower number of infralabial scales (10 M. lolo vs. 12– 13 M. fuchsi) and a higher ventral scale count (171–174 M. fuchsi vs. 1 8 9 M. lolo). However, this 1 5 ventral scale difference falls within the intraspecific range of other species (e.g., 35 ventral scales in M. meridionalis). It differs from the other species of Madagascarophis except M. colubrinus by having a lower ventral scale count (189 M. lolo): 183–209 in M. colubrinus, 205–224 in M. ocellatus, and 197–232 in M. meridionalis. A general difference between M. lolo ̗ new species, and most other Madagascarophis is the dorsal scale count at midbody. Madagascarophis lolo ̗ new species, has 25 dorsal scale rows as does M. fuchsi, in contrast to the 27–29 typically found in M. colubrinus (rarely 25, and not syntopically), 29–33 in M. meridionalis, and 29–31 in M. ocellatus (Glaw and Vences, 2007; Glaw et al., 2013a). It also differs genetically from all other species in the genus, e.g., M. lolo vs. M. fuchsi, COI uncorrected pairwise distance =9.6% (Table 1). For specimens not examined here (Appendix 1), additional data were used from Domergue (1987) and Glaw et al. (2013a) for the diagnosis. Description.— Adult male in excellent state of preservation, tail complete, short ventral slit midbody for DNA tissue sample, lower body slit for assessing gonad development (fully formed mature testes; 10 mm length, 2 mm width). Snout–vent length 426 mm, tail length 65 mm, tail short (13% of total body length). Head length 20 mm, width 12 mm. Head distinct from neck. Eyes large, 3 mm horizontal diameter, pupil vertically elliptical. Supralabials 8, not in contact with the eye. Infralabials 10, first pair in contact behind mental, infralabials 1–5 in contact with inframaxillaries. Rostral broader than high, 3 mm wide/1.5 mm high, visible from above. Nasal divided below nostril, in contact with 1st and 2nd supralabials. Single loreal, in contact with nasal, preoculars, prefrontal, and supralabials 2 and 3. Circumoculars 9, 1 supraocular, 2 preoculars, 3 suboculars, and 3 postoculars. Temporals 4 + 4/4 + 5. Dorsal surface of head includes pair of internasals (width 1.7 mm/length of suture 2 mm), pair of prefrontals (width 2 mm/length of suture 2.1 mm), pair of supraoculars (width 2.8 mm/length 4.8 mm), frontal longer than wide (length 5.7 mm/anterior width 2.9 mm), pair of parietals (length of suture 4.6 mm). Two pairs of inframaxillaries (anterior inframaxillary length 4.9 mm, posterior inframaxillary length 3.1 mm), posterior inframaxillaries substantially in contact with each other excepting small gular scale at posterior end (Fig. 5). Dorsal scale rows 23-25-19 at 10th ventral from anterior, midbody, and 10th ventral anterior to cloaca. Coloration and pattern.— Dorsal ground color gray in life, alternating lighter gray blotches/squares alongside vertebral column, many vertebral row scales black in coloration, giving general appearance of black dorsal line interrupted occasionally by gray scales (Fig. 1). At roughly the posterior 1/3 of the body, dorsal scale rows 7 and 8 occasionally black, giving spotted appearance in lateral view. Overall coloration pale gray in preservation. Color of iris in life gray/silver with gold flecking (Fig. 1), opaque gray in preservation. Dorsum of head, including rostral, internasals, prefrontals, frontal, supraoculars, and parietals gray. Supralabials 4–8 with gray and white mottling, infralabials with gray and white mottling. Slightly darker diffuse brown line runs from the posterior of eye to posterior margin of mouth. Tail gray with black mottling, darker and more contrasting compared to body, with slight flush of pale orange towards tail tip. Ventral scales cream with no pattern anteriorly, small amounts of gray flecking on ventral scales beginning at the posterior 1/3 of the body, continuing and increasing in intensity onto the subcaudal scales. Natural history.— Similar to other species of Madagascarophis, M. lolo appears to be crepuscular/nocturnal; the specimen was found active on the ground at 1930 hours on tsingy karst rocks, in an exposed area with low scrub habitat. This is very similar to what has been described for M. fuchsi (Glaw et al., 2013a) ̗ and our own observation of the M. fuchsi sample included here, which we found outside a small cave in the karst system of the Montagne des Français massif, approximately 7 0 km away. By contrast, the other species of Madagascarophis found at Ankarana, M. colubrinus, was common in canyon forests and surrounding relict forests, as well as in anthropogenically disturbed habitat. We suspect the reason that M. lolo has gone undetected for so long at Ankarana is that the exposed tsingy plateau has been poorly surveyed at night in previous expeditions due to problems of gaining safe access to these areas. Madagascarophis lolo may be endemic to the karst habitats of Ankarana, and possibly Analamerana, which is the closest karst system to the east. Etymology.— The species name, lolo, is taken from the Malagasy word for ghost; it is a noun in apposition to the genus name. This name refers to 1) the ghostly pale gray color of the holotype, and 2) that M. lolo has eluded discovery for so long at Ankarana, arguably one of the better surveyed sites in Madagascar. DISCUSSION High levels of microendemicity may be common for certain regions in Madagascar (Brown et al., 2016), such as Ankarana, where several reptile genera have endemic representatives (e.g., Alluaudina, Brookesia, Lygodactylus; Glaw and Vences, 2007). The new species of Madagascarophis described here is, as far as we currently know, restricted to the tsingy habitat of Ankarana. It seems unlikely that this snake has never been recorded previously, given that this particular area of Ankarana is one of the most accessible areas in the national park and a popular ecotourist destination in Madagascar. However, the trail where we collected this snake was only created in the last ten years and traverses a previously inaccessible area of exposed tsingy plateau which is otherwise difficult to access, especially at night. Because this new snake is found in a national park, and its habitat is naturally well-protected from anthropogenic degradation, we do not consider this species to be vulnerable to extinction. However more survey work is needed to establish the population size and distribution limits of this snake. Both the morphological and genetic results indicate a close/sister taxa relationship of M. lolo with M. fuchsi (Fig. 4). With just a single specimen, more individuals are needed to describe the intraspecific variation of M. lolo, which is also true for the recently described M. fuchsi, known from only four specimens. There is the possibility that these two sister taxa represent populations of the same species; however, the genetic differentiation between M. lolo and M. fuchsi (e.g., COI = 9.6%; Table 1) is higher than or similar to the mtDNA divergence found among many species of snakes, e.g., Lachesis (Zamudio and Greene, 1997), Naja (Slowinski and Wüster, 2000), and Pantherophis (Burbrink et al., 2000), and is beyond what is found within other species of Madagascarophis, including the highly variable M. colubrinus (Table 1; Nagy et al., 2007). Madagascarophis lolo can also be readily identified from all other species in the genus, including M. fuchsi, based on morphology alone (see Key to the species of Madagascarophis). Our coalescent species delimitation analyses also indicate M. lolo is a distinct species, although this is best supported under small ancestral population sizes and shallow divergences (Pp = 100%). This scenario may be the most realistic for the Madagascarophis, where populations of the range-restricted M. lolo as well as M. fuchsi are likely small. The new species described here is unique with respect to coloration. Although species of Madagascarophis (with the exception of M. ocellatus) have extremely variable intraspecific color patterns, we have not observed any species or individuals with the same coloration seen in the specimen of M. lolo; it possesses a pattern that appears to be well matched to the tsingy rock habitat with varying and alternating shades of gray (Figs. 1, 2). By contrast, no other species of Madagascarophis has a predominantly gray dorsal ground coloration—they are either brown, blackish brown, orange, or yellowish brown. Although it is beyond the scope of this study to validate the status of previously described subspecies of Madagascarophis colubrinus, we discuss them here to avoid problems with synonymy with respect to M. lolo. In the most complete examination of the genus, Domergue (1987) recognized five subspecies of M. colubrinus and an additional full species, M. citrinus (as well as M. meridionalis and M. ocellatus). More recent work on these snakes (Nagy et al., 2007; Glaw et al., 2013a) proposed: 1) M. meridionalis and M. ocellatus remain distinct species; 2) M. c. occidentalis is a junior synonym of M. c. colubrinus; 3) M. c. insularis is a junior synonym of M. citrinus, but M. citrinus is a subspecies of M. colubrinus; 4) There is some genetic structure and corresponding morphological variation indicating that M. c. septentrionalis and M. c. citrinus are distinct from the nominant M. c. colubrinus; and 5) M. fuchsi is a distinct species that occurs sympatrically with M. colubrinus at Montagne des Français. Importantly, in our genetic analyses and in the aforementioned studies, all of the subspecies of M. colubrinus form a separate and distinct M. colubrinus clade, which is the sister taxon to M. meridionalis. Our study, like Glaw et al. (2013a), finds M. fuchsi falling outside the M. colubrinus + M. meridionalis clade, with the addition that M. lolo is the sister taxon to M. fuchsi. Therefore, all taxa within M. colubrinus are distinct from M. lolo and M. fuchsi. One subspecies, M. c. pastoriensis̗ has not been included in any molecular phylogenetic studies (due to a lack of genetic material); however, this taxon is restricted to the Antananarivo region in central Madagascar and is characterized by having a nearly black body and yellow eyes (Domergue, 1987), which does not correspond to M. lolo. The other Madagascarophis taxon also found at Ankarana, M. c. septentrionalis̗ is distinct from M. lolo in that it does not typically have 25 dorsal scale rows (rather 27, or 29 from sites further north) or contact of the posterior inframaxillaries (see Glaw et al., 2013a). We included M. colubrinus (which would correspond to M. c. septentrionalis) from the collecting locality of M. lolo in our genetic analyses and demonstrate that these are not sister taxa. This study is the first to include genetic data for M. ocellatus and all other described species of Madagascarophis in a coalescent-based species tree (Fig. 4). This tree was well supported at almost all nodes (Pp ± 0.99), and importantly, it provides information on the sister taxa relationship of the two most recently described species, M. lolo and M. fuchsi. Each of these species occurs sympatrically with the widespread M. colubrinus (which is the sister taxon to the more southerly distributed M. meridionalis), but our tree indicates that no sister species of Madagascarophis occur sympatrically. These findings are similar to other studies that suggest that recently diverged sister taxa are typically allopatric and that similarity in niche may limit sympatry (e.g., Peterson, 1999; McCormack et al., 2 0 10; Pigot and Tobias, 2 0 1 3). The possible karst specialization of M. lolo and M. fuchsi may allow it to occur in the same area with the more distantly related generalist M. colubrinus. The exception to the generally high support values across the species tree is the placement of M. ocellatus as the sister taxon to M. colubrinus + M. meridionalis (Pp = 0.62). Unlike the more widespread M. colubrinus and M. meridionalis, M. ocellatus is poorly known and is found only in the dry regions of southwestern Madagascar. Our results suggest M. ocellatus is the sister taxon to M. colubrinus + M. meridionalis (Fig. 4), though we expect future studies using larger genetic datasets may be able to provide more robust support for the phylogenetic placement of M. ocellatus. Finally, this study demonstrates that snake species new to science are likely waiting to be discovered in Madagascar, even among commonly encountered taxa, and we expect there are still high numbers of endemic, undescribed squamates in Madagascar. As many of the currently recognized squamate species in Madagascar have very large ranges (e.g., Geckolepis maculata, Zonosaurus madagascariensis, Phelsuma lineata; Glaw and Vences, 200 7), phylogeographic studies using modern genomic techniques in an integrative context with morphology and ecology will likely discover additional taxa. Future work in Madagascar and other tropical regions worldwide should focus not only on the discovery of obvious, morphologically differentiated species, but also consider widespread taxa with potential cryptic diversity as well.Published as part of Sara Ruane, Frank T. Burbrink, Bernard Randriamahatantsoa & Christopher J. Raxworthy, 2016, The Cat-eyed Snakes of Madagascar: Phylogeny and Description of a New Species of Madagascarophis (Serpentes: Lamprophiidae) from the Tsingy of Ankarana, pp. 711-721 in Copeia 104 (3) on pages 716-719, DOI: 10.1643/Ch-15-346, http://zenodo.org/record/26969
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