175,475 research outputs found
Sound symbolism facilitates interspecies communication between humans and domestic dogs (Canis familiaris)
No full textAbstract The evolution of human communication likely centred, in part, on shared intuitions about the mapping of sound to meaning. These sound-meaning intuitions, known as sound symbolism, can be seen for example in the bouba-kiki effect, where nonsense words carry inherent meaning about their likely referents (here, rounded vs. angular objects respectively). In our paper we suggest for the first time that sound symbolism can afford successful interspecies communication between humans and animals in certain circumstances. Over four investigations, including replications, we show that humans use sound symbolism significantly and pervasively to attempt to convey meaning to domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), specifically, by exploiting vocal prosody to signal elevation in space. In Study 1 we analysed recordings of amateur dog owners commanding their dogs to move upwards (e.g., “stand”) or downwards (e.g., “down”), finding higher mean pitch (fundamental frequency, f 0 ) in the former versus the latter. In Studies 2 and 3a, we replicated this in competitive dog owners, both in self-report, and in acoustic voice-analyses recorded in competition. In addition, professionals also used further sound symbolism beyond amateurs, in their commands for the dog to “sit” (using higher pitch to denote sit up vs. sit down). Finally, in Study 3b, we demonstrate that sound symbolism appears to be mutually understood by dogs in certain useful circumstances. Dogs were faster to enact “down” commands with prosodic sound symbolism, compared to without, demonstrating that sound symbolism may sometimes underlie successful inter-species communication
Polly H. Carder Collection on George F. Root
No full textGeorge Frederick Root (1820-1895) was an American songwriter and music educator. He is perhaps best known for his song "The Battle Cry of Freedom," which was written and rose to popularity during the U.S. Civil War. The Polly H. Carder Collection on George F. Root contains original published scores and songbooks from the period 1852-1907 and photocopied scores collected by Polly H. Carder, author of the book George F. Root, Civil War Songwriter: A Biography. The collection also contains a short article, "The Last Days of George F. Root," written by Root's daughter, Clara Louise Burnham
Root developmental responses to heterogeneous water and nitrogen supply
No full textBetter understanding of the interaction between the soil physical properties determining water and nitrate availability and the root proliferation and gene expression components of nutrient acquisition could contribute to food security, but may have been limited by experimental systems.
A sand rhizotron system was developed to investigate Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root responses to altered water and nitrate supply as manipulated by soil physical properties. When this system was compared to agar, root disparities were explained by differences in hydraulic properties, highlighting the importance of the soil physical component. The sand rhizotron system was adopted to quantify root proliferation and gene expression responses to altered water and nitrate availability in wild-type and selected mutant seedlings.
In the sand rhizotron system, primary root length and lateral root density were oppositely regulated by water availability, but similarly independent of nitrate supply. The expression of the nitrate transporter AtNRT2.1 and the aquaporin AtPIP2.2 was coordinated across all treatments. Their concentration-dependent hydraulic regulation was confirmed for AtNRT2.1 by in situ imaging of a Green Fluorescent Protein reporter line. AtNAR2.1 and AtNRT2.1 expression demonstrated independent responses to water and nitrate availability despite the requirement of AtNAR2.1 for AtNRT2.1 uptake function. Root proliferation responses to water availability under high (10.0 mM) nitrate were lost in the atnar2.1 mutant and coincided with altered hormone-associated gene (AtEIN2, AtABI4 and AtIPT5) expression. Root proliferation and AtNAR2.1 responses to water availability under high (10.0 mM) nitrate required AtPIP2.2. The coordination of root proliferation and gene expression responses to altered water and nitrate availability is proposed, that includes novel roles for AtNRT2.1, AtNAR2.1 and AtPIP2.2
H. C. Gutteridge. - Comparative Law, An introduction to the comparative method of legal study and research.
No full textH. C. Gutteridge. - Comparative Law, An introduction to the comparative method of legal study and research.. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 2 N°1, Janvier-mars 1950. p. 215
They'll go no more to me loved homes here, but together both will wait [first line of chorus]
No full textstrophic with choruspiano and voice581 4Johns Hopkins University, Levy Sheet Music Collection, Box
088, Item 020Words by Ellen H. Flagg. Music by Geo. F. Root
H. C. Gutteridge. - Comparative Law, An introduction to the comparative method of legal study and research.
No full textH. C. Gutteridge. - Comparative Law, An introduction to the comparative method of legal study and research.. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 2 N°1, Janvier-mars 1950. p. 215
They'll go no more to me loved homes here, but together both will wait [first line of chorus]
No full textstrophic with choruspiano and voice581 4Johns Hopkins University, Levy Sheet Music Collection, Box
088, Item 020Words by Ellen H. Flagg. Music by Geo. F. Root
Range Unit Root (RUR) Tests: Robust against Nonlinearities, Error Distributions, Structural Breaks and Outliers
No full textSince the seminal paper by Dickey and Fuller in 1979, unit-root tests have conditioned the standard approaches to analysing time series with strong serial dependence in mean behaviour, the focus being placed on the detection of eventual unit roots in an autoregressive model fitted to the series. In this paper, we propose a completely different method to test for the type of long-wave patterns observed not only in unit-root time series but also in series following more complex data-generating mechanisms. To this end, our testing device analyses the unit-root persistence exhibited by the data while imposing very few constraints on the generating mechanism. We call our device the range unit-root (RUR) test since it is constructed from the running ranges of the series from which we derive its limit distribution. These nonparametric statistics endow the test with a number of desirable properties, the invariance to monotonic transformations of the series and the robustness to the presence of important parameter shifts. Moreover, the RUR test outperforms the power of standard unit-root tests on near-unit-root stationary time series; it is invariant with respect to the innovations distribution and asymptotically immune to noise. An extension of the RUR test, called the forward?backward range unit-root (FB-RUR) improves the check in the presence of additive outliers. Finally, we illustrate the performances of both range tests and their discrepancies with the Dickey?Fuller unit-root test on exchange rate series.Publicad
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Improving individual identification of wolves (Canis lupus) using the fundamental frequency and amplitude of their howls: a new survey method
No full textMany bioacoustic studies have been able to identify individual mammals from variations in the fundamental frequency (F0) of their vocalizations. Other characteristics of vocalization which encode individuality, such as amplitude, are less frequently used because of problems with background noise and recording fidelity over distance. In this thesis, I investigate whether the inclusion of amplitude variables improves the accuracy of individual howl identification in captive Eastern grey wolves (Canis lupus lycaon). I also explore whether the use of a bespoke code to extract the howl features, combined with histogram-derived principal component analysis (PCA) values, can improve current individual wolf howl identification accuracies. From a total of 89 solo howls from six captive individuals, where distances between wolf and observer were short, I achieved 95.5% (+9.0% improvement) individual identification accuracy of captive wolves using discriminant function analysis (DFA) to classify simple scalar variables of F0 and normalized amplitudes. Moreover, this accuracy was increased to 100% when using histogram-derived PCA values of F0 and amplitudes of the first harmonic
Root temperature and growth of young tomato plants
No full textDuring recent years sophisticated techniques are applied in the glasshouse industry for the control of the glasshouse climate. Along with that development, extensive research programs were carried out to establish optimum conditions for growth. Air temperature, radiation, CO 2 -concentration and humidity of the air were the most important factors studied. Relatively little is known about optimum conditions in the root environment. Although some reports are available on the effect of root temperature on growth of tomato plants, the results have only limited applicability and were often contradictory. Therefore, the effect of root temperature on growth of young tomato plants was studied, with two objectives:a. to quantify the effect of root temperature on growth of young tomato plants in order to establish the profitability of root temperature control techniques in practice, andb. to understand the physiological background of the observed effects.Tomato plants were raised at root temperatures of 12, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C in a glasshouse under natural radiation conditions throughout the year. Air temperature ranged from 17°C in winter to 30°C in summer by day and from 15°C in winter to 20°C in summer by night. Data on plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaves, petioles and stems and on leaf area were recorded periodically during each experiment.The effect of season on growth was much larger than the effect of root temperature. At root temperatures below 20°C growth was reduced irrespective of the season; above 30°C growth was-reduced during the summer only. An apparent interaction between season and low root temperature could be ascribed to the fact that plants, although of the same age, were at different stages of growth after some time of treatment.Growth analysis showed, that the reduced growth rate at low root temperature was mainly caused by a decrease of the Specific Leaf Area (SLA). Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) was not affected by root temperature. Daily measurements of leaf length revealed, that especially leaf expansion rate was reduced by low root temperatures, this reduction was not correlated with incoming radiation or evaporation in the glasshouse.The after-effect of root temperature during raising on subsequent growth, development and yield was studied in three experiments in which plants were raised at either 12, 25 or 35°C root temperature until flowering. After transplanting the plants into a glasshouse normal cultural practices were applied. The first experiment started in very early winter (sowing in September), the second one was a normal early crop (sowing in November) while the third one was a rather late crop (sowing in January). Besides the after-effect of root temperature, the influence of the leaf area per plant was studied by partial defoliation.The first experiment was too early for normal fruit set and almost no fruits were produced in any of the treatments. Raising the plants at a low root temperature did not adversely affect the yield in the second experiment, but reduced total yield by approximately 10% in the third one. This reduction of yield was caused by a decrease in the number of fruits. Halving the leaf area at transplanting reduced fruit set in January but was without effect later on in the season. Continuous removal of every second leaf accelerated the development during the first weeks but later on weak plants with a much smaller yield were obtained.The relative effect on air and root temperature was studied under controlled conditions. Leaf growth rate by day and night was measured separately with various combinations of air and root temperatures by day or by night. After 7 days of treatment, Leaf Weight Ratio (LWR) and SLA were determined as well. Air temperature by day was by far the most important factor, followed by air temperature during the night. Leaf growth rate was slightly reduced when root temperature was low during part of the day only. No difference between the effect of root temperature by day and that by night was observed. Growth was reduced more than additional at continuously low root temperatures.Since the effect of root temperature on growth was independant of season and of time-of-day, the most common hypothesis, that the growth reduction at low root temperatures is due to a reduced rate of water uptake, was doubted. Therefore, some experiments were done in which the relation between water balance, root temperature and leaf growth were studied. One of the results was, that both water stress and a low root temperature decreased leaf growth rate, but this decrease was not accompanied by a decrease in SLA at drought, whereas it was reduced at a low root temperature. These doubts on the primary rôle of the water balance in the root. temperature response of tomato plants was a reason for an investigation into the possible involvement of phytohormones.Application of phytohormones in foliar sprays on plants at low or optimum root temperatures showed, that complicated interactions exist between these factors. In some cases the growth reduction due to a low root temperature could be partly compensated by addition of gibberellines and cytokinins, but the results were too variable for definite conclusions.Finally, it may be concluded, that root temperature is not an important factor in the practice of glasshouse tomato growing in the Netherlands. A detailed study into the hormonal balance of tomato plants will be useful for a better understanding of the growth process
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