18,869 research outputs found
Evolution of cooperation among tumor cells
No full textThe evolution of cooperation has a well established theoretical framework based on game theory. This approach has made valuable contributions to a wide variety of disciplines, including political science, economics, and evolutionary biology. Existing cancer theory suggests that individual clones of cancer cells evolve independently from one another, acquiring all of the genetic traits or hallmarks necessary to form a malignant tumor. It is also now recognized that tumors are heterotypic, with cancer cells interacting with normal stromal cells within the issue microenvironment, including endothelial, stromal, and nerve cells. This tumor cell???stromal cell interaction in itself is a form of commensalism, because it has been demonstrated that these nonmalignant cells support and even enable tumor growth. Here, we add to this theory by regarding tumor cells as game players whose interactions help to determine their Darwinian fitness. We marshal evidence that tumor cells overcome certain host defenses by means of diffusible products. Our original contribution is to raise the possibility that two nearby cells can protect each other from a set of host defenses that neither could survive alone. Cooperation can evolve as byproduct mutualism among genetically diverse tumor cells. Our hypothesis supplements, but does not supplant, the traditional view of carcinogenesis in which one clonal population of cells develops all of the necessary genetic traits independently to form a tumor. Cooperation through the sharing of diffusible products raises new questions about tumorigenesis and has implications for understanding observed phenomena, designing new experiments, and developing new therapeutic approaches.Author manuscript. Published in final edited form as: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 September 5; 103(36): 13474-13479.The final published version of this article is located at: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0606053103NIH U56 CA113004; to David E. AxelrodR.A. was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant SES-0240852. D.E.A. was supported by NSF Grant IIS-0312953, National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grant U56 CA113004, and New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research Grant 1076-CCR-SO. K.J.P. is an American Cancer Society Clinical Research Professor and is supported by NIH Grants CA69568, CA102872, and CA093900.NIH CA69568; to Kenneth J. PientaNIH CA102872; to Kenneth J. PientaNIH CA093900; to Kenneth J. PientaNSF SES-0240852; to Robert AxelrodNJ Commission on Cancer Research 1076-CCR-SO; to David E. AxelrodAlso available in PubMed Central. PMCID: PMC155738
Colon_Crypt_Model_041321.nlogo
No full textTitle: Colon_Crypt_Model_041321.nlogo
Research genre: Computer program
Creator: Axelrod, David E.
Date Created: 2021
Extent: 1 digital file (393 KB)
Intended Audience: Science
Description: Computer program that simulates and plots the dynamics of stem cells, transient amplifying cells, differentiated cells, and mutant cells in normal human colon crypts and early colon cancer. It has been calibrated with measurements of human biopsy specimens. Includes graphical user interface, detailed information text, and annotated code. Experiments can be run from the GUI without knowledge of coding, or from the Behavior Space Tool using example code or modified code. It has been used to simulate human colon cancer initiation, therapy, and prevention. Different chemotherapy or prevention intermittent dose schedules can be input. Chemotherapy of heterogeneous and drug resistant early colon cancers can be simulated. Circadian cell proliferation can be selected to investigate chronomodulated chemotherapy dose schedules. Simulated output can be saved in spreadsheet format, or as images of plots of cell numbers as function of time.
The model was developed in the application NetLogo version 5.3.1, and revisions made to also run in NetLogo version 6.2.0. The model will not run on the Web version of NetLogo. NetLogo is a multi-agent programmable modeling environment. It is authored by Uri Wilenski and developed at The Center for Connected Learning (CCL) and Computer-Based Modeling. It is multi-platform (Mac, Windows, or Linux) open source application.
NetLogo version 6.2.0, can be downloaded at http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/download.shtml. To download the computer program click on the red link “NLOGO" to the left.
Earlier versions of the model and its use have been described in the following publications: Theoret Biol Med Model. 2013;10:66-89. Cancer Chemother Pharmcol 2017;79:889-898. Converg Sci Phys Oncol 2017;3:035004. Cancer Inform 2019;18:1-8. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020;4:514-520. A forthcoming publication will describe results of circadian-timed chemotherapy.
Research Domain: Science
Subjects: Chronotherapy: Circadian: Colorectal cancer: Chemotherapy: Agent-based model
Rights statement: The author owns the copyright to this work
Beginning all over again : a metaxological natural theology of the arts
No full textRedacted version excludes material for which permission has not been granted by the rights holderFollowing Russell Re Manning, I acknowledge the diversity and persistence of natural theology. Going further than Re Manning, however, I propose a 5-type taxonomy stretching from natural theology as natural religion to natural theology as theology of nature. Having met this descriptive responsibility, I then turn in a second chapter to prescriptive possibility in dialogue with the Anglican theologian Howard E. Root (1926–2007). An early advocate of natural theology and the arts, Root called in his 1962 essay, “Beginning All Over Again,” for awareness (i.e., of the arts) rather than formal argument. Critiqued by E.L. Mascall and others, Root responded in his 1972 Bampton Lectures, “The Limits of Radicalism.” Never published, I discovered these lectures in an uncatalogued box at Lambeth Palace Library, London. Drawing upon these lectures, as well as other archival materials, I consider Root’s contribution to a natural theology of the arts. That said, Root’s work requires further development, and so in an effort to recover Root I have supplemented his contribution with the more recent work of David Brown, his unacknowledged theological heir. In an effort to recover Root more fully I turn in a third chapter to consider the philosopher William Desmond, the result of which is a metaxologically reformulated Root-Brown hybrid. In a fourth and final chapter, I consider the American contemporary artist Jonathan Borofsky and several others in order to see how this theoretical frame might be applied in practice as a metaxological natural theology of the arts
Disputatio philosophica de dependentia creaturae a Deo in esse, fieri, et operari
No full textquam auspice Deo , sub praesidio Dn. Ioh. Rod. Ottii ... amico examini subiicit David Holzhalbius author & respondens ...Diss. Hohe Schule Zürich, 169
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) recognise meaningful content in monotonous streams of read speech
No full textDomestic dogs (Canis familiaris) can recognize basic phonemic information from human speech and respond to commands. Commands are typically presented in isolation with exaggerated prosody known as dog-directed speech (DDS) register. Here, we investigate whether dogs can spontaneously identify meaningful phonemic content in a stream of putatively irrelevant speech spoken in monotonous prosody, without congruent prosodic cues. To test this ability, dogs were played recordings of their owners reading a meaningless text which included a short meaningful or meaningless phrase, either read with unchanged reading prosody or with an exaggerated DDS prosody. We measured the occurrence and duration of dogs’ gaze at their owners. We found that, while dogs were more likely to detect and respond to inclusions that contained meaningful phrases spoken with DDS prosody, they were still able to detect these meaningful inclusions spoken in a neutral reading prosody. Dogs detected and responded to meaningless control phrases in DDS as frequently as to meaningful content in neutral reading prosody, but less often than to meaningful content in DDS. This suggests that, while DDS prosody facilitates the detection of meaningful content in human speech by capturing dogs’ attention, dogs are nevertheless capable of spontaneously recognizing meaningful phonemic content within an unexaggerated stream of speech.</p
Data Files for Beachgrass Invasion and Root-Associated Fungi Studies
No full textFull descriptions of the files and their variables are included in the readme.txt documentation file.Datasets for beachgrass experiments conducted in the field and growth chamber. The overall goals of the experiments to understand the ecological factors underlying community assembly of fungal endophytes found in beachgrass roots, and to understand the drivers behind beachgrass invasion. Files include plant measurements, fungal colonization, and fungi identified using culture-based and next-generation Illumina sequencing.NSF Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship Introduced Species and Genotypes program (DGE-0653827)NSF Graduate Research Fellowship program (NSF 00039202)Puget Sound Mycological Society Ben Woo FellowshipUniv. of Minnesota Rothman FellowshipNSF Dimensions of Biodiversity (DEB 1045608)Environmental Protection Agency (EPA/NCER R833836)David, Aaron S; Seabloom, Eric W; May, Georgiana. (2016). Data Files for Beachgrass Invasion and Root-Associated Fungi Studies. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, http://doi.org/10.13020/D6S88B
E-book : Industrial Transformation In The Developing World (author: Michael T. Rock & David P. Angel)
No full textArsip Kuliah Online 2010: E-book : Industrial Transformation In The Developing World (author: Michael T. Rock & David P. Angel
E-book : "industrial Transformations In The Developing World (author: Michael T. Rock & David. P Angel)
No full textArsip Kuliah Online 2010: E-book : "industrial Transformations In The Developing World (author: Michael T. Rock & David. P Angel
Landsat MSS classification of fire fuel types in Wood Buffalo National Park, northern Canada
No full textJ1: Global Ecology & Biogeography Letters; M3: Article; Milne, David Franklin, Steven E. Wilson, Bradley A. Ghitter, Geoff Heathcott, Mark McCaffrey, Thomas M. Ow, Charlotte F. Y.; Source Information: Mar1994, Vol. 4 Issue 2, p33; Subject Term: FOREST fires; Author-Supplied Keyword: Canada (Wood Buffalo National Park); Author-Supplied Keyword: Forest fire; Author-Supplied Keyword: Fuel type classification; Author-Supplied Keyword: Landsat data; Number of Pages: 0p; Document Type: Articl
David Audretsch: A Source of Inspiration, a Co-author, and a Friend
No full textIn this chapter, Enrico Santarelli discusses the profound impact that David had on his career. Beginning with a conference in Budapest, Santarelli and David bocame close friends and colleagues. They went on to collaborate on many papers and projects, several of which Santarelli highlights below
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