102,234 research outputs found
Letter from C. Griffin to George Read
No full textThis photostat is a copy of a letter written and signed by C. Griffin, addressed to his friend, the honorable George Read Esquire. He writes about a celebration by the president of Lexington and the new Constitution. He mentioned plans and his schedule and said that he would be joining Read soon. It is dated Dec. 1788
Letter from C. Griffin to George Read
No full textThis photostat is a copy of a letter written and signed by C. Griffin, addressed to his friend, the honorable George Read Esquire. He writes about a celebration by the president of Lexington and the new Constitution. He mentioned plans and his schedule and said that he would be joining Read soon. It is dated Dec. 1788
Neisseria meningitidis and meningococcal disease: recent discoveries and innovations
No full textPURPOSE OF REVIEW: Meningococcal disease is a severe consequence of infection with Neisseria meningitidis, a pathobiont of the pharynx. This organism is panmitic so virulent clones transformed with new genetic material can emerge and cause severe outbreaks. The key to sustainable prevention is to restrict carriage of disease-causing strains and thus reduce the chances of transmission between human hosts.RECENT FINDINGS: Meningococcal population biology has changed recently with emergence of virulent strains linked to a number of sublineages of clonal complex 11. These strains have variously expressed the capsular material of serogroups C and W and caused severe disease in various countries. Glycoconjugate vaccines including quadrivalent (ACWY) and now pentavalent (ACWYX) vaccines are highly immunogenic and prevent disease and carriage due to their respective serogroups. For NmB, new vaccines (4CMenB and MenB-FHbp) containing conserved outer membranes proteins have been deployed and are immunogenic and protective at population level, but clones exist which do not express cognate antigens. In contrast to glycoconjugate vaccines they may not have potent carriage-reducing activity. Mass chemoprophylaxis is gaining credence as an alternative strategy is effective, but has significant shortcomings in sustainability.SUMMARY: Meningococcal disease is well defined genomically for epidemiological purposes. There is potential for unpredictable emergence of clones that may have reduced susceptibility even to modern vaccines, and continued surveillance and vigilance is necessary. However, tremendous strides have been made in recent years.</p
Professional challenges and opportunities in clinical microbiology and infectious diseases in Europe
No full textThe two closely linked specialties of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases face important challenges. We report the consensus of clinical microbiologists and infectious disease physicians assembled by the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Both specialties have different training requirements in different European countries and are not universally recognised as professions. The specialties are rapidly evolving as they adapt to the changing demands within hospital practice, including the need to deal with emerging infections, rapidly increasing internationalisation, and immigration. Clinical microbiology needs to develop and master technological advances such as laboratory automation and an avalanche of new methods for rapid diagnostics. Simultaneously, the pressure for concentration, amalgamation, and out-sourcing of laboratory services is ever-increasing. Infectious disease physicians have to meet the professional challenge of subspecialisation and the continual need to find new niches for their skills. Despite these challenges, each of these specialties continues to thrive in Europe and will enjoy important opportunities over the next few years. The recently formed European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control in Stockholm, Sweden, will increase demands in areas of surveillance of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance on both specialties
Challenges for development of meningococcal vaccines in infants and children
No full textNeisseria meningitidis causes significant disease in the form of severe sepsis syndrome or meningococcal meningitis. Owing to the susceptibility of the immune system in early life, the risk of disease after infection is significantly higher in infants. Thus far, vaccines targeted against meningococcal serogroups have struggled to provide lasting protection in young children. Even conjugate vaccines that are now routinely used in the immunization of infants require multiple dosing and the duration of protection has been shown to wane over time and require repeated booster doses. After briefly summarizing the current epidemiology according to age and serogroup, this article will consider the reasons for poor immunogenicity of vaccines in infants and will discuss the relative efficacy of the different vaccine types in this age group. It will then go on to consider strategies for optimizing the protection of infants against meningococcal disease
Letter to Captain George C. Read
No full textThis document is a letter addressed to Captain George C. Read, commanding the New York freight ship named Constellation. It is dated January 19, 1833. Mond. Morgan writes it, Surveyor of the U. S. Constellation. He writes a plea to send members of his crew to the United States at the next convenient opportunity due to different health concerns. He then lists the names, occupations, and afflictions of each person
Letter to Captain George C. Read
No full textThis document is a letter addressed to Captain George C. Read, commanding the New York freight ship named Constellation. It is dated January 19, 1833. Mond. Morgan writes it, Surveyor of the U. S. Constellation. He writes a plea to send members of his crew to the United States at the next convenient opportunity due to different health concerns. He then lists the names, occupations, and afflictions of each person
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