10 research outputs found
THREE NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CLOSTRIDIUM
No full textAt the last meeting of our society in Philadelphia a brief description was pre-sented of three interesting species of the genus Clostridium (Spray, 1947) that had apparently not been previously identified. To these were assigned names pre-sumed to be suitable to their morphologic and physiologic characters. Time did not permit their full description, and it is the intention to give here more detail, following the form used in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. In addition to the routine description certain reactions reported by the author (Spray, 1936, 1937) are included. These three species were isolated from the sources indicated below, by methods given in the previously mentioned publications, including various procedures of enrichment, with subsequent use of the anaerobic dish proposed by the author (Spray, 1930). CLOSTRIDIUM NAUSEUM N. SP. This species was isolated thrice from topsoil of the University campus. Soil samples were shaken in tubes of sterile tap water and heated for 10 minutes a
Computational Modeling of Turbulent Ethanol Spray Flames in a Hot Diluted Coflow using OpenFOAM
No full textSpray combustion finds a wide range of application in gas turbines, internal combustion engines, industrial furnaces, etc. In turbulent spray combustion, liquid fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in the form of droplets. In order to improve the combustion efficiency and to reduce the thermal NOx emissions released during combustion, spray combustion could be operated in flameless mode. In a flameless combustion, the oxidizer is mixed with recirculated hot combustion gases to preheat and to dilute it. The dilution of oxidizer results in lower peak combustion temperature which reduces the NOx emissions and oxidizer preheating improves the thermal efficiency of combustion. In order to fully understand the combustion mechanics for its effective implementation in various applications, numerical simulations of flameless turbulent spray combustion are potentially useful because simulations are cost effective and serve as basis for further experimental studies based on the validation of numerical models. Turbulent spray combustion is a complex phenomenon involving two phases namely the gaseous phase and liquid phase. These two phases interact with each other through mass, momentum and energy transfer between them. This is complicated further by the interaction between the turbulence in the flow field and chemistry of the reacting species. Hence simplified models are necessary to simulate and understand the phenomenon of turbulent spray combustion. In this thesis, numerical validation study of turbulent ethanol spray flame using open-source software package OpenFOAM is carried out for the experiments done in Delft Spray-in-Hot-Coflow (DSHC) burner operated in flameless mode. The modeling approach used is Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations (RANS) with Eulerian-Lagrangian framework for the continuous phase and discrete phase respectively. Models like evaporation and turbulence models used in the sprayFoam solver are optimized for the spray combustion and validated with experimental data for one flame. The evaporation models studied are Gradient diffusion model and Spalding model. It is found that Gradient diffusion model gives better prediction of droplet properties at higher axial locations than Spalding model. The standard and realizable k-? model turbulence models comparative analysis showed that standard k-? model has much better gas phase temperature prediction than realizable k-? model due to the dependence of combustion model (Partially Stirred Reactor model) on the turbulence mixing frequency, ?/k. These optimized models are extended to simulation of HI and HIII flames. The peak gas phase temperature was under-predicted by the PaSR model. The results showed the importance of analyzing the different initial spray conditions.Sustainable Process and Energy TechnologyProcess and EnergyMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin
Particle morphology of CuCl2 droplets in evaporative spray drying of aqueous slurries by laser diffraction and microscopy
No full textNew empirical correlations that predict the evaporative spray drying behavior of slurries are developed in this paper. The analysis examines a single droplet of CuCl2 solution in a continuum drying media. The results indicate a combination of convection and spray drying modes could improve the drying process. Validation of the experimental results involves comparisons based on non-dimensional analysis. The Ohnesorge number has a greater effect on the particle diameter than the Nusselt numbers. Analytical models of heat and mass Spalding numbers are developed for the aqueous solution, subject to various drying conditions. Also, the effect of temperature on the atomization flow rate is reported. The Log-normal distribution provides the most accurate fit for the measured data. Particle size diameters are predicted and compared with experimental results using SEM and laser diffraction. The results indicate the average particle size is about 229.5 μm.Atomic Energy of Canada LimitedOntario Research Excellence Fun
Soot production in a tubular gas turbine combustor
No full textSoot production in gas turbine combustors is not desirable since it is the major source
of exhaust smoke emission and its thermal radiation to the combustor liner deteriorates the liner
durability. Soot formation involves comparatively slow chemistry and equilibrium can not be
applied to soot modelling in the combustor flow field.
. The exact sooting process in the
combustor is poorly understood given both the complexity and the limited experimental data
available. The work reported in this thesis seeks to first develop in-situ techniques for
retrieving spatially-resolved soot properties, mainly soot particle volume fraction, from within
the combustor and also to apply the measured results to comparisons with predicted soot
concentrations.
Two probing methods have been demonstrated which also incorporate a laser absorption
technique. The sight probe proves to be more reliable in the present measurements. The
evaluation of the physical probing techniques in sooty laboratory flames reveals that the flame
structure will not be substantially distorted by the probe. The disturbance caused by the probe
is localised, a feature which is evident in the reported water flow visualization test. The
necessary inert gas purge can be minimised to reduce the local aerodynamic perturbation. The
measured soot volume fraction distributions are comparable with sooting levels reported in
flame studies in the literature. The peak soot volume fractions are located off-axis,
characteristic of the fuel atornization. The measurementsin the primary zone are restricted by
the multi-phase character of the flow, where soot absorption can not be readily discriminated
from fuel droplet scattering. Measurements are reported over a range of air-fuel ratios, inlet
pressures and temperatures.
Time-averageds calard istributionsa t the nominald ilution sectionh ave beeno btained
in addition to the soot measuremenut sing probe sampling and standard gas analysis.
Correlationso f carbond ioxide with mixture fraction reveala clear relationshipa t overall lean
conditionsc onsistenwt ith widely usedm odelleda ssumptions.T here are less well-correlated
relationshipsb etweent emperaturea ndm ixture fraction, possiblyd ue to the influenceo f scalar
fluctuationsa nda lsoo f the scalard issipationr ate. Sootl oadingi n the presentf low conditions
is characteristicallylo w, basedo n the mixture fraction ands ootv olumef raction data. Thermal
radiation in the visible spectrum shows a distinct narrow band spectra in addition to the soot
continuum, which is believed to arise fromC2radical emission. The mean radiation intensities,
predictedb y usingt he measuredte mperaturea nds ootc oncentrationre sults,a rei n generallo wer
than the measured mean intensities. Temperature fluctuation levels may be particularly
influential in some of these calculations.
Sootm odellingi n the combustohr asb eenu ndertakenb y applyinga n extendedla minar
flamelet concept. The two-equations oot formation model has beenp rimarily developedo n
laminar flames. The comparisono f the computationa nd measuremenstu ggeststh at this soot
model holds promise in the context of prediction in the combustor. In the absenceo f a
satisfactoryt heoreticald escriptiono f the fuel-air burning in the combustor,w heret he liquid
kerosinee mployedis replacedb y gaseoups ropane,t he computeds calarp rofiles are inconsistent
in some importantr espectsw ith the measuredo nes. This exerts a major effect on the soot
predictioni n terms of the quantitatived etail in the computationw, hich is howeverc rucial for
the soot model development. The original flow field modelling needs to be improved for the
purpose of further soot model refinement
Computational study on the influence of nozzle eccentricity in spray formation by means of Eulerian Sigma-Y coupled simulations in diesel injection nozzles
No full text[EN] The present work analyses the effect of the eccentricity of diesel nozzle orifices over the spray behaviour by means of CFD simulations. Several orifice geometries with varying horizontal eccentricity (from 0.50 to 0.94) are selected. Their performance is assessed at a high injection pressure of 200 MPa, a 3 MPa back-pressure and non-evaporative conditions. The nozzle flow characteristics, including cavitation modelled by a Homogeneous Relaxation Model (HRM), are accounted for in the spray performance by means of a Sigma - Y model. The code is validated via two reference nozzles, the so called "Spray A" of the Engine Combustion Network plus a second nozzle from a production injector, and then extended to the eccentric geometries. The results and discussions include spray angle and penetration, air entrainment and flow parameters of the nozzle inner conditions versus the eccentricity value.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades of the Spanish Government. The PhD studies by Enrique C. Martinez-Miracle have been funded by Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Spanish Government and the ESF (European Social Fund), project "Desarrollo de modelos de combustion y emisiones HPC para el analisis de plantas propulsivas de transporte sostenibles"(TRA2017-89139-C2-1-R) bymeans of the "Subprograma Estatal de Formacion del Programa Estatal de Promocion del Talento y su Empleabilidad en I+D+i".Salvador, FJ.; Pastor Enguídanos, JM.; De La Morena, J.; Martínez-Miracle-Muñoz, EC. (2020). Computational study on the influence of nozzle eccentricity in spray
formation by means of Eulerian Sigma-Y coupled simulations in diesel
injection nozzles. International Journal of Multiphase Flow. 129:1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2020.103338S119129Anez, J., Ahmed, A., Hecht, N., Duret, B., Reveillon, J., & Demoulin, F. X. (2019). Eulerian–Lagrangian spray atomization model coupled with interface capturing method for diesel injectors. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 113, 325-342. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2018.10.009Araneo, L., Coghe, A., Brunello, G., & Cossali, G. E. (1999). Experimental Investigation of Gas Density Effects on Diesel Spray Penetration and Entrainment. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/1999-01-0525Battistoni, M., Duke, D. J., Swantek, A. B., Tilocco, F. Z., Powell, C. F., & Som, S. (2015). EFFECTS OF NONCONDENSABLE GAS ON CAVITATING NOZZLES. Atomization and Sprays, 25(6), 453-483. doi:10.1615/atomizspr.2015011076Bilicki, E. W., Ali, S., Machinery, F. F., Academy, P., 1996. Evaluation of the relaxation time of heat and mass exchange in the liquid-vapour bubble flow. 39Chaves, H., Knapp, M., Kubitzek, A., Obermeier, F., & Schneider, T. (1995). Experimental Study of Cavitation in the Nozzle Hole of Diesel Injectors Using Transparent Nozzles. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/950290Converge, 2020. Converge is a trade mark of convergent science. https://convergecfd.com.Dally, B. B., Fletcher, D. F., & Masri, A. R. (1998). Flow and mixing fields of turbulent bluff-body jets and flames. Combustion Theory and Modelling, 2(2), 193-219. doi:10.1088/1364-7830/2/2/006David, C. W., 1994. Turbulence modelling CFD wilcox.Dechoz, J., & Rozé, C. (2004). Surface tension measurement of fuels and alkanes at high pressure under different atmospheres. Applied Surface Science, 229(1-4), 175-182. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.01.057Desantes, J. M., García-Oliver, J. M., Pastor, J. M., Pandal, A., Baldwin, E., & Schmidt, D. P. (2016). Coupled/decoupled spray simulation comparison of the ECN spray a condition with the -Y Eulerian atomization model. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 80, 89-99. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2015.12.002Desantes, J. M., Payri, R., Salvador, F. J., & Gil, A. (2006). Development and validation of a theoretical model for diesel spray penetration. Fuel, 85(7-8), 910-917. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2005.10.023Desantes, J., Salvador, F., Carreres, M., & Jaramillo, D. (2015). Experimental Characterization of the Thermodynamic Properties of Diesel Fuels Over a Wide Range of Pressures and Temperatures. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, 8(1), 190-199. doi:10.4271/2015-01-0951Desantes, J. M., Salvador, F. J., López, J. J., & De la Morena, J. (2010). Study of mass and momentum transfer in diesel sprays based on X-ray mass distribution measurements and on a theoretical derivation. Experiments in Fluids, 50(2), 233-246. doi:10.1007/s00348-010-0919-8Downar-Zapolski, P., Bilicki, Z., Bolle, L., & Franco, J. (1996). The non-equilibrium relaxation model for one-dimensional flashing liquid flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 22(3), 473-483. doi:10.1016/0301-9322(95)00078-xDumouchel, C. (2008). On the experimental investigation on primary atomization of liquid streams. Experiments in Fluids, 45(3), 371-422. doi:10.1007/s00348-008-0526-0Espey, C., Dec, J. E., Litzinger, T. A., & Santavicca, D. A. (1997). Planar laser rayleigh scattering for quantitative vapor-fuel imaging in a diesel jet. Combustion and Flame, 109(1-2), 65-86. doi:10.1016/s0010-2180(96)00126-5Garcia-Oliver, J. M., Pastor, J. M., Pandal, A., Trask, N., Baldwin, E., & Schmidt, D. P. (2013). DIESEL SPRAY CFD SIMULATIONS BASED ON THE Σ-Υ EULERIAN ATOMIZATION MODEL. Atomization and Sprays, 23(1), 71-95. doi:10.1615/atomizspr.2013007198Gimeno, J., Bracho, G., Martí-Aldaraví, P., & Peraza, J. E. (2016). Experimental study of the injection conditions influence over n-dodecane and diesel sprays with two ECN single-hole nozzles. Part I: Inert atmosphere. Energy Conversion and Management, 126, 1146-1156. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.07.077He, Z., Zhang, L., Saha, K., Som, S., Duan, L., & Wang, Q. (2017). Investigations of effect of phase change mass transfer rate on cavitation process with homogeneous relaxation model. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 89, 98-107. doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2017.09.021Hiroyasu, H. (2000). SPRAY BREAKUP MECHANISM FROM THE HOLE-TYPE NOZZLE AND ITS APPLICATIONS. Atomization and Sprays, 10(3-5), 511-527. doi:10.1615/atomizspr.v10.i3-5.130Hiroyasu, H., Arai, M., 1990. Struct. Fuel Spray. Diesel Engines, 2002, 10.4271/900475Ho, C.-M., & Gutmark, E. (1987). Vortex induction and mass entrainment in a small-aspect-ratio elliptic jet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 179, 383-405. doi:10.1017/s0022112087001587Hong, J. G., Ku, K. W., Kim, S. R., & Lee, C. W. (2010). EFFECT OF CAVITATION IN CIRCULAR NOZZLE AND ELLIPTICAL NOZZLES ON THE SPRAY CHARACTERISTIC. Atomization and Sprays, 20(10), 877-886. doi:10.1615/atomizspr.v20.i10.40Hoyas, S., Gil, A., Margot, X., Khuong-Anh, D., & Ravet, F. (2013). Evaluation of the Eulerian–Lagrangian Spray Atomization (ELSA) model in spray simulations: 2D cases. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 57(7-8), 1686-1693. doi:10.1016/j.mcm.2011.11.006Husain, H. S., & Hussain, F. (1991). Elliptic jets. Part 2. Dynamics of coherent structures: pairing. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 233, 439-482. doi:10.1017/s0022112091000551Hussain, F., & Husain, H. S. (1989). Elliptic jets. Part 1. Characteristics of unexcited and excited jets. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 208, 257-320. doi:10.1017/s0022112089002843Hussein, H. J., Capp, S. P., & George, W. K. (1994). Velocity measurements in a high-Reynolds-number, momentum-conserving, axisymmetric, turbulent jet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 258, 31-75. doi:10.1017/s002211209400323xIdicheria, C. A., & Pickett, L. M. (2011). Ignition, soot formation, and end-of-combustion transients in diesel combustion under high-EGR conditions. International Journal of Engine Research, 12(4), 376-392. doi:10.1177/1468087411399505Janicka, J., & Peters, N. (1982). Prediction of turbulent jet diffusion flame lift-off using a pdf transport equation. Symposium (International) on Combustion, 19(1), 367-374. doi:10.1016/s0082-0784(82)80208-7Kastengren, A., Powell, C. F., Liu, Z., & Wang, J. (2009). Time Resolved, Three Dimensional Mass Distribution of Diesel Sprays Measured with X-Ray Radiography. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2009-01-0840Kastengren, A. L., Tilocco, F. Z., Duke, D. J., Powell, C. F., Zhang, X., & Moon, S. (2014). TIME-RESOLVED X-RAY RADIOGRAPHY OF SPRAYS FROM ENGINE COMBUSTION NETWORK SPRAY A DIESEL INJECTORS. Atomization and Sprays, 24(3), 251-272. doi:10.1615/atomizspr.2013008642Kastengren, A. L., Tilocco, F. Z., Powell, C. F., Manin, J., Pickett, L. M., Payri, R., & Bazyn, T. (2012). ENGINE COMBUSTION NETWORK (ECN): MEASUREMENTS OF NOZZLE GEOMETRY AND HYDRAULIC BEHAVIOR. Atomization and Sprays, 22(12), 1011-1052. doi:10.1615/atomizspr.2013006309Krothapalli, A., Baganoff, D., & Karamcheti, K. (1981). On the mixing of a rectangular jet. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 107(-1), 201. doi:10.1017/s0022112081001730Ku, K. W., Hong, J. G., & Lee, C.-W. (2011). EFFECT OF INTERNAL FLOW STRUCTURE IN CIRCULAR AND ELLIPTICAL NOZZLES ON SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS. Atomization and Sprays, 21(8), 655-672. doi:10.1615/atomizspr.2012004192Launder, B. E., & Sharma, B. I. (1974). Application of the energy-dissipation model of turbulence to the calculation of flow near a spinning disc. Letters in Heat and Mass Transfer, 1(2), 131-137. doi:10.1016/0094-4548(74)90150-7Launder, B. E., & Spalding, D. B. (1974). The numerical computation of turbulent flows. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 3(2), 269-289. doi:10.1016/0045-7825(74)90029-2Lefebvre, A., McDonell, V., 2017. Atomization and sprays, second edition. https://www.crcpress.com/Atomization-and-Sprays-Second-Edition/Lefebvre-McDonell/p/book/9781498736251. 10.1016/0009-2509(90)87140-NLópez, J. J., de la Garza, O. A., De la Morena, J., & Martínez-Martínez, S. (2017). Effects of cavitation in common-rail diesel nozzles on the mixing process. International Journal of Engine Research, 18(10), 1017-1034. doi:10.1177/1468087417697759MacGregor, S. A. (1991). Air entrainment in spray jets. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 12(3), 279-283. doi:10.1016/0142-727x(91)90064-3Macian, V., Bermudez, V., Payri, R., & Gimeno, J. (2003). NEW TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF INTERNAL GEOMETRY OF A DIESEL NOZZLE WITH THE USE OF SILICONE METHODOLOGY. Experimental Techniques, 27(2), 39-43. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1567.2003.tb00107.xManin, J., Bardi, M., Pickett, L. M., Dahms, R. N., & Oefelein, J. C. (2014). Microscopic investigation of the atomization and mixing processes of diesel sprays injected into high pressure and temperature environments. Fuel, 134, 531-543. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.060Matsson, A., & Andersson, S. (2002). The Effect of Non-Circular Nozzle Holes on Combustion and Emission Formation in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2002-01-2671Molina, S., Salvador, F. J., Carreres, M., & Jaramillo, D. (2014). A computational investigation on the influence of the use of elliptical orifices on the inner nozzle flow and cavitation development in diesel injector nozzles. Energy Conversion and Management, 79, 114-127. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2013.12.015Naber, J., Siebers, D. L., 1996. Effect. Gas Density Vaporizat. Penetrat. Dispersion Diesel Sprays, 960034, 10.4271/960034Payri, F., Bermúdez, V., Payri, R., & Salvador, F. J. (2004). The influence of cavitation on the internal flow and the spray characteristics in diesel injection nozzles. Fuel, 83(4-5), 419-431. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2003.09.010PAYRI, R., GARCIA, J., SALVADOR, F., & GIMENO, J. (2005). Using spray momentum flux measurements to understand the influence of diesel nozzle geometry on spray characteristics. Fuel, 84(5), 551-561. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2004.10.009Payri, R., Guardiola, C., Salvador, F. J., & Gimeno, J. (2004). CRITICAL CAVITATION NUMBER DETERMINATION IN DIESEL INJECTION NOZZLES. Experimental Techniques, 28(3), 49-52. doi:10.1111/j.1747-1567.2004.tb00164.xPayri, R., Novella, R., Carreres, M., Belmar-Gil, M., 2019. Study about the influence of an automatic meshing algorithm on numerical simulations of a gaseous-fueled lean direct injection (LDI) gas turbine combustor in non-reactive conditions. https://ilass19.sciencesconf.org/247299.Payri, R., Salvador, F. J., Carreres, M., & De la Morena, J. (2016). Fuel temperature influence on the performance of a last generation common-rail diesel ballistic injector. Part II: 1D model development, validation and analysis. Energy Conversion and Management, 114, 376-391. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.043Payri, R., Salvador, J., Gimeno, J., & De la Morena, J. (2011). ANALYSIS OF DIESEL SPRAY ATOMIZATION BY MEANS OF A NEAR-NOZZLE FIELD VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUE. Atomization and Sprays, 21(9), 753-774. doi:10.1615/atomizspr.2012004051Pickett, L. M., Manin, J., Genzale, C. L., Siebers, D. L., Musculus, M. P. B., & Idicheria, C. A. (2011). Relationship Between Diesel Fuel Spray Vapor Penetration/Dispersion and Local Fuel Mixture Fraction. SAE International Journal of Engines, 4(1), 764-799. doi:10.4271/2011-01-0686Pickett, L. M., Manin, J., Kastengren, A., & Powell, C. (2014). Comparison of Near-Field Structure and Growth of a Diesel Spray Using Light-Based Optical Microscopy and X-Ray Radiography. SAE International Journal of Engines, 7(2), 1044-1053. doi:10.4271/2014-01-1412Pope, S. B. (1978). An explanation of the turbulent round-jet/plane-jet anomaly. AIAA Journal, 16(3), 279-281. doi:10.2514/3.7521Reitz, R. D. (1982). Mechanism of atomization of a liquid jet. Physics of Fluids, 25(10), 1730. doi:10.1063/1.863650Reitz, R. D., Diwakar, R., 1987. Structure of high-pressure fuel sprays. 10.4271/870598.Roache, P. J. (1994). Perspective: A Method for Uniform Reporting of Grid Refinement Studies. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 116(3), 405-413. doi:10.1115/1.2910291Salvador, F. J., Carreres, M., Jaramillo, D., & Martínez-López, J. (2015). Analysis of the combined effect of hydrogrinding process and inclination angle on hydraulic performance of diesel injection nozzles. Energy Conversion and Management, 105, 1352-1365. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.08.035Salvador, F. J., Carreres, M., De la Morena, J., & Martínez-Miracle, E. (2018). Computational assessment of temperature variations through calibrated orifices subjected to high pressure drops: Application to diesel injection nozzles. Energy Conversion and Management, 171, 438-451. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2018.05.102Salvador, F. J., Gimeno, J., Pastor, J. M., & Martí-Aldaraví, P. (2014). Effect of turbulence model and inlet boundary condition on the Diesel spray behavior simulated by an Eulerian Spray Atomization (ESA) model. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 65, 108-116. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2014.06.003Salvador, F. J., Hoyas, S., Novella, R., & Martínez-López, J. (2011). Numerical simulation and extended validation of two-phase compressible flow in diesel injector nozzles. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 225(4), 545-563. doi:10.1177/09544070jauto1569Salvador, F. J., De la Morena, J., Bracho, G., & Jaramillo, D. (2018). Computational investigation of diesel nozzle internal flow during the complete injection event. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, 40(3). doi:10.1007/s40430-018-1074-zSalvador, F. J., de la Morena, J., Carreres, M., & Jaramillo, D. (2017). Numerical analysis of flow characteristics in diesel injector nozzles with convergent-divergent orifices. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 231(14), 1935-1944. doi:10.1177/0954407017692220Salvador, F. J., Romero, J.-V., Roselló, M.-D., & Jaramillo, D. (2016). Numerical simulation of primary atomization in diesel spray at low injection pressure. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 291, 94-102. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2015.03.044Schmidt, D. P., Gopalakrishnan, S., & Jasak, H. (2010). Multi-dimensional simulation of thermal non-equilibrium channel flow. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 36(4), 284-292. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2009.11.012Schulz, C., & Sick, V. (2005). Tracer-LIF diagnostics: quantitative measurement of fuel concentration, temperature and fuel/air ratio in practical combustion systems. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31(1), 75-121. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2004.08.002Engine combustion Network. https://ecn.sandia.gov/ecn-data-search/ (last access December 2017).Senecal, K., Pomraning, E. D., Us, W. I., Jared, K., Horeb, M., Us, W. I., 2011. Method and apparatus for automated grid formation in multi-cell system dynamics models.SFORZA, P. M., STEIGER, M. H., & TRENTACOSTE, N. (1966). Studies on three-dimensional viscous jets. AIAA Journal, 4(5), 800-806. doi:10.2514/3.3549Sun, Z.-Y., Li, G.-X., Chen, C., Yu, Y.-S., & Gao, G.-X. (2015). Numerical investigation on effects of nozzle’s geometric parameters on the flow and the cavitation characteristics within injector’s nozzle for a high-pressure common-rail DI diesel engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 89, 843-861. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.10.047Tamaki, N., Shimizu, M., & Hiroyasu, H. (2001). ENHANCEMENT OF THE ATOMIZATION OF A LIQUID JET BY CAVITATION IN A NOZZLE HOLE. Atomization and Sprays, 11(2), 14. doi:10.1615/atomizspr.v11.i2.20Taub, G. N., Lee, H., Balachandar, S., & Sherif, S. A. (2013). A direct numerical simulation study of higher order statistics in a turbulent round jet. Physics of Fluids, 25(11), 115102. doi:10.1063/1.4829045TRENTACOSTE, N., & SFORZA, P. (1967). Further experimental results for three- dimensional free jets. AIAA Journal, 5(5), 885-891. doi:10.2514/3.4096Vallet, A., Burluka, A. A., & Borghi, R. (2001). DEVELOPMENT OF A EULERIAN MODEL FOR THE «ATOMIZATION» OF A LIQUID JET. Atomization and Sprays, 11(6), 24. doi:10.1615/atomizspr.v11.i6.20WAKURI, Y., FUJII, M., AMITANI, T., & TSUNEYA, R. (1960). Studies on the Penetration of Fuel Spray in a Diesel Engine. Bulletin of JSME, 3(9), 123-130. doi:10.1299/jsme1958.3.123Wang, Y., Lee, W. G., Reitz, R. D., & Diwakar, R. (2011). Numerical Simulation of Diesel Sprays Using an Eulerian-Lagrangian Spray and Atomization (ELSA) Model Coupled with Nozzle Flow. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/2011-01-0386Xue, Q., Battistoni, M., Powell, C. F., Longman, D. E., Quan, S. P., Pomraning, E., … Som, S. (2015). An Eulerian CFD model and X-ray radiography for coupled nozzle flow and spray in internal combustion engines. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 70, 77-88. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2014.11.012Yakhot, V., & Smith, L. M. (1992). The renormalization group, the ?-expansion and derivation of turbulence models. Journal of Scientific Computing, 7(1), 35-61. doi:10.1007/bf01060210Yu, S., Yin, B., Deng, W., Jia, H., Ye, Z., Xu, B., & Xu, H. (2018). Experimental study on the spray characteristics discharging from elliptical diesel nozzle at typical diesel engine conditions. Fuel, 221, 28-34. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.090Yunyi, G., Changwen, L., Yezhou, H., & Zhijun, P. (1998). An Experimental Study on Droplet Size Characteristics and Air Entrainment of Elliptic Sprays. SAE Technical Paper Series. doi:10.4271/982546Zhao, H., Quan, S., Dai, M., Pomraning, E., Senecal, P. K., Xue, Q., … Som, S. (2014). Validation of a Three-Dimensional Internal Nozzle Flow Model Including Automatic Mesh Generation and Cavitation Effects. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 136(9). doi:10.1115/1.402719
The performance of geometric conservation-based algorithms for incompressible multifluid flow
No full textThis article deals with the implementation and testing of seven segregated pressure-based algorithms for the prediction of incompressible multifluid flow. These algorithms belong to the geometric conservation-based algorithm (GCBA) group, in which the pressure-correction equation is derived from the constraint on volume fractions (i.e., the sum of volume fractions equals 1). The pressure-correction schemes in these algorithms are based on SIMPLE, SIMPLEC, SIMPLEX, SIMPLEM, SIMPLEST, PISO, and PRIME. The performance and accuracy of these algorithms are assessed by solving eight one-dimensional two-phase flow problems and comparing results with published data. The effects of grid size on convergence characteristics are analyzed by solving each problem over different grid sizes. Results clearly demonstrate the capability of all GCBA algorithms to predict a wide range of multifluid flow situations. Based on the convergence history plots and CPU times obtained for the problems solved, the GCBA can be divided into two groups, with the one composed of SIMPLEST and PRIME being generally less efficient than the second group, to which the remaining algorithms belong.ACHARYA S, 1989, NUMER HEAT TR B-FUND, V15, P131, DOI 10.1080-10407798908944897; AlTaweel AM, 1996, CHEM ENG RES DES, V74, P445; AMSDEN AA, 1975, LANUREG5680 LANL; AMSDEN AA, 1977, LANUREG6994 LANL; BAGHDADI AHA, 1979, THESIS U LONDON IMPE; Beckermann C., 1993, APPL MECH REV, V46, P1; BEHROUZI P, 1993, P 6 WORLD FILTR C NA, P474; Boisson N, 1996, INT J NUMER METH FL, V23, P1289, DOI 10.1002-(SICI)1097-0363(19961230)23:121289::AID-FLD4733.0.CO;2-Q; BOUILLARD JX, 1989, AICHE J, V35, P908, DOI 10.1002-aic.690350604; CARVER MB, 1986, NUMER HEAT TRANSFER, V10, P229, DOI 10.1080-10407788608913518; CARVER MB, 1984, J FLUID ENG-T ASME, V106, P147; CELIK I, 1990, FED ASME, V91, P19; Darwish M, 2001, NUMER HEAT TR B-FUND, V40, P99; DARWISH MS, 1994, NUMER HEAT TR B-FUND, V26, P79, DOI 10.1080-10407799408914918; Darwish MS, 1998, NUMER HEAT TR B-FUND, V34, P191, DOI 10.1080-10407799808915054; DEMIRDZIC I, 1993, INT J NUMER METH FL, V16, P1029, DOI 10.1002-fld.1650161202; Dohi N, 1999, CHEM ENG COMMUN, V171, P211, DOI 10.1080-00986449908912758; DREW DA, 1983, ANNU REV FLUID MECH, V15, P261, DOI 10.1146-annurev.fl.15.010183.001401; ERDAL FM, 1998, P SPE ANN TECHN C EX; Ferziger J, 1996, COMPUTATIONAL METHOD; Forrester SE, 1998, CHEM ENG SCI, V53, P603, DOI 10.1016-S0009-2509(97)00352-7; GASKELL PH, 1988, INT J NUMER METH FL, V8, P617, DOI 10.1002-fld.1650080602; GHANI AG, 1999, 10 WORLD C FOOD SCI; Gidaspow D., 1994, MULTIPHASE FLOW FLUI; GOMEZ LE, 1998, SPE ANN TECHN C EXH; GOSMAN AD, 1992, AICHE J, V38, P1853; GRAY WG, 1989, INT J MULTIPHAS FLOW, V15, P81, DOI 10.1016-0301-9322(89)90087-6; HUANG B, 1989, THESIS U C BERNARD L; Ishii M., 1975, THERMOFLUID DYNAMIC; ISSA RI, 1982, FS8215 IMP COLL; KELLY JM, 1993, PNLSA18878 BAT PAC N; LEONARD BP, 1987, NUMERICAL METHODS LA, V15, P35; Lines PC, 2000, CHEM ENG RES DES, V78, P342, DOI 10.1205-026387600527455; LO SM, 1990, 13432 ARER HARW LAB; MALISKA CR, 1983, P 3 INT C NUM METH L, P656; Mitchell CR, 1994, 940642 AIAA; MORSI SA, 1972, J FLUID MECH, V55, P193, DOI 10.1017-S0022112072001806; Moukalled F, 2002, NUMER HEAT TR B-FUND, V42, P259, DOI 10.1080-10407790190053941; Moukalled F, 2001, J COMPUT PHYS, V168, P101, DOI 10.1006-jcph.2000.6683; Mundo C, 1998, ATOMIZATION SPRAY, V8, P625; PATANKAR SV, 1972, INT J HEAT MASS TRAN, V15, P1787, DOI 10.1016-0017-9310(72)90054-3; Rhie C.M., 1986, 860207 AIAA; RIVARD WW, 1978, LANUREG6623; Ruger M, 2000, ATOMIZATION SPRAY, V10, P47; Soo S. L., 1990, MULTIPHASE FLUID DYN; Spalding DB, 1980, RECENT ADV NUMERICAL, V1, P139; SPALDING DB, 1976, HTS7611 IMP COLL MEC; SPALDING DB, 1981, HTS811 IMP COLL MECH; VANDOORMAAL JP, 1984, NUMER HEAT TRANSFER, V7, P147, DOI 10.1080-10407798408546946; VANDOORMAAL JP, 1985, NAT HEAT TRANSF C DE; WITT PJ, 1995, STUDY MULTIPHASE MOD; Zwart PJ, 1998, NUMER HEAT TR B-FUND, V34, P257, DOI 10.1080-1040779980891505767
