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Addendum: Exposure to unpredictability and mental health: Validation of the brief version of the Questionnaire of Unpredictability in Childhood (QUIC-5) in English and Spanish
No full textThis article is a correction to:
Exposure to unpredictability and mental health: Validation of the brief version of the Questionnaire of Unpredictability in Childhood (QUIC-5) in English and Spanish
by Lindert, N. G., Maxwell, M. Y., Liu, S. R., Stern, H. S., Baram, T. Z., Poggi Davis, E., Risbrough, V. B., Baker, D. G., Nievergelt, C. M., and Glynn, L. M. (2022). Front. Psychol. 13:971350. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.97135
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An Investigation of Biological and Behavioral Markers of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
No full textPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly debilitating and highly heterogeneous, complicating the development of effective treatments and identify circuit mechanisms. Environmental factors, such as early-life adversity (ELA), and symptom presentation factors, such as comorbidity with substance use, are associated with increased treatment resistance in PTSD. It is critical to understand how these factors influence PTSD circuit mechanisms to develop appropriate interventions. The Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) is a low-cost and non-invasive means of measuring hippocampal function, the impairment of which is associated with PTSD. In chapter 1, we present the results of an experiment conducted in individuals with varying levels of PTSD symptoms and cannabis use frequency who completed the MST; those with minimal use and high PTSD symptoms showed poor performance, while regular use and high PTSD symptoms showed improved performance. Follow-up longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate causality in the effects of cannabis use on cognitive functioning in PTSD. The Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus (PVT), critical to optimizing behavior during threat vs. reward conflict, has been implicated in reward dysfunction secondary to exposure to trauma, particularly in individuals exposed to ELA. Neuroimaging work has highlighted an association between transdiagnostic anhedonia symptoms and aberrant functional connectivity between the PVT and nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key part of neural reward circuitry. However, this association remains understudied in those with trauma-associated anhedonia symptoms. In chapter 2, we discuss findings of altered PVT-NAc fMRI functional connectivity in a sample of individuals with varying levels of trauma-related anhedonia symptoms and ELA exposure
Sex Differences in Pathological Gambling Using Gaming Machines.
No full textWith recent introduction of poker machines in Australia, there have been claims of increases in the number of women with gambling-related problems. Research in the United States indicates however, that men have a higher incidence of pathological gambling. The aims of this study were to ascertain among game machine users in a major city in Australia whether (a) more women than men exhibited symptoms of pathological gambling, (b) women reported higher guilt associated with their gambling, and (c) gamblers' self-assessment on several mood states was predictive of pathological gambling. A modified version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen was administered to 104 users of game machines (44 men, 60 women) sampled from patrons at gaming venues in Melbourne, Australia. Data indicated no significant sex difference in the proportion of pathological gamblers, or in gambling-related guilt. Self-assessment of Happiness, Propensity for Boredom, and Loneliness, significantly predicted scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen, with Unhappiness a significant independent predictor of pathological gambling. This may suggest that gambling acts to fill a need in the lives of unhappy people or that individuals who lack control over their gambling report higher unhappiness. Further research is needed to discover this relationship
Mapping the Discipline of the Olympic Games An Author-Cocitation Analysis
No full textThe authors conducted an author cocitation analysis on prominent authors writing about the Olympics during the 1990s. Author cocitation is an established bibliometric technique that can be used to measure the relative similarities of topics written about by the cited authors. This enables a visual representation of the “intellectual space” of the discipline, in this case the Olympics, to be created for the period under review. So core and peripheral research areas are identified, along with their major contributors. The representation appears as a two-dimensional cluster-enhanced map. Subject expertise was then applied to the results to place labels on the generated clusters of authors and their topics
Experimental investigation of droplet oscillation and impact on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces with varying wettability
No full textA liquid repellent surface can potentially be used to reduce
ice accretion on surface and improve asset integrity and
safety in harsh environment. Icing on a hydrophobic surface
is affected by the oscillation of water droplets impacting on
the surface. This paper uses a statistical design of
experiments method to investigate the effects of surface
temperature (A), impact speed (B), droplet temperature (C),
and surface wettability (D) on the oscillation time of a
droplet. The Design Expert software was used to analyze 38
data points. It was found that the impact speed and surface
wettability are significant factors. The interaction effect
between surface temperature and droplet temperature, and
that between surface temperature and surface wettability are
also significant. The oscillation time increased significantly
on a hydrophobic surface. Visualization with a high-speed
camera showed that the liquid droplet started to freeze at the
moment when the oscillation fully stopped
G. B. Lancaster (Edith Lyttleton), 1873-1945
No full textEdith Lyttleton, writing under the penname of G. B. Lancaster, was until the 1970s New Zealand’s most successful popular fiction writer. A prolific author of both short stories and novels, she achieved her success by writing colonial adventure stories in defiance of familial and societal expectations. Living in London, she became an established author in the English short-story market and several of her stories were adapted for the movies
Behavioral and Biochemical Consequences of Early Life Sleep Deprivation in Rats
No full textAdequate sleep is essential for normal brain function, especially during the critical period of early developmental stages (childhood and adolescence). Many epidemiological and clinical studies have linked early life sleep deprivation (SD) with the occurrence of later life behavioral impairment. However, the mechanism by which early life SD causes behavioral impairment is not fully understood. Animal studies have provided useful insights. Previous reports from our laboratory have suggested a potential role for oxidative stress in induction of behavioral impairments in a rat model of acute sleep deprivation. Others have reported that extended wakefulness increases cellular metabolism and induces formation of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress. Moreover, synaptic pruning and neuronal myelination occurs during early life. These processes are essential for neural circuitry maturation which underlies the behavioral changes. Sleep enhances synaptic pruning and neuronal myelination, strengthening neuronal connections. Therefore, we suggested that sleep deprivation during early life, by engaging stress pathway(s), adversely affects neuronal development and function leading to long-lasting behavioral impairment. We examined the effect of early life SD in rats. The rats at postnatal day (PND) 19 were exposed to SD 6-8h/day for 14 days. The behavioral consequences of SD were examined at different developmental stages; early adolescent: PND33, late adolescent: PND60, and adulthood: PND90. The biochemical markers of stress and synaptic density/ plasticity were measured in different brain regions at PND33 and PND90. We found that anxiety-like behavior was induced in SD rats at early life (PND33 and 60). However, at later life (PND90), anxiety-like behavior disappeared and depression-like behavior developed. Interestingly, we found a reduction in synaptic density and plasticity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of SD rats at PND33 and PND90 as compared to control rats. The protein level of the stress response phosphatase (MKP1), was upregulated while the protein level of the neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was down-regulated in PFC of SD rats. The results suggest that PND 19-32 in rats (2-11 years in humans), is a sensitive period to SD. Sleep deprivation during this developmental stage alters cortical maturation most likely by reducing synaptic density and plasticity contributing to the behavioral deficits.Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department o
MicroRNAs in post-traumatic stress disorder
No full textPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that can develop following exposure to or witnessing of a (potentially) threatening event. A critical issue is to pinpoint the (neuro)biological mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to stress-related disorder such as PTSD, which develops in the minority of ~15% of individuals exposed to trauma. Over the last few years, a first wave of epigenetic studies has been performed in an attempt to identify the molecular underpinnings of the long-lasting behavioral and mental effects of trauma exposure. The potential roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as microRNAs (miRNAs) in moderating or mediating the impact of severe stress and trauma are increasingly gaining attention. To date, most studies focusing on the roles of miRNAs in PTSD have, however, been completed in animals, using cross-sectional study designs and focusing almost exclusively on subjects with susceptible phenotypes. Therefore, there is a strong need for new research comprising translational and cross-species approaches that use longitudinal designs for studying trajectories of change contrasting susceptible and resilient subjects. The present review offers a comprehensive overview of available studies of miRNAs in PTSD and discusses the current challenges, pitfalls, and future perspectives of this field
Richardson, Barbauld, and the construction of an early modern fan club
No full textMPhilMuch has been written about the life and long works of the eighteenth century epistolary novelist, Samuel Richardson, but the prospect of his position as the first celebrity novelist – responsible for courting his own fame as well as initiating his own fan club – has largely been ignored. The body of manuscripts housed at the National Art Library in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London provides the modern scholar with evidence of the skeletal beginnings of an early fan club. This thesis aims to show how these manuscripts were turned into a saleable commodity by the publisher and entrepreneur Richard Phillips, while under the guiding hand of another, slightly later, literary celebrity, Anna Laetitia Barbauld. In order to restore Richardson’s reputation amongst a new nineteenth century audience, Barbauld was required to construct her own idea of him as an eighteenth century celebrity author, and in doing so the insecurities of a self-professed, apparently diffident man, are revealed. Barbauld’s capacious, but heavily edited selection of letters is analyzed in this thesis, providing ample evidence that Richardson’s correspondents were more than just eager letter writers. By using Barbauld’s biography of Richardson this thesis aims to show how she manipulates the genre of life writing in her construction of him.
This thesis offers an alternative reading of how the Richardson manuscripts are viewed, redefining them as not simply a collection of letters, but as a collective entity, deliberately selected and archived as evidence of an early modern fan club, and its celebrity managing director
Role of corticotropin releasing factor in anxiety disorders: A translational research perspective
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