1,720,965 research outputs found
DISCIPLINARY DIFFERENCES IN THE IMPACT OF DEGREE LOCATION ON IMMIGRANT EARNINGS IN CANADA
No full textThis study uses 2016 Canadian Census data to examine the impact of the location of education on immigrant income in ten academic disciplines. Although past studies have touched on the penalties that foreign-educated immigrants encounter, the value and portability of foreign educational credentials is seldom empirically tested by discipline. Immigrants may be intrinsically more likely to experience the “social closure” or “opportunity hoarding” imposed by the existing social groups in the host country, and with the addition of the context of “credentialism” and “global stratification in higher education”, immigrants with educational credentials from the low-income developing countries may face greater barriers in integrating and achieving socioeconomic mobility in the Canadian labour force. Findings indicate that more severe earnings penalties are imposed on foreign degrees in the fields of business and law. Immigrant wage gaps in the arts and humanities and in social sciences are unremarkable, where immigrant earnings are often concentrated in lower figures regardless of where one’s degree was obtained. Although there is no consistency regarding which global region’s educational degrees are always valued most, overall, North American educational degrees are more economically competitive in the Canadian labour force, and in a select few disciplines immigrants with U.S. degrees can even exceed the earnings of immigrants with Canadian degrees
Academic Apparel: Examining Gender Inequality and Dress at a Large Canadian University
No full textWomen working in the current Canadian academic system face challenges which their male colleagues do not; one such challenge lies in dressing for work in the university setting. This paper examines the role dress plays in the workplace experiences of female professors at a large Canadian academic research institution. Through on-line and face-to-face focus groups as well as one-on-one interviews with 16 female professors, this study examines how these women decide what to wear to work. Using Goffman’s (1959) symbolic interactionist approach to self-presentation, in combination with Simmel (1957) and Blumer’s (1969) work on fashion, the various meanings attributed to women’s dress are explored. Women’s self-presentation in professional settings is significant, as theorized by Ridgeway’s (1991; 1993; 2011) theories of gender inequality in the workplace. Finally Scott’s (1990) theories of everyday resistance explore the potential for female professors to resist the dominant power structure through their choice of dress and self-presentation at work. The preliminary findings indicate that for those individuals for whom power and authority are not as accessible, dress and self-presentation can be avenues through which these individuals can access this authority and at times some may push back against the unequal power structures which exist in the current Canadian academic system
Le rôle du soutien social dans la réduction des contraintes familiales et sociales chez les proches aidants de maladies cardiovasculaires et de cancer.
No full textLes maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) et le cancer ont un impact important sur les sphères émotionnelles et psycho-physiques des proches aidants. En 2018, environ un Canadien sur quatre âgé de 15 ans et plus a prodigué des soins à un membre de leur famille ou à un ami souffrant d'un problème de santé à long terme, d'une incapacité physique ou mentale ou des problèmes liés au vieillissement (Statistique Canada, 2018). Bien que certaines recherches comparent la qualité de vie des proches aidants de maladie cardiovasculaire et de cancer, peu d’études analysent la condition médicale un proche aidant est prodigué à administrer des soins et l’impact que cela peut avoir sur les relations sociales et familiales, ainsi que l’importance, en soi, d’avoir un réseau de support pour alléger le poids des responsabilités. L'étude actuelle a révélé que les proches aidants de maladies cardiovasculaires étaient plus susceptibles de subir des contraintes sociales et familiales que les proches aidants de cancer. Notamment, les résultats démontrent que le soutien social joue un rôle crucial sur les contraintes subies. C’est pourquoi il est important de prendre conscience des lacunes des systèmes mis en place pour les proches aidants lorsqu’il s’agit de soins non institutionnalisés afin d’introduire des politiques et des services qui seront mieux en mesure de les soutenir
Lived Experiences of Breastfeeding in Jogjakarta, Indonesia: Forms of Authority Beyond the Law
No full textIn 2009, the Indonesian government passed a breastfeeding law to address the problem of malnutrition, infant mortality and mortality of children under five years old. The law mandated mothers to breastfeed their babies exclusively for the first six months of their lives and continue for two years, except in cases where medical problems prevent mothers from breastfeeding. I aim to tease out women’s experience of breastfeeding in Jogjakarta, Indonesia, five years after the law was passed. Ultimately, I am interested in understanding how do women's breastfeeding experiences embody different forms of authority. I drew upon data from ethnographic fieldwork that was carried out from June 2013 until October 2014. I argue that the breastfeeding law is remote and distant from the everyday breastfeeding practices and experiences of the women and their families. The women who take part in the study neither draw on the law nor public health as forms of authority to shape their breastfeeding experiences. Rather the women draw on their Islamic faith, families, personal experiences, finance, work and media to shape their breastfeeding experienc
"Am I Trans Enough?": A Hermeneutical Phenomenological Investigation into Transgender Gender Identity
No full textPrevious medical and sociological studies have attempted to explain how transgender people develop their identity, while at the same time, feminist and sociology scholars discussed socially constructed nature of gender. Yet, in arguing that there is no essential characteristic of one's gender, these studies offer unsatisfying answers as to how trans people come to know their gender. To explore this phenomenon, a series of interviews were conducted with six transgender and non-binary adults in Ottawa, guided by hermeneutical phenomenology. The results show that knowing one's gender identity is exploring one's desires guided by feeling of joy. These findings, and a subsequent analysis on a praxis of joy, suggest a way to validate transgender identities as something "real," while also avoiding reification of gender categories, by centring desires as core structure of gender identity
An Intersectional Analysis of the Social Determinants of Health among Male Migrant Workers: Masculinity, Migration and Work in the context of a Pandemic
No full textEmerging data from the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a preponderance of male susceptibility to being infected and experiencing poorer health outcomes, this was particularly notable for certain groups of men. In this paper, I examine the effect of COVID 19 pandemic on male migrant workers employed in farms and meat packing plants in Canada. I draw upon the intersection of migration, social determinant of health and masculinity theory. Using an extended literature review method, I reviewed how these theories explain the reason for the breakdown of migrant’s health post migration. The study reveal that male migrants were worse hit by the effects of the pandemic compared to non-immigrants and female migrants. I demonstrate how the pandemic enables a specific lens on issues of healthcare access and utilization, systemic racialization treatment of migrants in Canada. Indeed, there are multiple layers embedded in migrant’s health deterioration that made them vulnerable to COVID 19 pandemic. Additionally, the paper shows how the health deterioration, migration status and systemic racism contributed to migrants’ vulnerability to the pandemic
Academic Apparel: Examining Gender Inequality and Dress at a Large Canadian University
No full textWomen working in the current Canadian academic system face challenges which their male colleagues do not; one such challenge lies in dressing for work in the university setting. This paper examines the role dress plays in the workplace experiences of female professors at a large Canadian academic research institution. Through on-line and face-to-face focus groups as well as one-on-one interviews with 16 female professors, this study examines how these women decide what to wear to work. Using Goffman’s (1959) symbolic interactionist approach to self-presentation, in combination with Simmel (1957) and Blumer’s (1969) work on fashion, the various meanings attributed to women’s dress are explored. Women’s self-presentation in professional settings is significant, as theorized by Ridgeway’s (1991; 1993; 2011) theories of gender inequality in the workplace. Finally Scott’s (1990) theories of everyday resistance explore the potential for female professors to resist the dominant power structure through their choice of dress and self-presentation at work. The preliminary findings indicate that for those individuals for whom power and authority are not as accessible, dress and self-presentation can be avenues through which these individuals can access this authority and at times some may push back against the unequal power structures which exist in the current Canadian academic system
Making and Managing the Discredited Victim: Reproduction of Sex Work Stigma in Canadian News Media, 2010-2019
No full textAs changes to Canadian sex work policy were made in the 2010s, increased attention was positioned toward sex work broadly and, importantly, within news reporting. This analysis investigates the ways in which stigma is present and reproduced within, and aids in determining the framing of, this news reporting. Pairing a historical overview of sex work and a theoretical framework based in stigma, cultural studies, and narrative framing, a content analysis and discourse analysis of 100 news reports was performed to find themes that indicate the presence of stigma as reporting on sex work was divided into narratives positioning sex workers as villains, victims, or heroes. The results of these analyses indicate the presence of stigma explicitly in narratives framing sex workers as villains. However, amidst a discursive turn in the framing of sex work in news reporting corresponding with legislative change, the presentation of the sex-worker-as-victim was a role that was repeatedly discredited through more implicit stigma, and narrative frames associating sex workers with the hero role are presented as a new method of stigma management
Digitally-Mediated Mothering: An Ethnography of Health and Parenting Groups on Facebook
No full textResearch over the last several decades offers clear evidence that mothers experience considerable pressure in carrying out the expectations of contemporary mothering, including expanded responsibilities relating to child and family health (Hays, 1996; Wolf, 2013). While we know that these pressures produce negative impacts, we know less about the strategies and tools mothers use to cope with these anxieties as they try to "do it right" (Villalobos, 2014). At the same time, research suggests that mothering is increasingly digitally-embedded, as mothers look to the internet and social media for information and support (Schoppe-Sullivan et al., 2017). This study thus explores how mothers use Facebook groups to inform health and parenting decisions. Drawing on data generated through a digital ethnography incorporating 18 months of participant observation, discourse analysis, and interviews with 29 mothers across two sets of divergent, specialized sets of Facebook groups (focusing on “evidence-based” and “natural” health and parenting), I advance three key, interconnected arguments. First, I apply theories of boundaries and boundary-work to show how specialized Facebook groups become persuasive ideological spaces for mothers who seek certainty around their healthcare beliefs and decisions. Next, I apply the concept of echo chambers to argue that mothers involved with these specialized Facebook groups engage in siloed health learning that shapes health beliefs, decisions, and even conversations with healthcare providers. Finally, I show how mothers engage in a form of digitally-mediated emotion management by turning Facebook groups that confirm their parenting ideology in order to alleviate anxieties associated with neoliberalism and individualist parenting, and to feel better about their maternal performance. I ultimately conclude that the turn to digital platforms for certainty, reassurance, and good feelings is both a logical expression and a reflection of the latest wave of maternal responsibilization
"Just Finish Already": How the Grey Area of Sexual Consent Highlights Inequalities Inherent in Heterosexual Pleasure
No full textThis qualitative study examines young adults’ expectations and experiences of consent and pleasure which result in a grey area. Based on focus groups and one-on-one interviews with 18 to 25-year-old women and men, I explore various experiences of consensual sex ranging from clearly consensual and pleasurable, consensual yet mediocre experiences, and those which reflect a grey area of consent. Whereas best and simply mediocre sex are characterized by clear feelings of consent, the grey area involves sex that is felt as less than fully consensual but not quite as sexual assault. I apply theories of expectation states, compulsory heterosexuality, and sexual script theories to the findings of this research to argue that adherence to traditional gender norms of heterosexual behaviour lead to greater social importance given to men’s needs for sexual pleasure. These inequalities and expectations surrounding sexual behaviour lead to feeling constrained in one’s ability to negotiate and interpret feelings of desire and consent, resulting in a grey area
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