328 research outputs found
Privacy Law in the New Millennium: A Tribute to Richard C. Turkington
No full textAt least since Louis Brandeis and Samuel Warren\u27s seminal 1890 article The Right to Privacy, \u27 the idea of privacy has sparked some of the most significant and contentious debates in American law. Over the past three decades, Richard Turkington focused his formidable intellect on enriching those debates. Dick\u27s untimely passing in 2004 deprived those of us who knew and worked with him of a treasured friend and a brilliant colleague. The broader legal profession lost a visionary. Probably more than any other scholar of his generation, Dick was responsible for expanding and deepening our understanding of the essential, sometimes elusive, idea of privacy in the legal domain. His omnivorous mind reached across disciplines and doctrines to generate unprecedented insights about why human beings care so much about privacy, in what circumstances legal relationships and privacy concerns affect one another, and how courts and policymakers should think about the interplay of privacy interests and competing societal concerns. In light of Dick\u27s towering influence in the privacy field, his colleagues at the Villanova University School of Law decided that the school could honor his memory most appropriately by convening a stellar group of scholars to explore how the law of privacy will develop in the decades to come
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Probabilistic and numerical techniques in the study of statistical theories of turbulence. Final Technical Report
No full textIn this research project we made fundamental advances in a number of problems arising in statistical equilibrium theories of turbulence. Here are the highlights. In most cases the mathematical analysis was supplemented by numerical calculations. (a) Maximum entropy principles. We analyzed in a unified framework the Miller-Robert continuum model of equilibrium states in an ideal fluid and a modification of that model due to Turkington. (b) Equivalence and nonequivalence of ensembles. We gave a complete analysis of the equivalence and nonequivalence of the microcanonical, canonical, and mixed ensembles at the level of equilibrium macrostates for a large class of models of turbulence. (c) Nonlinear stability of flows. We refined the well known Arnold stability theorems by proving the nonlinear stability of steady mean flows for the quasi-geostrophic potential vorticity equation in the case when the ensembles are nonequivalent. (d) Geophysical application. The theories developed in items (a), (b), and (c) were applied to predict the emergence and persistence of coherent structures in the active weather layer of the Jovian atmosphere. This is the first work in which sophisticated statistical theories are synthesized with actual observations data from the Voyager and Galileo space missions. (e) Nonlinear dispersive waves. For a class of nonlinear Schroedinger equations we demonstrated that the self-organization of solutions into a ground-state solitary wave immersed in fine-scale fluctuations is a relaxation into statistical equilibrium
Richard Turkington and Christopher Watson (eds.): Renewing Europe’s housing
No full textOLD Housing Quality and Process Innovatio
From physical improvement to holistic renewal:the Danish experience
No full textUrban and neighbourhood renewal in Denmark first became of publicinterest and the subject of legislation in the early twentieth century.Concern was based on health, fire and sanitation issues with the focuson the condition of individual dwellings. It was not until the early1940s that the first urban quarter in Copenhagen was renewed throughdemolition and rebuilding. Based on legislation from 1939, withrevisions in 1959 and 1969, the slum clearance approach was stronglycriticised for disrupting local life and destroying cultural assets. It wasnot until 1983 that more sensitive policies were adopted, when newlegislation opened the way for urban and housing renewal programmeswhich established the rights of residents and provided subsidies forimprovement work. At the same time, large non-profit social housingestates, built in the 1960s and 1970s, came under scrutiny. Initially,these modernist-style estates were labelled ‘neighbourhoods withconstruction problems’ which needed attention to their flat roofsand crumbling concrete but it was not long before the housingmanagement and life opportunities of residents were also beingquestioned. A neighbourhood renewal approach was then developedwhich combined a focus on the social integration of immigrants andtheir children with local involvement, resident participation and thephysical improvement of housing and its environment.During the first decade of the twenty-first century, local and areabasedinitiatives became the established approach to creating ‘inclusiveneighbourhoods’ and changing the social mix. The open stigmatisationof deprived neighbourhoods as ‘ghettos’ by the government andpolitical leaders worked against the combined efforts of municipalities,residents and housing organisations to create positive solutions. At the same time, housing renewal programmes began to include ruralas well as urban areas and now almost the entire housing and buildingstock in Denmark is considered a potential target for refurbishmentand energy efficiency measures.The challenge for housing renewal is to achieve a balance betweenthe preservation of the built heritage, sustainability, innovation, jobcreation and demolition. Since 2007, the financial and economiccrisis and the accompanying reduction in private investment haveimpeded progress. Population loss and the economic recessionprevalent in western and southern Denmark have reduced regionalhousing demand. These situations have become major concerns for themunicipalities affected, and proposals for demolishing empty housesin villages and rural areas are under active consideration. Both largerand smaller social housing estates in areas losing population are difficultto let, and the housing organisations that own them would like to beable to demolish housing or change its use without having to bear thecost of outstanding loans.This chapter considers how a market consisting of regulated privaterented housing, non-profit social housing with regulated cost rents,a free market owner-occupied housing sector, and private rentedhousing built since 1991 can be renewed. A case study of Bispehavenin the western part of the city of Aarhus illustrates the challenges facedin renewing large scale social housing estates over the past 30 years
Anomalous Kapitza resistance.
No full textThe Kapitza resistance between liquid He II and a solid exhibits anomalous behaviour near 2 K according to a report in Physical Review Letters (32, 658; 1974) by Cheeke, Hebral, Richard and Turkington of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) at Grenoble
Evaluation of Centrally Located Sources in Coincidence Timing Calibration for Time-of-Flight PET
No full textCoincidence Timing Calibration (CTC) is an essential part of ensuring proper PET scanner function. The purpose of CTC is to account for timing differences in detector modules. The importance and precision in which this calibration needs to work is even more stringent for Time-of-Flight (TOF) PET. In this work, we looked to investigate the CTC process by which the TOF capable GE PET/CT Discovery-690 (D690) operates. Currently, it uses a 68Ge rotating pin source (RPS) to perform the calibration. The purpose of this work was to investigate the use of a centrally located source to perform the calibration. The timing resolution of the D690 was determined and used as a metric to evaluate both methods. Two cylindrical 18F filled phantoms of 7.5 and 10 cm diameter were used to perform the CTC. The RPS and system table motion had to be disabled in order to use the centrally located sources in the CTC. All CTCs started with the default calibration file in place. Iterations of the CTC were performed until convergence of the calibration was observed on the review screen. Even after convergence, more iterations were performed for further analysis. At the end of the CTC with the centrally located sources, a follow-up iteration with the RPS was performed to see what adjustments would be made. Next, the timing resolution of the system was measured using a 68Ge line source. An apparatus with known locations to support the source allowed for the evaluation of the timing resolution off the central axis. The importance of this was that it allowed for non-centrally located lines of response to be evaluated. Furthermore, the timing resolution was measured with specific calibration files enabled that corresponded to particular iterations. In addition, a novel way of measuring the timing resolution (propagated method) for a particular calibration result without an actual measurement with that calibration enabled was developed and implemented. This greatly reduced the number of resolution measurements needed, which was particularly helpful for evaluating the improvement for each iteration. The timing resolution of the system improved as more iterations were done. The difference between the propagated and measured timing resolution was under 2% most of the time. The cases in which the discrepancy was larger than 2% corresponded to one of the first iterations performed. After 15 iterations were performed for both centrally located scanners, the timing resolution of the system was measured through propagation to be 610 ps. The 15 iterations amounts to 15 minutes of acquisition time. After one iteration for the RPS, the timing resolution was measured to be 585 ps (587 ps in the propagated measurement). The single iteration of the RPS corresponded to 8 minutes of acquisition time. When following up the final iterations of the centrally located sources with the RPS, there was a change observed that improved the timing resolution to that measured after only one iteration of the RPS. Conclusively, trends in the data showed that the centrally located sources did bring opposing detectors into good timing alignment with one another. These trends also indicated that the current CTC algorithm is not optimized for centrally located sources for the diameters tested. Finally, the method of propagating the change in calibration files illustrated a new CTC process method.</p
A semi-structured clinical interview for psychosis sub-groups (SCIPS): development and psychometric properties
No full textBACKGROUND: Clinical sub-groups of schizophrenia, namely drug related, traumatic, anxiety and stress sensitivity sub-types, have been proposed for use in research, training and practice. They were developed on the basis of clinical observation but have not yet been used in research or clinical practice to any great extent. AIMS: To develop a semi-structured clinical interview for psychosis sub-groups (SCIPS) and determine the best diagnostic criteria with the highest inter-rater reliability, test-retest reliability and concurrent validity for sub-grouping patients with schizophrenia according to a newly developed classification scheme. METHODS: The SCIPS was developed based upon discussion with the clinician researchers who had developed and were using the sub-groups. Kappa coefficients were calculated between two independent diagnostic assessments with the SCIPS (for inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability, n = 20) and between the SCIPS diagnosis and the sub-groupings as determined independently with highest achievable validity (for concurrent validity, n = 21) for patients with schizophrenia. These inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity were compared among five different sets of diagnostic criteria to determine which was most reliable and valid. RESULTS: A set of diagnostic criteria with the highest inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity was determined. Kappa coefficients (95% confidence interval) for the inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity were 0.93 (0.66-1.20) and 0.73 (0.47-1.00), respectively, with these diagnostic criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The SCIPS is a promising tool with which to sub-group patients with schizophrenia according to this recently developed classification scheme. The semi-structured interview achieves acceptable inter-rater and test-retest reliability and concurrent validity
Legal Protection for Conversational and Communication Privacy in Family, Marriage and Domestic Disputes: An Examination Federal and State Wiretap and Stored Communications Acts and the Common Law Privacy Intrusion Tort
No full textIn the article I examine the legality of the not uncommon practice of surreptitiously recording telephone conversations, videotaping activities and accessing e-mail or voicemail communications by parties in domestic disputes. First, I examine the important values that are implicated by such activities. These values include conversation, communication and physical privacy. Conversation (and communication) privacy are valued on both intrinsic and instrumentalist grounds. These values run into countervailing values in domestic conflict cases. These include parental autonomy in child rearing and the best interests of the child. I argue that the pervasiveness of electronic surveillance and the emerging tradition in our legal system to grant "mature minors" self-determination in respect to decisions traditionally left to parents need to count more in accommodating values in parental electronic surveillance cases. Section II examines the legality of electronic surveillance in domestic disputes under federal and state wiretap and stored communications acts and the common law privacy intrusion tort. Wiretap and stored communications acts are notorious for their lack of clarity. I endeavor in part of this section to lay foundations about the basic concepts and structure of these laws and identify areas where there is some clarity. Wiretap acts generally prohibit surreptitious electronic surveillance of conversations. However, electronic surveillance in domestic disputes may be legal if the surveillance is sanctioned under three exceptions. These are: (1) the marital conflict exception; (2) the telephone extension exception; and (3) the vicarious consent exception. I join other commentators in their criticism of the first two exceptions. The vicarious consent exception is of recent vintage and I argue that the exception ought to be junked for several reasons. These include inherent problems with the parental motive tests, the incomprehensibility of vicarious consent with the modern law of joint custody, and the non-identity of interests in parental electronic surveillance cases. I also suggest that the problems with the self-minimization role granted to parents under the vicarious consent exception is another reason to junk the defense. Access to e-mail and voicemail are regulated under federal and state stored communications acts. Unlike wiretap acts these statutes do not contain exclusionary rules and the fruits of violations of stored communications acts are still admissible in civil and criminal proceedings. Courts have construed stored communication acts to not apply to surreptitious access of e-mail and voicemail from computers in the home. In addition, silent video surveillance is not regulated under wiretap or stored communications acts. This development has elevated the role of the common law privacy intrusion tort in legal evaluation of access to e-mail in home computers and surreptitious video surveillance in the home. It is clear that surreptitious audio and video surveillance in domestic conflicts may constitute tortuous conduct even if the conduct does not violate wiretap or stored communications acts. I examine the extent to which parties may have reasonable expectations of privacy in conversations and communications within the meaning of the privacy intrusion tort. I conclude that it would be tortuous conduct for a spouse to access e-mail stored in a home computer if the e-mail is stored in a segregated account and the parties have maintained separate passwords. Much evidence that is obtained by illegal electronic surveillance maybe admissible in marriage and custody proceedings because violations of stored communications acts and the privacy intrusion tort do not provide a basis for excluding evidence in civil court proceedings. I suggest that protective orders based upon discovery rules and constitutional privacy rights may provide a way to protect privacy by excluding some communications or images from admissibility in judicial records.
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